The Kumaso (熊襲) were a mythical people of ancient Japan mentioned in the Kojiki,[1][2] believed to have lived in the south of Kyūshū[3] until at least the Nara period. The last leader of the Kumaso, Torishi-Kaya was killed by Yamato Takeru in 397. The name of Kumamoto Prefecture originates from the Kumaso people.
Scholars such as Kakubayashi Fumio, "although information is extremely limited", concluded that they were of Austronesian origin based on some linguistic and cultural evidence, theorising that the word kaya, present in personal names or titles, such as Torishi-Kaya, has the same root as Tagalog"kaya", meaning "ability; capability; competence; resources; wealth" and Malay and Indonesian"kaya", meaning "rich, wealthy, having wealth". The So present in Kumaso was also theorised to have the same origins as tsuo, tsau, thau, sau, tau, tao supposedly meaning "people" in Austronesian languages.[4]
Overview
William George Aston, in his translation of the Nihongi, says Kumaso refers to two separate tribes, Kuma (meaning "bear") and So (written with the character for "attack" or "layer on").[3] In his translation of the Kojiki, Basil Hall Chamberlain records that the region is also known simply as So district, and elaborates on the Yamato-centric description of a "bear-like" people, based on their violent interactions or physical distinctiveness.[5] (The people called tsuchigumo by the Yamato people provide a better-known example of the transformation of other tribes into legendary monsters. Tsuchigumo—the monstrous "ground spider" of legend—is speculated to refer originally to the native pit dwellings of that people.)
Geographically, Aston records that the Kumaso domain encompassed the historical provinces of Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma (contemporaneous with Aston's translation), or present-day Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures.
The last leader of the Kumaso, Torishi-Kaya, aka Brave of Kahakami, was assassinated in the winter of 397 by Prince Yamato Takeru of Yamato,[6] who was disguised for this as a woman at a banquet.
Legacy
The word Kuma ('Bear') survives today as Kumamoto Prefecture ('source of the bear'), and Kuma District, Kumamoto. Kuma District is known for a distinct dialect, Kuma Dialect.
People of the Kumaso mentioned in the Nihongi
Torishi-Kaya (aka Brave of Kahakami): a leader of the Kumaso[7]
Ichi-fukaya: Emperor Keikō married her 82 AD and in the same year put her to death, since she was involved in the assassination which killed her father.[10]
^Kidder, Jonathan Edward (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN9780824830359.
^ abAston, W. G. (1896). "Book VII" . Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 192, note 3 – via Wikisource. The country of the Kumaso was the southern part of the island of Kiushiu corresponding to the present provinces of Hiuga, Ohosumi, and Satsuma. Kuma and So are the names of two tribes. [scan]
^Kakubayashi, Fumio. 隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族' Hayato : An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan.'. The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University, 3, pp.15-31 ISSN 1341-7207
^Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1882). "Sect. V" . Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters. Asiatic Society of Japan. p. 23, note 17 – via Wikisource. Toyo means "luxuriant" or "fertile." Hi appears to signify "fire" or "sun." Kumaso is properly a compound, Kuma-so, as the district is often mentioned by the simple name of So. Kuma signifies "bear," and Motowori suggests that the use of the name of this the fiercest of beasts as a prefix may be traced to the evil reputation of that part of the country for robbers and outlaws. He quotes similar compounds with kuma in support of this view. [scan] http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj012.htm#fn_173
^Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 200ff. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN978-0-8048-3674-6
^Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 201. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN978-0-8048-3674-6
^Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 195. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN978-0-8048-3674-6
^Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 195. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN978-0-8048-3674-6
^Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 196. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN978-0-8048-3674-6
^Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 196. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN978-0-8048-3674-6
January 29, 2023
kumaso, 熊襲, were, mythical, people, ancient, japan, mentioned, kojiki, believed, have, lived, south, kyūshū, until, least, nara, period, last, leader, torishi, kaya, killed, yamato, takeru, name, kumamoto, prefecture, originates, from, people, prince, yamato, . The Kumaso 熊襲 were a mythical people of ancient Japan mentioned in the Kojiki 1 2 believed to have lived in the south of Kyushu 3 until at least the Nara period The last leader of the Kumaso Torishi Kaya was killed by Yamato Takeru in 397 The name of Kumamoto Prefecture originates from the Kumaso people Prince Yamato Takeru attacking Kawakami Takeru by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi Contents 1 Origins 2 Overview 3 Legacy 4 People of the Kumaso mentioned in the Nihongi 5 See also 6 ReferencesOrigins EditScholars such as Kakubayashi Fumio although information is extremely limited concluded that they were of Austronesian origin based on some linguistic and cultural evidence theorising that the word kaya present in personal names or titles such as Torishi Kaya has the same root as Tagalog kaya meaning ability capability competence resources wealth and Malay and Indonesian kaya meaning rich wealthy having wealth The So present in Kumaso was also theorised to have the same origins as tsuo tsau thau sau tau tao supposedly meaning people in Austronesian languages 4 Overview EditWilliam George Aston in his translation of the Nihongi says Kumaso refers to two separate tribes Kuma meaning bear and So written with the character for attack or layer on 3 In his translation of the Kojiki Basil Hall Chamberlain records that the region is also known simply as So district and elaborates on the Yamato centric description of a bear like people based on their violent interactions or physical distinctiveness 5 The people called tsuchigumo by the Yamato people provide a better known example of the transformation of other tribes into legendary monsters Tsuchigumo the monstrous ground spider of legend is speculated to refer originally to the native pit dwellings of that people Geographically Aston records that the Kumaso domain encompassed the historical provinces of Hyuga Ōsumi and Satsuma contemporaneous with Aston s translation or present day Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures The last leader of the Kumaso Torishi Kaya aka Brave of Kahakami was assassinated in the winter of 397 by Prince Yamato Takeru of Yamato 6 who was disguised for this as a woman at a banquet Legacy EditThe word Kuma Bear survives today as Kumamoto Prefecture source of the bear and Kuma District Kumamoto Kuma District is known for a distinct dialect Kuma Dialect People of the Kumaso mentioned in the Nihongi EditTorishi Kaya aka Brave of Kahakami a leader of the Kumaso 7 Atsukaya a leader of the Kumaso 8 Sakaya a leader of the Kumaso 9 Ichi fukaya Emperor Keikō married her 82 AD and in the same year put her to death since she was involved in the assassination which killed her father 10 Ichi kaya younger sister of Ichi fukaya 11 Look up kumaso in Wiktionary the free dictionary See also EditHayato people Bear worshipReferences Edit 角林 文雄 隼人 オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族 京都産業大学日本文化研究所紀要 第3号 京都産業大学 1998年3月 ISSN 13417207 Kidder Jonathan Edward 2007 Himiko and Japan s Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai Archaeology History and Mythology University of Hawaii Press ISBN 9780824830359 a b Aston W G 1896 Book VII Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 Kegan Paul Trench Trubner amp Co p 192 note 3 via Wikisource The country of the Kumaso was the southern part of the island of Kiushiu corresponding to the present provinces of Hiuga Ohosumi and Satsuma Kuma and So are the names of two tribes scan Kakubayashi Fumio 隼人 オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族 Hayato An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture Kyoto Sangyo University 3 pp 15 31 ISSN 1341 7207 Chamberlain Basil Hall 1882 Sect V Kojiki Records of Ancient Matters Asiatic Society of Japan p 23 note 17 via Wikisource Toyo means luxuriant or fertile Hi appears to signify fire or sun Kumaso is properly a compound Kuma so as the district is often mentioned by the simple name of So Kuma signifies bear and Motowori suggests that the use of the name of this the fiercest of beasts as a prefix may be traced to the evil reputation of that part of the country for robbers and outlaws He quotes similar compounds with kuma in support of this view scan http www sacred texts com shi kj kj012 htm fn 173 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston Book VII page 200ff Tuttle Publishing Tra edition July 2005 First edition published 1972 ISBN 978 0 8048 3674 6 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston Book VII page 201 Tuttle Publishing Tra edition July 2005 First edition published 1972 ISBN 978 0 8048 3674 6 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston Book VII page 195 Tuttle Publishing Tra edition July 2005 First edition published 1972 ISBN 978 0 8048 3674 6 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston Book VII page 195 Tuttle Publishing Tra edition July 2005 First edition published 1972 ISBN 978 0 8048 3674 6 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston Book VII page 196 Tuttle Publishing Tra edition July 2005 First edition published 1972 ISBN 978 0 8048 3674 6 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston Book VII page 196 Tuttle Publishing Tra edition July 2005 First edition published 1972 ISBN 978 0 8048 3674 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kumaso amp oldid 1100998316, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
