La mer (Debussy)
La mer, trois esquisses symphoniques pour orchestre (French for The sea, three symphonic sketches for orchestra), or simply La mer (The Sea), L. 109, CD. 111, is an orchestral composition by the French composer Claude Debussy.
| La mer | |
|---|---|
| by Claude Debussy | |
The first edition of La mer, featuring The Great Wave off Kanagawa | |
| English | "The sea" |
| Catalogue | L. 109 |
| Genre | Impressionism |
| Composed | 1903–1905 |
| Published | October 15, 1905 Paris, France |
Composed between 1903 and 1905, the piece was premiered in Paris in October 1905. It was initially not well received. Even some who had been strong supporters of Debussy's work were unenthusiastic, even though La mer presented three key aspects of Debussy's aesthetic: Impressionism, Symbolism and Japonism.[1] The work was performed in the US in 1907 and Britain in 1908; after its second performance in Paris, in 1908, it quickly became one of Debussy's most admired and frequently performed orchestral works.
The first audio recording of the work was made in 1928. Since then, orchestras and conductors from around the world have set it down in many studio or live concert recordings.
Background and composition Edit
La mer was the second of Debussy's three orchestral works in three sections, the other being Nocturnes (1892–1899) and Images pour orchestre (1905–1912). The first, the Nocturnes, was premiered in Paris in 1901, and though it had not made any great impact with the public, it was well reviewed by musicians including Paul Dukas, Alfred Bruneau, and Pierre de Bréville.[2][n 1] Debussy conceived the idea of a more complex tripartite orchestral piece, and began work in August 1903.[4] He was usually a slow worker, and although the composition of La mer took him more than a year and a half, this was unusually quick progress by his standards[according to whom?], particularly at a time of upheaval in his personal life. He began composing the work while visiting his parents-in-law in Burgundy; by the time it was complete, he had left his wife and was living with Emma Bardac, who was pregnant with Debussy's child.[4]
Debussy retained fond childhood memories of the beauties of the sea, but when composing La mer he rarely visited it, spending most of his time far away from large bodies of water. He drew inspiration from art, "preferring the seascapes available in painting and literature" to the physical sea.[5] Although the detailed scheme of the work changed during its composition, Debussy decided from the outset that it was to be "three symphonic sketches" with the title La mer. In a letter to André Messager, he described the planned sections as "Mère belle aux Îles Sanguinaires", "Jeu de vagues", and "Le vent fait danser la mer".[6][n 2] The first of these, inspired by a short story of the same name by Camille Mauclair,[7] was abandoned in favour of a less restrictive theme, the sea from dawn to midday. The last was also dropped, as too reminiscent of ballet, and the less specific theme of the dialogue between the wind and the sea took its place.[8]
Debussy completed La mer on 5 March 1905[9] and took the proofs to correct on holiday at the Grand Hotel, Eastbourne on the English Channel coast, at which he arrived 23 July 1905; he described Eastbourne to his publisher, Durand, as "a charming peaceful spot: the sea unfurls itself with an utterly British correctness."[10] He arranged the piece for piano four hands in 1905,[11] and in 1909 Durand published a second edition of La mer with the composer's revisions.[12]
Analysis Edit
La mer is scored for 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets, 3 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 2 cornets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, tam tam, glockenspiel, 2 harps and strings.[5]
A typical performance of the piece lasts about 23 or 24 minutes.[n 3] It is in three movements:
- "De l'aube à midi sur la mer" – très lent – animez peu à peu
- "Jeux de vagues" – allegro (dans un rythme très souple) – animé
- "Dialogue du vent et de la mer" – animé et tumultueux – cédez très légèrement
Usually translated as:
- "From dawn to noon on the sea" or "From dawn to midday on the sea" – very slow – animate little by little (B minor, c. 9:00)
- "Play of the Waves" – allegro (with a very versatile rhythm) – animated (C♯ minor, c. 6:30)
- "Dialogue of the wind and the sea" or "Dialogue between wind and waves" – animated and tumultuous, ease up very slightly (C♯ minor, c. 8:00)
Debussy called La mer "three symphonic sketches", deliberately avoiding the term symphony.[15] Simon Trezise, in his 1994 book Debussy: La Mer, comments: "He had not composed an orthodox symphony, but neither did he want La mer to be known as a symphonic poem ... [and by calling it] 'Three symphonic sketches' ... [Debussy] must have felt that he had deftly avoided association with either genre."[15] The work has sometimes been called a symphony, including by Debussy himself.[16] It consists of two powerful outer movements framing a lighter, faster piece which acts as a type of scherzo. Jean Barraqué described La mer as the first work to have an "open" form – a devenir sonore or "sonorous becoming... a developmental process in which the very notions of exposition and development coexist in an uninterrupted burst." Trezise says, "motifs are constantly propagated by derivation from earlier motifs".[17]
Trezise writes that "for much of La Mer, Debussy spurns the more obvious devices associated with the sea, wind, and concomitant storm in favour of his own, highly individual vocabulary".[18] Caroline Potter, in The Cambridge Companion to Debussy, comments that Debussy's depiction of the sea "avoids monotony by using a multitude of water figurations that could be classified as musical onomatopoeia: they evoke the sensation of swaying movement of waves and suggest the pitter-patter of falling droplets of spray" (and so forth), and – significantly – avoid the arpeggiated triads used by Schubert and Wagner to evoke the movement of water.[19] In The Cambridge Companion to Debussy, Mark DeVoto describes La mer as "much more complex than anything Debussy had written earlier", particularly the Nocturnes:
…the phrases are more freely shaped and more smoothly blended from one to the next. Timbral and textural changes, with spare and widely spaced textures and abundant instrumental solos, occur in La mer more frequently than in 'Sirenes', often with dizzying rapidity.[20]
The author, musicologist and pianist Roy Howat has observed, in his book Debussy in Proportion, that the formal boundaries of La mer correspond exactly to the mathematical ratios called the Golden Section.[21] Trezise finds the intrinsic evidence "remarkable", but cautions that no written or reported evidence suggests that Debussy consciously sought such proportions.[22]
Reception Edit
The premiere was given on 15 October 1905 in Paris by the Orchestre Lamoureux under the direction of Camille Chevillard.[11] The piece was initially not well received. Pierre Lalo, critic of Le Temps, hitherto an admirer of Debussy's work, wrote: "I do not hear, I do not see, I do not smell the sea."[23][n 4] Another Parisian critic, Louis Schneider, wrote, "The audience seemed rather disappointed: they expected the ocean, something big, something colossal, but they were served instead with some agitated water in a saucer."[24] When the conductor Karl Muck gave the first American performances of La mer in March 1907,[25] the critic Henry Krehbiel wrote:
Last night's concert began with a lot of impressionistic daubs of color smeared higgledy-piggledy on a tonal palette, with never a thought of form or purpose except to create new combinations of sounds. … One thing only was certain, and that was that the composer's ocean was a frog-pond and that some of its denizens had got into the throat of every one of the brass instruments.[26][n 5]
The work was not performed in Britain until 1908, when the composer – though a reluctant conductor[n 6] – gave a performance at the Queen's Hall; the work was enthusiastically reviewed in The Times,[29] but The Observer thought it lacked "real force of elemental strength".[30] The Manchester Guardian thought the work an advance on Debussy's earlier work in some respects, although "the vagueness of thematic outline is carried to hitherto unheard-of lengths", and found "moments of great beauty" in the work;[31] and The Musical Times reserved judgment, but noted that the audience had been highly enthusiastic.[32] Debussy commented that his music was more popular in London than in Paris.[33]
One reason for the negative reception at the Paris premiere may have been public disapproval of Debussy's treatment of his wife,[34] but another was the mediocre performance by the conductor and orchestra. Chevillard was a respected interpreter of the classics, but was not at home with new music.[35] It was not until 1908, at the second performance of the work in Paris, conducted by the composer, that La mer became a success with the public. Trezise records that at the time, many felt the 1908 concert presented the real first performance of the piece.[36]
Although some of Debussy's contemporaries drew analogies between La mer and French Impressionist paintings – much to the composer's irritation – others have detected the influence of his admiration for the English painter J. M. W. Turner and Debussy's choice of Hokusai's c. 1831 woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa for the cover of the printed score indicates the influence of Japanese art on him.[5][37] Despite Debussy's scorn for the term "impressionism" applied to his or anyone else's music[38] – a matter on which he and Ravel were of the same firm opinion[39] – the term was used by some of his most devoted admirers. His biographer Edward Lockspeiser called La mer "the greatest example of an orchestral Impressionist work",[40] and more recently in The Cambridge Companion to Debussy Nigel Simeone commented, "It does not seem unduly far-fetched to see a parallel in Monet's seascapes".[40]
In the decades after the premiere La mer established itself in the core orchestral repertoire. In 2018 the online archive of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra reported that the orchestra had played the work at 135 concert performances since 1917, under conductors including Willem Mengelberg, Arturo Toscanini, John Barbirolli, Pierre Monteux, Leonard Bernstein, Pierre Boulez and Valery Gergiev.[41] In 1979 The Musical Times rated La mer the composer's most important orchestral work.[42] The pianist Sviatoslav Richter called La mer "A piece that I rank alongside the St Matthew Passion and the Ring cycle as one of my favourite works".[n 7]
Recordings Edit
The first recording of La mer was made by the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, conducted by Piero Coppola in 1928. It has been reissued on LP and CD.[47] Recordings conducted by other musicians who had known and worked with Debussy include those by Monteux and Ernest Ansermet, who both conducted the work on more than one recording.[48] Well known recordings from the monaural era include those by the NBC Symphony Orchestra and Toscanini, and the Philharmonia on recordings conducted by Herbert von Karajan and Guido Cantelli.[49] Of recordings from the stereophonic LP era, The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music singled out those by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra under Fritz Reiner, and the Berlin Philharmonic under Karajan.[50]
Of the many recordings available, a comparative survey for Classic FM (2018) recommended a short list of five, those by the Orchestre National de France and Jean Martinon; the Cleveland Orchestra and Boulez; the Berlin Philharmonic and Simon Rattle; the Seoul Philharmonic and Myung-Whun Chung, and – its top recommendation – the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra conducted by Bernard Haitink.[51]
Influence Edit
La mer has influenced a number of composers throughout the 20th century. British composers Frank Merrick and Hope Squire arranged La Mer for piano duet and performed it in 1915 in one of their new music recitals.[52] Luciano Berio quoted La mer in the 3rd movement of his 1968 Sinfonia;[53][n 8] John Williams used simplified versions of motifs from La mer in the score he wrote for Jaws (1975);[54] and in 2002 the Norwegian composer Biosphere loosely based his ambient album Shenzhou around looped samples of La mer.[55]
Notes, references and sources Edit
Notes Edit
- ^ The 1901 performance was the premiere of the complete work: two of the three Nocturnes had been played the previous year.[3]
- ^ Respectively, "Beautiful mother of the Îles Sanguinaires" (a small island group in the Mediterranean); "Play of the waves", and "The wind makes the sea dance".
- ^ Conductors have adopted a wide range of tempi for the work. Piero Coppola's second recording plays for less than 21 minutes,[13] and a recording of a performance under Sergiu Celibidache, issued by EMI in 2003, plays for a total of 33 minutes and 11 seconds.[14]
- ^ Lalo objected to what he felt was the artificiality of the piece: "a reproduction of nature; a wonderfully refined, ingenious and carefully composed reproduction, but a reproduction none the less".[23]
- ^ Krehbiel, whose dislike of French music was well known, was obliged to recant once La mer had become a standard repertory work. In 1922 he called it "a poetic work in which Debussy has so wondrously caught the rhythms and colors of the seas."[27]
- ^ His reluctance was overcome on that occasion by the unusually large fee offered him by Henry Wood and his backer, Sir Edgar Speyer.[28]
- ^ Richter said further, on listening to his favourite recording (by Roger Désormière), "La mer again; shall I ever tire of listening to it, of contemplating it and breathing its atmosphere? And each time is like the first time! An enigma, a miracle of natural reproduction; no, even more than that, sheer magic!"[43] Richter also mentioned two other Soviet admirers of the work: "One day, after listening to this work, Anna Ivanovna exclaimed, 'For me, it's exactly the same miracle as the sea itself!'".[44] Richter also said that for his teacher, Heinrich Neuhaus, La mer was "the work by Debussy that he loved above all others ('Slava, put on La mer,' he almost always used to say whenever he came round here)".[45] Of the Désormière recording, which he played for Neuhaus, Richter said it is "The most beautiful in the whole history of the gramophone."[46]
- ^ Berio's piece also quotes music by Mahler, Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Ravel and Berg.[53]
References Edit
- ^ Bourion, Sylveline (24 February 2021). "1905. La Mer de Debussy : impressionnisme, symbolisme, japonisme ?". Nouvelle Histoire de la Musique en France (1870–1950) (in French).
- ^ Jensen, p. 71.
- ^ Jensen, p. 69.
- ^ a b Jensen, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Huscher, Phillip. "La mer" 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Simeone, p. 108.
- ^ Cogman, Peter. "Claude Debussy, Pierre Louÿs and the Îles Sanguinaires", French Studies Bulletin, 1 December 2005, pp. 7–9 (subscription required).
- ^ Jensen, p. 197.
- ^ Roger Nichols 1998.
- ^ Quoted in Simeone, p. 108.
- ^ a b Lesure, François, and Roy Howat."Claude Debussy", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2001. Retrieved 14 May 2018 (subscription required).
- ^ Trezise, Simon. "La mer by Claude Debussy: Edition Marie Rolf", Notes, March 2000, pp. 782–783 (subscription required) 15 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gutmann, Peter. "Claude Debussy: La mer", Classical Notes, 2006. etrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ Notes to EMI CD 0724355652058 (2003).
- ^ a b Trezise, p. 47.
- ^ Trezise, p. 101.
- ^ Barraqué, p. 52.
- ^ Trezise, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Potter, p. 149.
- ^ DeVoto, p. 191.
- ^ Howat, pp. 1–7.
- ^ Trezise, p. 53.
- ^ a b Lalo, Pierre. "Music: La Mer – Suite of three symphonic pictures: its virtues and its faults", Le Temps, 16 October 1905, quoted in Jensen, p. 206.
- ^ Parris, p. 274.
- ^ Trezise, p. 23.
- ^ Krehbiel, Henry, New York Tribune, 22 March 1907, quoted in Leary and Smith, p. 135.
- ^ Leary and Smith, p. 135.
- ^ Wood, pp. 157–158.
- ^ "Concerts", The Times, 3 February 1908, p. 11.
- ^ "Music: The Visit of M. Debussy :"La Mer" at the Queen's Hall", The Observer, 2 February 1908, p. 5.
- ^ "M. Debussy in London", The Manchester Guardian, 3 February 1908, p. 14.
- ^ "M. Claude Debussy", The Musical Times, March 1908, p. 172 (subscription required).
- ^ Wood, p. 158.
- ^ Trezise, p. 21.
- ^ Trezise, p. 20.
- ^ Trezise, p. 22.
- ^ Anderson, Keith. Notes to Naxos CD 8.553275 (1997).
- ^ Lesure, François. "Claude Debussy after His Centenary", The Musical Quarterly, July 1963, pp. 277–288 (subscription required).
- ^ Orenstein, p. 421
- ^ a b Simeone, p. 109.
- ^ "Debussy La Mer" 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Spence, Keith. "Debussy at Sea" 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Musical Times, August 1979, pp. 640–642 (subscription required).
- ^ Monsaingeon, p. 187.
- ^ Monsaingeon, p. 171.
- ^ Monsaingeon, p. 177.
- ^ Monsaingeon, p. 121.
- ^ " Debussy La Mer Coppola", WordCat. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ "Debussy La Mer Monteux" 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine and " Debussy La Mer Ansermet", WordCat. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 215; and Greenfield et al, pp. 324–325.
- ^ Greenfield, et al, pp. 324–325.
- ^ "Claude Debussy's La Mer: A Buyer's Guide" 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Classic FM. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ "'Zer is no Modern French Musik': Debussy Reception in Manchester during the First World War". www.conservatoiredeparis.fr. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Clements, Andrew. "Berio: Sinfonia" 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 5 January 2001.
- ^ Kozinn, Allan. "John Williams’ music magnifies action and characters", Portland Press Herald, 13 December 2015.
- ^ Hill, Dan. "Biosphere, Shenzhou" Review 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 2002. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
Sources Edit
Journal Edit
- Barraqué, Jean (June 1988). "La Mer de Debussy, ou la naissance des formes ouverts". Analyse Musicale (in French) (12): 15–62.
Books Edit
- DeVoto, Mark (2007). "The Debussy Sound: colour, texture, gesture". The Cambridge Companion to Debussy. Simon Trezise (ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65243-8.
- Greenfield, Edward; Ivan March, Robert Layton and Paul Czajkowski (2008). The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03335-8.
- Howat, Roy (1986). Debussy in Proportion: A Musical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31145-8.
- Jensen, Eric Frederick (2014). Debussy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973005-6.
- Leary, William G.; James Steel Smith (1955). Thought and Statement. New York: Harcourt, Brace. OCLC 937334460.
- Monsaingeon, Bruno, ed. (2001). Sviatoslav Richter: Notebooks and Conversations. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-20553-0.
- Orenstein, Arbie (2003) [1989]. A Ravel Reader. Mineola, US: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-43078-2.
- Parris, Matthew (2008). Scorn. London: Little. ISBN 978-1-904435-98-3.
- Potter, Caroline (2007). "Debussy and Nature". The Cambridge Companion to Debussy. Simon Trezise (ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65243-8.
- Sackville-West, Edward; Desmond Shawe-Taylor (1955). The Record Guide. London: Collins. OCLC 500373060.
- Simeone, Nigel (2007). "Debussy and Expression". The Cambridge Companion to Debussy. Simon Trezise (ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65243-8.
- Trezise, Simon (1994). Debussy: La mer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44656-3.
- Wood, Henry J. (1938). My Life of Music. London: Victor Gollancz. OCLC 30533927.
External links Edit
- La mer: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project