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Jan Zamoyski

April 26, 2024

This article is about the hetman and chancellor. For other uses, see Jan Zamoyski (disambiguation).

Jan Sariusz Zamoyski (Latin: Ioannes Zamoyski de Zamoscie;[1] 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, statesman and the 1st ordynat of Zamość. He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565, Deputy Chancellor from 1576, Grand Chancellor of the Crown from 1578, and Great Hetman of the Crown from 1581.

Hetman
Jan Zamoyski
Portrait by Jan Szwankowski, ca. 1602
Grand Crown Chancellor
In office
1578–1605
MonarchsStephen Bathory
Sigismund III
Preceded byPiotr Dunin Wolski
Succeeded byMaciej Pstrokoński
Great Crown Hetman
In office
1581–1605
MonarchsStephen Bathory
Sigismund III
Preceded byMikołaj Mielecki
Succeeded byStanisław Żółkiewski
Personal details
Born19 March 1542
Skokówka, Kingdom of Poland
Died3 June 1605(1605-06-03) (aged 63)
Zamość, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Resting placeCathedral of the Resurrection, Zamość
Spouse(s)Anna Ossolińska
Krystyna Radziwiłł
Gryzelda Batory
Barbara Tarnowska
ChildrenTomasz Zamoyski
Parents
Alma materUniversity of Padua
OccupationPolitician, magnate, soldier
Noble familyZamoyski
Signature
NicknamePolish Gracchus
Military service
AllegiancePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Years of service1565 – 1605
Battles/warsWar of the Polish Succession (1587–88): Livonian War

Zamoyski was the General Starost of the city of Kraków from 1580 to 1585, Starost of Bełz, Międzyrzecz, Krzeszów, Knyszyn and Tartu. An important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen Báthory, he was one of the major opponents of Bathory's successor, Sigismund III Vasa, and one of the most skilled diplomats, politicians and statesmen of his time, standing as a major figure in the politics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life.

Biography edit

 
Zamoyski coat of arms

Childhood and education edit

Jan Zamoyski was born on 19 March 1542 to Stanisław Zamoyski and Anna Herburt in Skokówka.[2] He started his education in a school in Krasnystaw but when he was thirteen years old he was sent to study abroad; from 1555 to 1559 he was a page at the royal court in Paris.[3] Already at this young age he attended lectures at the Sorbonne University and Collège de France.[3] In 1559 he briefly visited Poland, then attended the University of Strasbourg; after a few months there he moved to University of Padua, where from 1561 he studied law and received a doctorate in 1564.[2][4] During his years abroad he converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism.[4]

During his education, he became active in university politics, and in 1563 he was elected the rector of the law department.[4] Around that time he also wrote De senatu Romano, a brochure about Ancient Rome government.[4] He returned to the Commonwealth in 1565, and was the first person to receive a commendation letter from the senate of the Republic of Venice.[4][5]

  •  
    Bust of Zamoyski in the University of Padua, where he was a student and rector of the Universitas Iuristarum.

Early career edit

After returning to Poland, he was appointed to the Royal Chancellery, and soon became a favorite secretary to King Sigismund II.[5][6] In 1567 he commanded a royal task force, sent to remove the noble family of Starzechowscy from the royal lands they were decreed to hold illegally.[5] Another major task he completed at that time was the reorganization of the Chancellery archive.[7]

In 1571 he married Anna Ossolińska; his wife and their young son died shortly afterwards, in 1572.[7] After the extinction of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572 during the election sejm (special session of the Commonwealth parliament) he used his influence to enforce the viritim election (meaning all nobles had the right to vote for the new king during the upcoming 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election).[8][9] However, his proposal for majority voting did not pass, which opened the process for abuses of liberum veto in the future.[8] He was a colleague of Mikołaj Sienicki and Hieronim Ossolinski, and with them he was one of the leaders of a faction of the lesser and middle nobility (szlachta) in the Commonwealth, whose goal was the reform the country – the execution movement – preserving the unique constitutional and parliamentary government of the Commonwealth with the dominant role of poorer nobility (Golden Freedom).[9][10][11] He was so influential and popular among the lesser nobility that he was known as the "first tribune of nobility"[12][13] or "Polish Gracchus."[8]

Chancellor and Hetman edit

 
Jan Zamoyski, engraving by Dominicus Custos

In that first election he was in favour of Henry de Valois (later, Henry III of France).[14] Subsequently, he was part of the diplomatic mission that traveled to France to finish formalities with the newly elected king.[15] He also published a pamphlet praising the new king, and thus suffered a loss of face when Henryk secretly abandoned Poland and returned to France.[15] During the following 1575 election he was a vocal enemy of the Habsburg dynasty and its candidate, and this anti-Habsburg stance, resounding among the lesser nobility, helped him regain his popularity.[9][15] For the king, Zamoyski championed the case of a Polish candidate, which ended up in the marriage of Anna Jagiellon with the anti-Habsburg Stephen Bathory of Transylvania.[9][16]

Bathory thanked Zamoyski by granting him the office of Deputy Chancellor on 16 May 1576.[17] He participated on Batory's side in the quelling of the Danzig rebellion in 1576–1577, sponsoring a chorągiew of pancerni (cavalry unit) and participating in close combat on several occasions.[5][18] In 1577 he married again, this time marrying Krystyna Radziwiłł, daughter of magnate Mikołaj Radziwiłł Czarny; this made him a close ally of the Radziwiłł family, the most powerful family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[19] In 1578 he received the post of the Grand Crown Chancellor.[5][9][19] That year poet Jan Kochanowski dedicated his Odprawa Posłów Greckich, the first Polish tragedy, to him.[19]

 
Griselda Báthory
 
Zamoyski (in red) to the left of King Stephen Bathory at Pskov

He took part in the preparation for a war against Muscovy in 1579–1581, where he contributed a group of 400[5] or 600[20] mercenaries. Through he had little prior military background nor experience, he was interested in mastering the military art, and proved to be an adept learner.[5][21] With Batory's support, he began filling in for some of the roles of Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Mielecki, particularly when Mielecki was not present.[22] While not campaigning, he was also instrumental in ensuring that the ongoing political support for the war.[23] In 1580 he was hit by another personal tragedy, as his wife died in labor, together with their child; entering a short period of depression.[23]

Later that year, in August, he captured Velizh[22] in September he participated in the siege of Velikiye Luki,[24] and then took Zavoloc.[25][26] On 11 August 1581 he received the nomination for the post of Grand Crown Hetman; this nomination, although uncontroversial at that time, was technically illegal.[25] Following that he participated in the long and inconclusive Siege of Pskov, which ended with the Peace of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582.[27] Though Zamoyski failed to capture Pskov, he drained the Russian resources, and the ongoing siege was a major reason for the final treaty, which was highly favorable to Poland.[27]

In June 1583 Zamoyski took his third wife, Gryzelda Bathory, a relative of king Bathory himself.[28] In May 1584 Zamoyski's men captured Samuel Zborowski, a noble whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade; shortly afterwards with Bathory's consent Zborowski was executed.[29][30] This political conflict between Báthory, Zamoyski and the Zborowski family, framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years, beginning with a major dispute at the Sejm of 1585.[29][30][31]

Later years edit

 
Zamoyski at Byczyna. Sketch by Jan Matejko

After the death of Batory in 1586, Zamoyski helped Sigismund III Vasa gain the Polish throne, fighting in the brief civil war against the forces supporting Habsburg archduke Maximilian III of Austria.[32] The camp supporting Sigismund was rallied around Zamoyski, whereas Maximilian was supported by the Zborowski family.[33] Zamoyski defended Kraków[32] and defeated Maximilian's forces in the Battle of Byczyna in 1588.[34] In that battle, which Sławomir Leśniewski describes as "one of the most important in Polish history, and the most important in Zamoyski's military career", Maximilian was taken prisoner and in the resulting Treaty of Bytom and Będzin of 1589 had to give up all pretenses to the Polish crown.[35] Later that year Zamoyski proposed a reform of the royal elections, which failed to pass the Sejm.[35] Zamoyski presented to this Sejm a project that in case the present King should die without issue none but a candidate of some Slav stock should henceforth be eligible to the Polish throne. This was a project which could even imagine the possibility of some kind of union between Catholic Poland, Orthodox Moscovy and semi-Protestant Bohemia. In fact, it was a circuitous and clumsy counter-proposal against pro-Habsburg policy.[36]

From 1589 Zamoyski, in his role as the hetman, tried to prevent the intensifying Tatar incursions along the Commonwealth south-eastern border, but with little success.[37] In order to deal with the recurring disturbances in that region Zamoyski developed a plan to turn Moldavia into a buffer zone between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire; this would lead to a lengthy campaign.[38][39]

In opposition to the throne edit

 
Zamoyski by Bacciarelli

Meanwhile, in internal Commonwealth politics, early on in Sigismund III's reign, Zamoyski, who was once a staunch supporter of the Commonwealth kings, begun to distance himself from the King. Sigismund had quickly allied himself with the Habsburgs, much to chancellors dissatisfaction.[40] Zamoyski was dissatisfied with Sigismund's early plans to use Poland as a stepping stone to gaining the Swedish crown, as Sigismund was plotting to cede the Polish crown to the Habsburgs in exchange for their support of his right to the Swedish throne.[41] The new King feared the chancellor's power, but due to Commonwealth laws he was unable to dismiss him from his posts. He offered him a prestigious voivode of Kraków office, but Zamoyski declined, as if he was to accept, the law would require him to resign from his slightly less prestigious but more influential chancellorship.[35] By 1590–1591 Zamoyski was seen as one of the king's staunchest opponents.[42] Open quarrel between king and chancellor broke out during the Sejm of 1591, culminating in a heated exchange of words and the king storming out of the chamber.[43] Despite their tensed relations, neither the king nor the chancellor wanted a civil war; soon after their quarrel Zamoyski would issue a public apology to the king and their uneasy relationship would continue until Zamoyski's death.[43][nb 1]

 
Portrait of Zamoyski, Wilanów Palace collection, 19th century

In 1594 Zamoyski once again failed to stop a Tatar incursion in the southern borders.[38] The next year was much more successful, as in Moldavia in 1595 he was victorious in the Battle of Cecora, and helped hospodar Ieremia Movilă (Jeremi Mohyła) gain the throne.[38] In 1600 he fought against Michael the Brave (Michał Waleczny, Mihai Viteazul), hospodar of Wallachia and the new Prince of Transylvania, who had conquered Moldavia a few months earlier.[45] He defeated him on the Bukova (Bucovu) and restored Ieremia to the throne.[45] He also helped his brother, Simion Movilă to become brief ruler of Wallachia, thus spreading the influence of the Commonwealth to the Central Danube.[46]

In 1600 and 1601 Zamoyski took part in the war against Sweden commanding the Commonwealth forces in Livonia (Inflanty).[47] At the same time he was a vocal opponent of that war on the political scene.[48] In 1600 he recaptured several strongholds from the Swedes and a year later captured Wolmar on 19 December 1601[47] Fellin on 16 May 1602, and Bialy Kamien on 30 September 1602.[49] The rigours of the campaign, however, placed a strain on his health, and he resigned the command.[49]

At the Sejm of 1603 Zamoyski led opposition to the governance reforms proposed by Sigismund; seeing in them intentions of transforming the Commonwealth into an absolute monarchy.[9][50] Later, he also opposed Sigismund's plans to intervene in the civil war plaguing Muscovy (the Time of Troubles and the Dymitriads).[51] He clashed with Sigismund for the final time during the Sejm of January 1605.[52]

Zamoyski died suddenly on 3 June 1605, due to a stroke.[49] His fortune was inherited by his single son, Tomasz Zamoyski.[53]

Assessment and legacy edit

Remembrance edit

 
Bust of Hetman Jan Zamoyski in the Royal Castle in Warsaw

The fame of Zamoyski, significance in life, endured after his death. He was praised by artists such as Szymon Starowolski and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, and historians, including Stanisław Staszic, Stanisław Tarnowski and Artur Śliwiński.[54] There were also those critical of him: Hugo Kołłątaj, Józef Szujski, Michał Bobrzyński.[54] Nonetheless, Polish historiography and culture treatment of Zamoyski is mostly positive, and historian Janusz Tazbir remarked that Zamoyski's posthumous career was even more magnificent than his real one.[54] Leśniewski, ending his recent biography of Zamoyski, concludes that he is a significant, if controversial, figure of Polish Renaissance.[54]

Zamoyski was the subject of several paintings and drawings. Most notably, he is one of the characters in two large paintings by Jan Matejko, featured on the Skarga's Sermon[55] and Batory at Pskov.[56]

Political and military leader edit

Having control of both the Chancellorship and the Grand Hetman office, Zamoyski was one of the most powerful people in the country, having obtained both the power of Grand Hetman (commander in chief of the armed forces) and that of chancellor, combined for the first time in the hands of one person.[25] He was responsible for much of the Polish internal and foreign policies.[9] He is considered to be one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history.[9]

Even though his military career begun almost as an afterthought, or by accident, Zamoyski is also remembered as one of the most accomplished Polish military commanders.[49][57] In his tactics, he favored sieges, flanking maneuvers, conserving his forces, and the new Western art of fortification and artillery.[49] The war with Muscovy shown him to be a skilled commander in sieges, and latter events would prove him to be an equally able leader in the open field.[58]

Wealth and cultural patronage edit

Zamoyski gathered a significant fortune; his estates generated a revenue of over 200,000 zlotys in the early 17th century.[59] His personal lands covered 6,445 square kilometres (2,488 sq mi), and included eleven towns and over 200 villages.[9] He was a royal caretaker of another dozen or so cities and over 600 villages.[60] Totaled, his personal and leased lands covered over 17,000 square kilometres (6,600 sq mi), with 23 towns and cities and 816 villages.[60] In 1589 he succeeded in establishing the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail (ordynacja zamojska), a de facto duchy.[61] Zamoyski supported economical development of his lands, investing in colonization of frontiers, and the development of industry, both small (sawmills, breweries, mills and such) and large (his lands had four iron mills and four glass factories).[62]

 
Zamoyski's tomb inside the Cathedral of the Resurrection, Zamość

His most prized creation was the capital of his Fee Tail, the city of Zamość, founded in 1580, built and designed as a Renaissance citta ideale or "ideal city" by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando.[63] In the city, in 1595 he founded the Akademia Zamojska, the third university in the history of education in Poland.[64] In addition to Zamość, he also funded four other towns: Szarogród, Skinderpol, Busza and Jasnogród.[65]

Zamoyski collected a significant library, and was a patron of numerous artists in his Fee Tail.[65] Artists under his patronage included the poets Jan Kochanowski and Szymon Szymonowic, and the writer and historian Joachim Bielski.[65]

Personality edit

Zamoyski was not a deeply religious person, and his conversion from Protestantism to Catholicism was primarily pragmatic.[66] Leśniewski notes that Zamoyski was often motivated by greed, for example during the Danzig Rebellion, when he supported lenient treatment of the rebels, and during the 1577–1578 negotiations with, when he favored the solution of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach; in both cases his decision was likely influenced by bribes or favors.[67] In another example, Leśniewski describes how Zamoyski openly demanded rewards following his victory at Byczyna, and tried to include an article favoring him in the Bytom and Będzin treaty.[68] He further notes, critically, that with raising power and political success Zamoyski begun displaying negative qualities, such as egoism and arrogance.[19] Zamoyski was ruthless to those weaker than him.[59] At the same time, he was respected by his opponents, widely recognized as highly intelligent, a cunning strategist and tactician in matters political and military, and a popular political leader.[8] He valued the good of the country at least as high as his own, and although he could have become the king after a victorious civil war against Sigismund, he preferred to act within the limits of law instead, avoiding a war that could devastate the country, and thus curbing his own ambitions.[43]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Some of Zamoyski's political allies were less restrained, and shortly after his death attempted to dehtrone Sigismund in the short-sighted civil war known as the Zebrzydowski's Rokosz (1606–1608).[9][12][44]

References edit

  1. ^ Zamoyski, Jan (1904). Archiwum Jana Zamoyskiego, kanclerza i hetmana wielkiego koronnego: 1553–1579. Druk P. Laskauera i s-ki. p. 27. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  2. ^ a b Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 114. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  3. ^ a b Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 9–10. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  4. ^ a b c d e Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski - hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 11–15. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 115. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  6. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 18. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  7. ^ a b Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 20–21. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  8. ^ a b c d Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 24–26. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Halina Lerski (30 January 1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. ABC-CLIO. p. 678. ISBN 978-0-313-03456-5. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  10. ^ Adam Żurek (2003). Polska—dzieje cywilizacji i narodu: Monarchia Jagiellonów : 1399–1586. Grupa Wydawnicza Bertelsmann Media. p. 146. ISBN 978-83-7311-565-1. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  11. ^ Jan Dzięgielewski (1995). Encyklopedia Historii Polski: Dzieje Polityczne (in Polish). Morex. p. 610. ISBN 978-83-904121-2-2.
  12. ^ a b Janusz P. Waluszko (25 May 2000). "Rzecz o Sarmacyi – Taraka" (in Polish). Taraka.pl. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  13. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 22–23. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  14. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 30. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  15. ^ a b c Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 32–35. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  16. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 37–38. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  17. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 41. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  18. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 44. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  19. ^ a b c d Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 50–51. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  20. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 54. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  21. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 554. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  22. ^ a b Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 116. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  23. ^ a b Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 60–61. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  24. ^ Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 118. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  25. ^ a b c Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 119. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  26. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 63–66. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  27. ^ a b Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 70–78. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  28. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 80–81. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  29. ^ a b Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  30. ^ a b Jerzy Besala; Agnieszka Biedrzycka (2004–2005). "Stefan Batory". Polski Słownik Biograficzny (in Polish). Vol. XLIII. p. 123.
  31. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 84–89. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  32. ^ a b Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 121. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  33. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 96. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  34. ^ Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 122. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  35. ^ a b c Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 111–118. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  36. ^ Bain, R. Nisbet, Slavonic Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1908, p.137.
  37. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 121–122. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  38. ^ a b c Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 123. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  39. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 122–123. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  40. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 119. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  41. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 120. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  42. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 124. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  43. ^ a b c Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 124–126. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  44. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 168–169. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  45. ^ a b Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 124. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  46. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 137. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  47. ^ a b Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 125. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  48. ^ Sławomir Leśniewski (January 2008). Jan Zamoyski – hetman i polityk (in Polish). Bellona. p. 139. GGKEY:RRA1L0T4Y81.
  49. ^ a b c d e Marek Plewczyński (1995). "JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita (1542–1605) hetman wielki". Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Wydawn. Bellona. p. 126. ISBN 978-83-11-08275-5. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
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External links edit

April 26, 2024
zamoyski, this, article, about, hetman, chancellor, other, uses, disambiguation, sariusz, zamoyski, latin, ioannes, zamoyski, zamoscie, march, 1542, june, 1605, polish, nobleman, magnate, statesman, ordynat, zamość, served, royal, secretary, from, 1565, deputy. This article is about the hetman and chancellor For other uses see Jan Zamoyski disambiguation Jan Sariusz Zamoyski Latin Ioannes Zamoyski de Zamoscie 1 19 March 1542 3 June 1605 was a Polish nobleman magnate statesman and the 1st ordynat of Zamosc He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565 Deputy Chancellor from 1576 Grand Chancellor of the Crown from 1578 and Great Hetman of the Crown from 1581 HetmanJan ZamoyskiPortrait by Jan Szwankowski ca 1602Grand Crown ChancellorIn office 1578 1605MonarchsStephen BathorySigismund IIIPreceded byPiotr Dunin WolskiSucceeded byMaciej PstrokonskiGreat Crown HetmanIn office 1581 1605MonarchsStephen BathorySigismund IIIPreceded byMikolaj MieleckiSucceeded byStanislaw ZolkiewskiPersonal detailsBorn19 March 1542Skokowka Kingdom of PolandDied3 June 1605 1605 06 03 aged 63 Zamosc Polish Lithuanian CommonwealthResting placeCathedral of the Resurrection ZamoscSpouse s Anna OssolinskaKrystyna RadziwillGryzelda BatoryBarbara TarnowskaChildrenTomasz ZamoyskiParentsStanislaw Zamoyski father Anna Herburt mother Alma materUniversity of PaduaOccupationPolitician magnate soldierNoble familyZamoyskiSignatureNicknamePolish GracchusMilitary serviceAllegiancePolish Lithuanian CommonwealthYears of service1565 1605Battles warsWar of the Polish Succession 1587 88 Siege of Krakow Battle of Byczyna Livonian War Zamoyski was the General Starost of the city of Krakow from 1580 to 1585 Starost of Belz Miedzyrzecz Krzeszow Knyszyn and Tartu An important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen Bathory he was one of the major opponents of Bathory s successor Sigismund III Vasa and one of the most skilled diplomats politicians and statesmen of his time standing as a major figure in the politics of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Childhood and education 1 2 Early career 1 3 Chancellor and Hetman 1 4 Later years 1 5 In opposition to the throne 2 Assessment and legacy 2 1 Remembrance 2 2 Political and military leader 2 3 Wealth and cultural patronage 2 4 Personality 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksBiography edit nbsp Zamoyski coat of arms Childhood and education edit Jan Zamoyski was born on 19 March 1542 to Stanislaw Zamoyski and Anna Herburt in Skokowka 2 He started his education in a school in Krasnystaw but when he was thirteen years old he was sent to study abroad from 1555 to 1559 he was a page at the royal court in Paris 3 Already at this young age he attended lectures at the Sorbonne University and College de France 3 In 1559 he briefly visited Poland then attended the University of Strasbourg after a few months there he moved to University of Padua where from 1561 he studied law and received a doctorate in 1564 2 4 During his years abroad he converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism 4 During his education he became active in university politics and in 1563 he was elected the rector of the law department 4 Around that time he also wrote De senatu Romano a brochure about Ancient Rome government 4 He returned to the Commonwealth in 1565 and was the first person to receive a commendation letter from the senate of the Republic of Venice 4 5 nbsp Bust of Zamoyski in the University of Padua where he was a student and rector of the Universitas Iuristarum Early career edit After returning to Poland he was appointed to the Royal Chancellery and soon became a favorite secretary to King Sigismund II 5 6 In 1567 he commanded a royal task force sent to remove the noble family of Starzechowscy from the royal lands they were decreed to hold illegally 5 Another major task he completed at that time was the reorganization of the Chancellery archive 7 In 1571 he married Anna Ossolinska his wife and their young son died shortly afterwards in 1572 7 After the extinction of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572 during the election sejm special session of the Commonwealth parliament he used his influence to enforce the viritim election meaning all nobles had the right to vote for the new king during the upcoming 1573 Polish Lithuanian royal election 8 9 However his proposal for majority voting did not pass which opened the process for abuses of liberum veto in the future 8 He was a colleague of Mikolaj Sienicki and Hieronim Ossolinski and with them he was one of the leaders of a faction of the lesser and middle nobility szlachta in the Commonwealth whose goal was the reform the country the execution movement preserving the unique constitutional and parliamentary government of the Commonwealth with the dominant role of poorer nobility Golden Freedom 9 10 11 He was so influential and popular among the lesser nobility that he was known as the first tribune of nobility 12 13 or Polish Gracchus 8 Chancellor and Hetman edit nbsp Jan Zamoyski engraving by Dominicus Custos In that first election he was in favour of Henry de Valois later Henry III of France 14 Subsequently he was part of the diplomatic mission that traveled to France to finish formalities with the newly elected king 15 He also published a pamphlet praising the new king and thus suffered a loss of face when Henryk secretly abandoned Poland and returned to France 15 During the following 1575 election he was a vocal enemy of the Habsburg dynasty and its candidate and this anti Habsburg stance resounding among the lesser nobility helped him regain his popularity 9 15 For the king Zamoyski championed the case of a Polish candidate which ended up in the marriage of Anna Jagiellon with the anti Habsburg Stephen Bathory of Transylvania 9 16 Bathory thanked Zamoyski by granting him the office of Deputy Chancellor on 16 May 1576 17 He participated on Batory s side in the quelling of the Danzig rebellion in 1576 1577 sponsoring a choragiew of pancerni cavalry unit and participating in close combat on several occasions 5 18 In 1577 he married again this time marrying Krystyna Radziwill daughter of magnate Mikolaj Radziwill Czarny this made him a close ally of the Radziwill family the most powerful family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 19 In 1578 he received the post of the Grand Crown Chancellor 5 9 19 That year poet Jan Kochanowski dedicated his Odprawa Poslow Greckich the first Polish tragedy to him 19 nbsp Griselda Bathory nbsp Zamoyski in red to the left of King Stephen Bathory at Pskov He took part in the preparation for a war against Muscovy in 1579 1581 where he contributed a group of 400 5 or 600 20 mercenaries Through he had little prior military background nor experience he was interested in mastering the military art and proved to be an adept learner 5 21 With Batory s support he began filling in for some of the roles of Grand Crown Hetman Mikolaj Mielecki particularly when Mielecki was not present 22 While not campaigning he was also instrumental in ensuring that the ongoing political support for the war 23 In 1580 he was hit by another personal tragedy as his wife died in labor together with their child entering a short period of depression 23 Later that year in August he captured Velizh 22 in September he participated in the siege of Velikiye Luki 24 and then took Zavoloc 25 26 On 11 August 1581 he received the nomination for the post of Grand Crown Hetman this nomination although uncontroversial at that time was technically illegal 25 Following that he participated in the long and inconclusive Siege of Pskov which ended with the Peace of Yam Zapolsky in 1582 27 Though Zamoyski failed to capture Pskov he drained the Russian resources and the ongoing siege was a major reason for the final treaty which was highly favorable to Poland 27 In June 1583 Zamoyski took his third wife Gryzelda Bathory a relative of king Bathory himself 28 In May 1584 Zamoyski s men captured Samuel Zborowski a noble whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade shortly afterwards with Bathory s consent Zborowski was executed 29 30 This political conflict between Bathory Zamoyski and the Zborowski family framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years beginning with a major dispute at the Sejm of 1585 29 30 31 Later years edit nbsp Zamoyski at Byczyna Sketch by Jan Matejko After the death of Batory in 1586 Zamoyski helped Sigismund III Vasa gain the Polish throne fighting in the brief civil war against the forces supporting Habsburg archduke Maximilian III of Austria 32 The camp supporting Sigismund was rallied around Zamoyski whereas Maximilian was supported by the Zborowski family 33 Zamoyski defended Krakow 32 and defeated Maximilian s forces in the Battle of Byczyna in 1588 34 In that battle which Slawomir Lesniewski describes as one of the most important in Polish history and the most important in Zamoyski s military career Maximilian was taken prisoner and in the resulting Treaty of Bytom and Bedzin of 1589 had to give up all pretenses to the Polish crown 35 Later that year Zamoyski proposed a reform of the royal elections which failed to pass the Sejm 35 Zamoyski presented to this Sejm a project that in case the present King should die without issue none but a candidate of some Slav stock should henceforth be eligible to the Polish throne This was a project which could even imagine the possibility of some kind of union between Catholic Poland Orthodox Moscovy and semi Protestant Bohemia In fact it was a circuitous and clumsy counter proposal against pro Habsburg policy 36 From 1589 Zamoyski in his role as the hetman tried to prevent the intensifying Tatar incursions along the Commonwealth south eastern border but with little success 37 In order to deal with the recurring disturbances in that region Zamoyski developed a plan to turn Moldavia into a buffer zone between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire this would lead to a lengthy campaign 38 39 In opposition to the throne edit nbsp Zamoyski by Bacciarelli Meanwhile in internal Commonwealth politics early on in Sigismund III s reign Zamoyski who was once a staunch supporter of the Commonwealth kings begun to distance himself from the King Sigismund had quickly allied himself with the Habsburgs much to chancellors dissatisfaction 40 Zamoyski was dissatisfied with Sigismund s early plans to use Poland as a stepping stone to gaining the Swedish crown as Sigismund was plotting to cede the Polish crown to the Habsburgs in exchange for their support of his right to the Swedish throne 41 The new King feared the chancellor s power but due to Commonwealth laws he was unable to dismiss him from his posts He offered him a prestigious voivode of Krakow office but Zamoyski declined as if he was to accept the law would require him to resign from his slightly less prestigious but more influential chancellorship 35 By 1590 1591 Zamoyski was seen as one of the king s staunchest opponents 42 Open quarrel between king and chancellor broke out during the Sejm of 1591 culminating in a heated exchange of words and the king storming out of the chamber 43 Despite their tensed relations neither the king nor the chancellor wanted a civil war soon after their quarrel Zamoyski would issue a public apology to the king and their uneasy relationship would continue until Zamoyski s death 43 nb 1 nbsp Portrait of Zamoyski Wilanow Palace collection 19th century In 1594 Zamoyski once again failed to stop a Tatar incursion in the southern borders 38 The next year was much more successful as in Moldavia in 1595 he was victorious in the Battle of Cecora and helped hospodar Ieremia Movilă Jeremi Mohyla gain the throne 38 In 1600 he fought against Michael the Brave Michal Waleczny Mihai Viteazul hospodar of Wallachia and the new Prince of Transylvania who had conquered Moldavia a few months earlier 45 He defeated him on the Bukova Bucovu and restored Ieremia to the throne 45 He also helped his brother Simion Movilă to become brief ruler of Wallachia thus spreading the influence of the Commonwealth to the Central Danube 46 In 1600 and 1601 Zamoyski took part in the war against Sweden commanding the Commonwealth forces in Livonia Inflanty 47 At the same time he was a vocal opponent of that war on the political scene 48 In 1600 he recaptured several strongholds from the Swedes and a year later captured Wolmar on 19 December 1601 47 Fellin on 16 May 1602 and Bialy Kamien on 30 September 1602 49 The rigours of the campaign however placed a strain on his health and he resigned the command 49 At the Sejm of 1603 Zamoyski led opposition to the governance reforms proposed by Sigismund seeing in them intentions of transforming the Commonwealth into an absolute monarchy 9 50 Later he also opposed Sigismund s plans to intervene in the civil war plaguing Muscovy the Time of Troubles and the Dymitriads 51 He clashed with Sigismund for the final time during the Sejm of January 1605 52 Zamoyski died suddenly on 3 June 1605 due to a stroke 49 His fortune was inherited by his single son Tomasz Zamoyski 53 Assessment and legacy editRemembrance edit nbsp Bust of Hetman Jan Zamoyski in the Royal Castle in Warsaw The fame of Zamoyski significance in life endured after his death He was praised by artists such as Szymon Starowolski and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and historians including Stanislaw Staszic Stanislaw Tarnowski and Artur Sliwinski 54 There were also those critical of him Hugo Kollataj Jozef Szujski Michal Bobrzynski 54 Nonetheless Polish historiography and culture treatment of Zamoyski is mostly positive and historian Janusz Tazbir remarked that Zamoyski s posthumous career was even more magnificent than his real one 54 Lesniewski ending his recent biography of Zamoyski concludes that he is a significant if controversial figure of Polish Renaissance 54 Zamoyski was the subject of several paintings and drawings Most notably he is one of the characters in two large paintings by Jan Matejko featured on the Skarga s Sermon 55 and Batory at Pskov 56 Political and military leader edit Having control of both the Chancellorship and the Grand Hetman office Zamoyski was one of the most powerful people in the country having obtained both the power of Grand Hetman commander in chief of the armed forces and that of chancellor combined for the first time in the hands of one person 25 He was responsible for much of the Polish internal and foreign policies 9 He is considered to be one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history 9 Even though his military career begun almost as an afterthought or by accident Zamoyski is also remembered as one of the most accomplished Polish military commanders 49 57 In his tactics he favored sieges flanking maneuvers conserving his forces and the new Western art of fortification and artillery 49 The war with Muscovy shown him to be a skilled commander in sieges and latter events would prove him to be an equally able leader in the open field 58 Wealth and cultural patronage edit Zamoyski gathered a significant fortune his estates generated a revenue of over 200 000 zlotys in the early 17th century 59 His personal lands covered 6 445 square kilometres 2 488 sq mi and included eleven towns and over 200 villages 9 He was a royal caretaker of another dozen or so cities and over 600 villages 60 Totaled his personal and leased lands covered over 17 000 square kilometres 6 600 sq mi with 23 towns and cities and 816 villages 60 In 1589 he succeeded in establishing the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail ordynacja zamojska a de facto duchy 61 Zamoyski supported economical development of his lands investing in colonization of frontiers and the development of industry both small sawmills breweries mills and such and large his lands had four iron mills and four glass factories 62 nbsp Zamoyski s tomb inside the Cathedral of the Resurrection Zamosc His most prized creation was the capital of his Fee Tail the city of Zamosc founded in 1580 built and designed as a Renaissance citta ideale or ideal city by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando 63 In the city in 1595 he founded the Akademia Zamojska the third university in the history of education in Poland 64 In addition to Zamosc he also funded four other towns Szarogrod Skinderpol Busza and Jasnogrod 65 Zamoyski collected a significant library and was a patron of numerous artists in his Fee Tail 65 Artists under his patronage included the poets Jan Kochanowski and Szymon Szymonowic and the writer and historian Joachim Bielski 65 Personality edit Zamoyski was not a deeply religious person and his conversion from Protestantism to Catholicism was primarily pragmatic 66 Lesniewski notes that Zamoyski was often motivated by greed for example during the Danzig Rebellion when he supported lenient treatment of the rebels and during the 1577 1578 negotiations with when he favored the solution of George Frederick Margrave of Brandenburg Ansbach in both cases his decision was likely influenced by bribes or favors 67 In another example Lesniewski describes how Zamoyski openly demanded rewards following his victory at Byczyna and tried to include an article favoring him in the Bytom and Bedzin treaty 68 He further notes critically that with raising power and political success Zamoyski begun displaying negative qualities such as egoism and arrogance 19 Zamoyski was ruthless to those weaker than him 59 At the same time he was respected by his opponents widely recognized as highly intelligent a cunning strategist and tactician in matters political and military and a popular political leader 8 He valued the good of the country at least as high as his own and although he could have become the king after a victorious civil war against Sigismund he preferred to act within the limits of law instead avoiding a war that could devastate the country and thus curbing his own ambitions 43 See also editArmy of the Polish Lithuanian CommonwealthNotes edit Some of Zamoyski s political allies were less restrained and shortly after his death attempted to dehtrone Sigismund in the short sighted civil war known as the Zebrzydowski s Rokosz 1606 1608 9 12 44 References edit Zamoyski Jan 1904 Archiwum Jana Zamoyskiego kanclerza i hetmana wielkiego koronnego 1553 1579 Druk P Laskauera i s ki p 27 Retrieved 17 March 2018 a b Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 114 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 a b Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 9 10 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c d e Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 11 15 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c d e f g Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 115 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 18 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 20 21 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c d Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 24 26 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c d e f g h i j Halina Lerski 30 January 1996 Historical Dictionary of Poland 966 1945 ABC CLIO p 678 ISBN 978 0 313 03456 5 Retrieved 2 July 2012 Adam Zurek 2003 Polska dzieje cywilizacji i narodu Monarchia Jagiellonow 1399 1586 Grupa Wydawnicza Bertelsmann Media p 146 ISBN 978 83 7311 565 1 Retrieved 2 July 2012 Jan Dziegielewski 1995 Encyklopedia Historii Polski Dzieje Polityczne in Polish Morex p 610 ISBN 978 83 904121 2 2 a b Janusz P Waluszko 25 May 2000 Rzecz o Sarmacyi Taraka in Polish Taraka pl Retrieved 2 July 2012 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 22 23 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 30 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 32 35 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 37 38 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 41 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 44 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c d Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 50 51 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 54 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 554 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 116 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 a b Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 60 61 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 118 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 a b c Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 119 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 63 66 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 70 78 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 80 81 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b Daniel Stone 2001 The Polish Lithuanian State 1386 1795 University of Washington Press p 125 ISBN 978 0 295 98093 5 Retrieved 5 September 2013 a b Jerzy Besala Agnieszka Biedrzycka 2004 2005 Stefan Batory Polski Slownik Biograficzny in Polish Vol XLIII p 123 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 84 89 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 121 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 96 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 122 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 a b c Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 111 118 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Bain R Nisbet Slavonic Europe Cambridge University Press 1908 p 137 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 121 122 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 123 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 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Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 125 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 139 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c d e Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 126 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 161 162 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 163 164 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 165 166 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 152 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c d Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 169 171 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Skargi ksiedza Skargi Wiz pl 23 August 2012 Retrieved 1 February 2014 Norman Davies 24 February 2005 God s Playground A History of Poland Volume 1 The Origins to 1795 Oxford University Press p 24 ISBN 978 0 19 925339 5 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 143 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Marek Plewczynski 1995 JAN ZAMOYSKI herbu Jelita 1542 1605 hetman wielki Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow Wydawn Bellona p 120 ISBN 978 83 11 08275 5 Retrieved 16 June 2012 a b Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 145 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 146 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 147 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 158 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 147 150 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 150 152 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 a b c Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 153 157 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona p 12 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 45 47 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 Slawomir Lesniewski January 2008 Jan Zamoyski hetman i polityk in Polish Bellona pp 114 117 GGKEY RRA1L0T4Y81 External links editBain Robert Nisbet 1911 Zamoyski Jan Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed pp 954 955 nbsp Media related to Jan Zamoyski at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Polish Wikiquote has quotations related to Jan Zamoyski Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jan Zamoyski amp oldid 1219449745, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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