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Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra

March 08, 2023

The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (Dutch: Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest, pronounced [ˌkoːnɪnkləkɔnˈsɛrtxəbʌuɔrˌkɛst]) is a Dutch symphony orchestra, based at the Amsterdam Royal Concertgebouw (concert hall). Considered one of the world's leading orchestras,[1] Queen Beatrix conferred the "Royal" title upon the orchestra in 1988.

Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
Orchestra
Founded1888 (1888)
LocationAmsterdam, Netherlands
Concert hallConcertgebouw
Principal conductorKlaus Mäkelä (designate)
Websitewww.concertgebouworkest.nl

History

The Concertgebouw opened on 11 April 1888. The Concertgebouw Orchestra was established several months later and gave its first concert in the Concertgebouw on 3 November 1888. This performance was conducted by the orchestra's first chief conductor, Willem Kes.

1888–1945: Kes and Mengelberg

Kes served as the orchestra's chief conductor from its 1888 founding to 1895. In 1895, Willem Mengelberg became chief conductor and remained in this position for fifty years, an unusually long tenure for a music director.[2] He is generally regarded as having brought the orchestra to a level of major international significance, with a particular championing of such then-contemporary composers as Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss.

For approximately its first 75 years, the Concertgebouw Orchestra had a somewhat complicated roster of conductors. In addition to the chief conductor, the orchestra had conductor positions titled "eerste dirigent" ("first conductor"), who assisted the chief conductor with programming, and "tweede dirigent" ("second conductor"), who did "what he was told."[3] During Mengelberg's time as chief conductor, several of these first conductors included Karl Muck (1921–1925), Pierre Monteux (1924–1934), Bruno Walter (1934–1939), and Eugen Jochum (1941–1943), each of them internationally respected and holding positions at other orchestras as well. Musicians who served as "second conductor" were all Dutch and included the composer Cornelis Dopper, Evert Cornelis and Eduard van Beinum.

In 1945, because of the controversy over his relationship with the Nazi occupying forces during the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, Mengelberg was removed as chief conductor and subsequently banned from conducting in The Netherlands. The ban was initially imposed for the remainder of his life, but after an appeal, reduced to six years, applied retroactively from 1945. Mengelberg died in 1951 just before the end of his sentence, thus never conducting the orchestra after 1945.

1945–1988: Van Beinum and Haitink

From 1945 to 1959, the orchestra's principal conductor was Eduard van Beinum, who had debuted with the orchestra in 1929. He had become the second conductor of the orchestra in 1931, and co-principal conductor in 1938. One of his specialties was the symphonies of Anton Bruckner, and Van Beinum made commercial recordings with the orchestra of Bruckner's Eighth and Ninth Symphonies for the Philips Records label. Van Beinum served as sole chief conductor of the orchestra after World War II until his sudden death on the Concertgebouw podium from a heart attack in April 1959.

Bernard Haitink made his debut with the Concertgebouw Orchestra on 7 November 1956. After Van Beinum's death, from 1961 to 1963, Haitink and Eugen Jochum shared the post of chief conductor of the orchestra.[4] Haitink became sole chief conductor in 1963, and served in this post until 1988. At some point during Haitink's time, the conductor system was simplified to have an assistant conductor instead of first- and second-conductors. Conductors who served in this capacity included Edo de Waart and Hans Vonk. The recording profile of the orchestra increased most dramatically under Haitink, with many recordings for Philips Records, as well as EMI and Columbia Records. In the early 1980s, the Dutch government threatened the orchestra with reductions in its government subsidy that could potentially have led to the dismissal of 23 musicians from the orchestra. Haitink threatened to resign in protest, and the financial situation was eventually settled.[5] In 1999, Haitink was named the orchestra's conductor laureate (eredirigent), following a rapprochement negotiated by the then-new managing director of the orchestra, Jan Willem Loot.[6] In March 2014, Haitink suggested to the Dutch newspaper Het Parool that he wished to renounce the title of RCO conductor laureate and no longer to guest-conduct the orchestra, in protest at the orchestra's current administrative management.[7] In September 2015, the orchestra announced a rapprochement with Haitink, with a scheduled guest-conducting engagement with the RCO in the 2016–2017 season.[8][9] Haitink retained the title of eredirigent with the orchestra through his 2019 retirement and until his death in October 2021.[10]

1988–2018: Chailly, Jansons and Gatti

 
The orchestra performing in the Grote Zaal (Great Hall)

Riccardo Chailly made his debut with the Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1985, and was elected that year as their next chief conductor to succeed Haitink.[11] As the first non-Dutchman to hold the post, Chailly served as chief conductor from 1988 to 2004. His recordings with the orchestra include complete Mahler and Brahms symphony cycles and several Bruckner symphonies. He is a strong advocate of modern music and recorded shorter works of Shostakovich, the complete Kammermusiken of Paul Hindemith, and the orchestral works of Igor Stravinsky, Olivier Messiaen and Edgard Varèse. After his departure in 2004, Chailly was named Conductor Emeritus of the RCO.

Mariss Jansons made his RCO debut in 1988. On 22 October 2002, the RCO elected Jansons as its next chief conductor.[12] His tenure officially began on 1 September 2004, with an initial contract of three years. Premières during Janson's tenure have included Hans Werner Henze's Sebastian im Traum, a RCO co-commission. In April 2014, the orchestra announced the scheduled conclusion of Jansons' tenure as chief conductor after the 2014–15 season.[13][14] Jansons subsequently held the title of conductor emeritus of the RCO until his death in 2019.[15]

Daniele Gatti first guest-conducted the RCO in 2004. In October 2014, the RCO announced the appointment of Gatti as its seventh chief conductor, effective in 2016.[16] On 2 August 2018, the orchestra dismissed Gatti as chief conductor with immediate effect, following complaints of "inappropriate" behaviour with female musicians.[17]

2020–present

In October 2020, the RCO announced the appointment of Iván Fischer as its honorary guest conductor (honorair gastdirigent), effective with the 2021–2022 season.[18]

In September 2020, Klaus Mäkelä first guest-conducted the RCO. The RCO re-engaged Mäkelä twice in the 2020–2021 season, and subsequently in the 2021–2022 season for further guest-conducting appearances, including tours to Hamburg and Reykjavík. In June 2022, the RCO announced the appointment of Mäkelä as an artistic partner for the period of 2022–2027, and subsequently as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2027–2028 season, with an initial contract of 5 years.[19][20]

Character

The orchestra enjoyed a close relationship with Gustav Mahler and championed many of his symphonies, with an especially worthy festival of his music being the 1920 Mahler Festival.[21] Other conductors who worked closely with the Concertgebouw Orchestra included Pierre Monteux, Eugen Jochum, George Szell and Kirill Kondrashin, who was principal guest conductor from 1978, following his defection from the USSR, until his death in 1981. More recently, Nikolaus Harnoncourt served as Honorary Guest Conductor of the RCO, beginning in 2000, and leading his final performance with the RCO in October 2013.

Another factor in creating the orchestra's distinct character is that the Concertgebouw Orchestra has had only eight chief conductors, setting it apart from orchestras of similar age and caliber.[22] The nearly one thousand recordings that the orchestra has to its credit have also contributed to this reputation. The orchestra also serves as one of the opera orchestras for productions of the Dutch National Opera.

The most recent executive director of the orchestra was Jan Raes, from December 2008 to December 2019.[23] Prior executive directors included Jan Willem Loot. In January 2020, the orchestra announced David Bazen as its interim managing director, with immediate effect.[24] In August 2020, the orchestra announced the appointment of a new three-person managing board, naming Dominik Winterling as Chairman.[25]

Past artistic directors of the Concertgebouw Orchestra have included Rudolf Mengelberg (1925–1955), Marius Flothuis (1955–1974), Hein van Royen (1974–1991) and Peter Ruzicka, and more recently as head of artistic administration, Joel Ethan Fried. In August 2020, the orchestra announced the appointment of Ulrike Niehoff as its new artistic director, effective 1 January 2021.[25]

The RCO has begun to issue CDs on its own label, RCO Live, as conducted by Jansons and Haitink among others.[26]

Chief conductors

References

  1. ^ "The World's Greatest Orchestras". Gramophone. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  2. ^ Other long tenures at major orchestras include Evgeny Mravinsky at the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, Ernest Ansermet at the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Robert Kajanus at the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, and Eugene Ormandy at the Philadelphia Orchestra.
  3. ^ Wisse, Kees, notes to Q-Disc Issue "Eduard Van Beinum: The Radio Recordings", Q-Disc (translated Lodewijk Odé, Ko Kooman and Chris Gordon).
  4. ^ Hussey, Dyneley, "The Musician's Gramophone" (May 1960). The Musical Times, 101 (1407): 303.
  5. ^ James R. Oestreich (10 March 2002). "An Eminently Rational Man In an Irrational Profession". New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  6. ^ Peter de Waard (22 February 2021). "De onverstoorbaarheid van orkestdirecteur Willem Loot (1943–2021) leverde hem de bijnaam Sfinx op". De Volksrant. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  7. ^ "Haitink nooit meer bij Concertgebouworkest". Het Parool. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  8. ^ (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  9. ^ Guido van Oorschot (3 September 2015). "Concertgebouw toont zich de wijste in kwestie-Haitink". De Volksrant. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  10. ^ "Eredirigent Bernard Haitink overleden" (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  11. ^ John O'Mahony (9 March 2002). "Maestro in the fast lane". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
  12. ^ Martin Cullingford (17 October 2002). "Jansons confirmed as Royal Concertgebouw head". Gramophone. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
  13. ^ (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 22 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  14. ^ Imogen Tilden (22 April 2014). "Mariss Jansons announces Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra departure". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  15. ^ "Mariss Jansons 1943–2019" (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  16. ^ (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  17. ^ Imogen Tilden (2 August 2018). "Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra parts company with chief conductor Gatti". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  18. ^ "Iván Fischer benoemd tot honorair gastdirigent" (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  19. ^ "Klaus Mäkelä – de achtste chef" (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  20. ^ "Klaus Mäkelä and Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra to start ten-year collaboration" (Press release). HarrisonParrott. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  21. ^ Adrian Boult (22 May 1920). "Mahler Festival in Amsterdam". The Daily Telegraph.
  22. ^ Jessica Duchen (17 September 1999). "Dutch courage". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
  23. ^ "Managing Director Jan Raes will say farewell to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra at the end of 2019" (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  24. ^ "David Bazen named interim Managing Director" (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  25. ^ a b "New members to the Managing Board" (Press release). Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  26. ^ Andrew Clements (5 August 2005). "Bruckner: Symphony no 8, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra/ Haitink". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2007.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Concertgebouworkest.
  • Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra official website
  • Royal Concertgebouw official website

March 08, 2023
royal, concertgebouw, orchestra, dutch, koninklijk, concertgebouworkest, pronounced, ˌkoːnɪnkləkɔnˈsɛrtxəbʌuɔrˌkɛst, dutch, symphony, orchestra, based, amsterdam, royal, concertgebouw, concert, hall, considered, world, leading, orchestras, queen, beatrix, confe. The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra Dutch Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest pronounced ˌkoːnɪnklekɔnˈsɛrtxebʌuɔrˌkɛst is a Dutch symphony orchestra based at the Amsterdam Royal Concertgebouw concert hall Considered one of the world s leading orchestras 1 Queen Beatrix conferred the Royal title upon the orchestra in 1988 Royal Concertgebouw OrchestraOrchestraFounded1888 1888 LocationAmsterdam NetherlandsConcert hallConcertgebouwPrincipal conductorKlaus Makela designate Websitewww wbr concertgebouworkest wbr nl Contents 1 History 1 1 1888 1945 Kes and Mengelberg 1 2 1945 1988 Van Beinum and Haitink 1 3 1988 2018 Chailly Jansons and Gatti 1 4 2020 present 2 Character 3 Chief conductors 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditThe Concertgebouw opened on 11 April 1888 The Concertgebouw Orchestra was established several months later and gave its first concert in the Concertgebouw on 3 November 1888 This performance was conducted by the orchestra s first chief conductor Willem Kes 1888 1945 Kes and Mengelberg Edit Kes served as the orchestra s chief conductor from its 1888 founding to 1895 In 1895 Willem Mengelberg became chief conductor and remained in this position for fifty years an unusually long tenure for a music director 2 He is generally regarded as having brought the orchestra to a level of major international significance with a particular championing of such then contemporary composers as Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss The Concertgebouw For approximately its first 75 years the Concertgebouw Orchestra had a somewhat complicated roster of conductors In addition to the chief conductor the orchestra had conductor positions titled eerste dirigent first conductor who assisted the chief conductor with programming and tweede dirigent second conductor who did what he was told 3 During Mengelberg s time as chief conductor several of these first conductors included Karl Muck 1921 1925 Pierre Monteux 1924 1934 Bruno Walter 1934 1939 and Eugen Jochum 1941 1943 each of them internationally respected and holding positions at other orchestras as well Musicians who served as second conductor were all Dutch and included the composer Cornelis Dopper Evert Cornelis and Eduard van Beinum In 1945 because of the controversy over his relationship with the Nazi occupying forces during the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II Mengelberg was removed as chief conductor and subsequently banned from conducting in The Netherlands The ban was initially imposed for the remainder of his life but after an appeal reduced to six years applied retroactively from 1945 Mengelberg died in 1951 just before the end of his sentence thus never conducting the orchestra after 1945 1945 1988 Van Beinum and Haitink Edit From 1945 to 1959 the orchestra s principal conductor was Eduard van Beinum who had debuted with the orchestra in 1929 He had become the second conductor of the orchestra in 1931 and co principal conductor in 1938 One of his specialties was the symphonies of Anton Bruckner and Van Beinum made commercial recordings with the orchestra of Bruckner s Eighth and Ninth Symphonies for the Philips Records label Van Beinum served as sole chief conductor of the orchestra after World War II until his sudden death on the Concertgebouw podium from a heart attack in April 1959 Bernard Haitink made his debut with the Concertgebouw Orchestra on 7 November 1956 After Van Beinum s death from 1961 to 1963 Haitink and Eugen Jochum shared the post of chief conductor of the orchestra 4 Haitink became sole chief conductor in 1963 and served in this post until 1988 At some point during Haitink s time the conductor system was simplified to have an assistant conductor instead of first and second conductors Conductors who served in this capacity included Edo de Waart and Hans Vonk The recording profile of the orchestra increased most dramatically under Haitink with many recordings for Philips Records as well as EMI and Columbia Records In the early 1980s the Dutch government threatened the orchestra with reductions in its government subsidy that could potentially have led to the dismissal of 23 musicians from the orchestra Haitink threatened to resign in protest and the financial situation was eventually settled 5 In 1999 Haitink was named the orchestra s conductor laureate eredirigent following a rapprochement negotiated by the then new managing director of the orchestra Jan Willem Loot 6 In March 2014 Haitink suggested to the Dutch newspaper Het Parool that he wished to renounce the title of RCO conductor laureate and no longer to guest conduct the orchestra in protest at the orchestra s current administrative management 7 In September 2015 the orchestra announced a rapprochement with Haitink with a scheduled guest conducting engagement with the RCO in the 2016 2017 season 8 9 Haitink retained the title of eredirigent with the orchestra through his 2019 retirement and until his death in October 2021 10 1988 2018 Chailly Jansons and Gatti Edit The orchestra performing in the Grote Zaal Great Hall Riccardo Chailly made his debut with the Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1985 and was elected that year as their next chief conductor to succeed Haitink 11 As the first non Dutchman to hold the post Chailly served as chief conductor from 1988 to 2004 His recordings with the orchestra include complete Mahler and Brahms symphony cycles and several Bruckner symphonies He is a strong advocate of modern music and recorded shorter works of Shostakovich the complete Kammermusiken of Paul Hindemith and the orchestral works of Igor Stravinsky Olivier Messiaen and Edgard Varese After his departure in 2004 Chailly was named Conductor Emeritus of the RCO Mariss Jansons made his RCO debut in 1988 On 22 October 2002 the RCO elected Jansons as its next chief conductor 12 His tenure officially began on 1 September 2004 with an initial contract of three years Premieres during Janson s tenure have included Hans Werner Henze s Sebastian im Traum a RCO co commission In April 2014 the orchestra announced the scheduled conclusion of Jansons tenure as chief conductor after the 2014 15 season 13 14 Jansons subsequently held the title of conductor emeritus of the RCO until his death in 2019 15 Daniele Gatti first guest conducted the RCO in 2004 In October 2014 the RCO announced the appointment of Gatti as its seventh chief conductor effective in 2016 16 On 2 August 2018 the orchestra dismissed Gatti as chief conductor with immediate effect following complaints of inappropriate behaviour with female musicians 17 2020 present Edit In October 2020 the RCO announced the appointment of Ivan Fischer as its honorary guest conductor honorair gastdirigent effective with the 2021 2022 season 18 In September 2020 Klaus Makela first guest conducted the RCO The RCO re engaged Makela twice in the 2020 2021 season and subsequently in the 2021 2022 season for further guest conducting appearances including tours to Hamburg and Reykjavik In June 2022 the RCO announced the appointment of Makela as an artistic partner for the period of 2022 2027 and subsequently as its next chief conductor effective with the 2027 2028 season with an initial contract of 5 years 19 20 Character EditThe orchestra enjoyed a close relationship with Gustav Mahler and championed many of his symphonies with an especially worthy festival of his music being the 1920 Mahler Festival 21 Other conductors who worked closely with the Concertgebouw Orchestra included Pierre Monteux Eugen Jochum George Szell and Kirill Kondrashin who was principal guest conductor from 1978 following his defection from the USSR until his death in 1981 More recently Nikolaus Harnoncourt served as Honorary Guest Conductor of the RCO beginning in 2000 and leading his final performance with the RCO in October 2013 Another factor in creating the orchestra s distinct character is that the Concertgebouw Orchestra has had only eight chief conductors setting it apart from orchestras of similar age and caliber 22 The nearly one thousand recordings that the orchestra has to its credit have also contributed to this reputation The orchestra also serves as one of the opera orchestras for productions of the Dutch National Opera The most recent executive director of the orchestra was Jan Raes from December 2008 to December 2019 23 Prior executive directors included Jan Willem Loot In January 2020 the orchestra announced David Bazen as its interim managing director with immediate effect 24 In August 2020 the orchestra announced the appointment of a new three person managing board naming Dominik Winterling as Chairman 25 Past artistic directors of the Concertgebouw Orchestra have included Rudolf Mengelberg 1925 1955 Marius Flothuis 1955 1974 Hein van Royen 1974 1991 and Peter Ruzicka and more recently as head of artistic administration Joel Ethan Fried In August 2020 the orchestra announced the appointment of Ulrike Niehoff as its new artistic director effective 1 January 2021 25 The RCO has begun to issue CDs on its own label RCO Live as conducted by Jansons and Haitink among others 26 Chief conductors EditWillem Kes 1888 1895 Willem Mengelberg 1895 1945 Eduard van Beinum 1945 1959 Eugen Jochum 1961 1963 co chief conductor with Bernard Haitink Bernard Haitink 1961 1988 Riccardo Chailly 1988 2004 Mariss Jansons 2004 2015 Daniele Gatti 2016 2018 Klaus Makela designate effective 2027 References Edit The World s Greatest Orchestras Gramophone Retrieved 10 February 2023 Other long tenures at major orchestras include Evgeny Mravinsky at the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra Ernest Ansermet at the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande Robert Kajanus at the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra and Eugene Ormandy at the Philadelphia Orchestra Wisse Kees notes to Q Disc Issue Eduard Van Beinum The Radio Recordings Q Disc translated Lodewijk Ode Ko Kooman and Chris Gordon Hussey Dyneley The Musician s Gramophone May 1960 The Musical Times 101 1407 303 James R Oestreich 10 March 2002 An Eminently Rational Man In an Irrational Profession New York Times Retrieved 30 October 2007 Peter de Waard 22 February 2021 De onverstoorbaarheid van orkestdirecteur Willem Loot 1943 2021 leverde hem de bijnaam Sfinx op De Volksrant Retrieved 22 October 2021 Haitink nooit meer bij Concertgebouworkest Het Parool 4 March 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 Press Statement Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and Bernard Haitink Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 2 September 2015 Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 Retrieved 3 September 2015 Guido van Oorschot 3 September 2015 Concertgebouw toont zich de wijste in kwestie Haitink De Volksrant Retrieved 3 September 2015 Eredirigent Bernard Haitink overleden Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 22 October 2021 Retrieved 22 October 2021 John O Mahony 9 March 2002 Maestro in the fast lane The Guardian Retrieved 19 August 2007 Martin Cullingford 17 October 2002 Jansons confirmed as Royal Concertgebouw head Gramophone Retrieved 19 August 2007 Mariss Jansons Bids Farewell Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 22 April 2014 Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 Retrieved 23 April 2014 Imogen Tilden 22 April 2014 Mariss Jansons announces Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra departure The Guardian Retrieved 23 April 2014 Mariss Jansons 1943 2019 Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 1 December 2019 Retrieved 31 March 2021 Daniele Gatti Appointed Chief Conductor of RCO Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 3 October 2014 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 Imogen Tilden 2 August 2018 Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra parts company with chief conductor Gatti The Guardian Retrieved 2 August 2018 Ivan Fischer benoemd tot honorair gastdirigent Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 23 October 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Klaus Makela de achtste chef Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 10 June 2022 Retrieved 10 June 2022 Klaus Makela and Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra to start ten year collaboration Press release HarrisonParrott 10 June 2022 Retrieved 10 June 2022 Adrian Boult 22 May 1920 Mahler Festival in Amsterdam The Daily Telegraph Jessica Duchen 17 September 1999 Dutch courage The Guardian Retrieved 19 August 2007 Managing Director Jan Raes will say farewell to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra at the end of 2019 Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 31 May 2019 Retrieved 4 June 2019 David Bazen named interim Managing Director Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 1 January 2020 Retrieved 31 March 2021 a b New members to the Managing Board Press release Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 26 August 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Andrew Clements 5 August 2005 Bruckner Symphony no 8 Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra Haitink The Guardian Retrieved 19 August 2007 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Concertgebouworkest Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra official website Royal Concertgebouw official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra amp oldid 1138613278, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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