Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Lithuanian: etmonas) were the highest-ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The title of hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army and until 1581 it was awarded only for a specific campaign or war. Later it became a permanent title, as did all the titles in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven (from 1585). Hetmans were not paid for their services by the Royal Treasury.
From the end of 16th century there were two hetmans in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and two hetmans in the Crown: a Field Hetman and a Great Hetman (sometimes translated as Grand Hetman). As a result, there were in total four hetman titles: Great Crown Hetman, Field Crown Hetman, Great Lithuanian Hetman and Field Lithuanian Hetman. During joint military operations of the Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies, the Grand Crown Hetman usually was considered superior to others hetmans and served as commander-in-chief if the war actions ran along the borders of the Grand Duchy and vice versa.
Grand Hetmans were usually in command of the professional and mobilised army and during peace stayed at the capital involving themselves in politics, guarding the interests of the army and planning campaigns.
Polish Field Hetman was subordinates of Grand Hetman and when on the same battlefield commanded the mercenaries and artillery. During peace they usually were deployed on the eastern and southern borders of the Commonwealth, and commanded all local forces against constant skirmishes and small invasions of the Ottoman Empire and its vassals. Field Hetman were also called Frontier Hetman, since they did the same job as commanders of frontier garrisons before the title of hetman was introduced.
Lithuanian Field Hetman initially was called Court Hetman and commanded the guard of the Grand Duke, while Land Hetman commanded militia. Later this difference disappeared and they were renamed Field and Great Hetmans accordingly. Contrary to Polish practice Lithuanian Field Hetman had full control on army under his command and wasn't subordinated to the Great Hetman.
For a short period there was also an office of Royal Court Hetman, but it never gained much influence.
Responsibilities and privilegesedit
Hetman's competences and privileges, first officially described in 1527 in the act of nomination for Jan Tarnowski included:
supervision of registered Cossacks and atamans, who were chosen by hetmans for two-year terms
nomination and promotion of officers at will
choosing locations where the army units were to draw supplies from (that could become a severe burden of cities/nobles that were disliked by a hetman)
supervising the flow of the army's finances (including the soldiers' wages)
full control over military judiciary (with capital punishment during wars), they could also issue laws and regulations for the army (known as hetman's articles)
hearing complaints of all civilian personnel against the army and issuing compensation
hetmans had certain competencies in foreign policy, they could send their own emissaries to countries such as the Ottoman Empire, Moldavia, Crimean Khanate and Wallachia. It was reasoned that the distance to capital was too large and situation in that regions was always too volatile for all decisions to be made in the capital (Kraków, later Warsaw)
The hetman had no right to order the forces of the royal court, the royal guard, units equipped by the cities and towns, or private individuals, although during wars those units often voluntarily pledged their obedience to hetmans. Hetmans had no control over the navy, although the Polish Navy was always of very limited importance. Hetmans usually had no direct control over the levy (pospolite ruszenie), but they could give orders to the regimentars who commanded it.
While hetmans were considered to be among the highest-ranking officials in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, their hetman status gave them no right to sit in either the Senate or Sejm, unless they held another office that automatically carried with it a seat or were elected as a representatives of local szlachta during sejmiks. Each hetman received a hetman's ceremonial mace, the bulawa, as the symbol of his position (it was added to his coat of arms). Less common was a horse-tail ensign and hetman's sign.
In some of the never realised plans of reconstruction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from dual into triple state (Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth), the hetman was to be a head of the Ruthenian part, consisting of three Ukrainian voivodeships (see Treaty of Hadiach).
The reforms of 1776, stimulated by the first Partition of Poland, limited the powers of the hetmans.
Hetman's aidesedit
A hetman's chief aides and officers included:
pisarz polny – field chancellor, responsible for the archives, chancery, finances, accounting of people, equipment and fortifications, and paying soldiers' wages
straznik – guardian; security; supervised the scout forces during movement and camping and commanded the front guard (however, if both hetmans were present, the Field Hetman acted as Great Guardian (Polish: Wielki Straznik)).
obozny – camp leader; camp and transport organisation; responsible for choosing a suitable camping place for an army, setting up the camp, logistics and security inside the encampment.
szpitalny – medic; medical services
profos – military juridiciary
brabanmajster – logistics
regimentarz – second-in-command in the event a hetman was killed or taken prisoner; the regimantrz could also be chosen by the king for a given period when a hetman was not available, or informally assumed this function of the commander-in-chief when no hetman or monarch was present nearby (for example, the commander of a levee en masse was usually called a regimentarz.
Most of those aides also had a Field/Great and Crown/Lithuanian add-ons to their titles, depending on which hetman they were serving under.
Several new military titles were created after the 1635 by king Władysław IV Vasa, changing some of hetman's responsibilities:
1637 – General of Artillery (responsible for artillery forces, their logistics and such)
1670s – General of Logistics, General of Medics, General of Finances
The Generals of Inspections controlled the combat readiness of troops, however it is unclear when they were created (besides the phrase ‘in 17th century’).
^Jankauskas, Vytas (2008). "Petras Mangirdas". In Surgailis, Gintautas (ed.). Lietuvos krašto apsaugos ministrai ir kariuomenės vadai (in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Lietuvos Respublikos krašto apsaugos ministerija. pp. 24–28.
Bibliographyedit
Polskie tradycje wojskowe.. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1990. ISBN8311076758
Zdzisław Żygulski, Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej, Kraków 1994
Poczet hetmanów Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani koronni. Pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2005
Poczet hetmanów Rzeczypospolitej. Hetmani litewscy. Pod redakcją Mirosława Nagielskiego, Warszawa 2006
Urzędnicy centralni i nadworni Polski XIV-XVIII wieku. Spisy, Wyd. PAN, Kórnik 1992
February 20, 2024
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Hetmans of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message Hetmans of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth Lithuanian etmonas were the highest ranking military officers second only to the King in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505 The title of hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army and until 1581 it was awarded only for a specific campaign or war Later it became a permanent title as did all the titles in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven from 1585 Hetmans were not paid for their services by the Royal Treasury Jan TarnowskiStefan CzarnieckiMikolaj the Red RadziwillJan ZamoyskiJan Karol ChodkiewiczStanislaw ZolkiewskiJanusz RadziwillStanislaw KoniecpolskiStanislaw Rewera PotockiJohn III SobieskiJerzy Sebastian LubomirskiStanislaw JablonowskiJan Klemens Branicki Contents 1 Field and Great Hetmans 2 Responsibilities and privileges 3 Hetman s aides 4 List of Crown Hetmans 5 List of Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 6 See also 7 References 8 BibliographyField and Great Hetmans editFrom the end of 16th century there were two hetmans in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and two hetmans in the Crown a Field Hetman and a Great Hetman sometimes translated as Grand Hetman As a result there were in total four hetman titles Great Crown Hetman Field Crown Hetman Great Lithuanian Hetman and Field Lithuanian Hetman During joint military operations of the Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies the Grand Crown Hetman usually was considered superior to others hetmans and served as commander in chief if the war actions ran along the borders of the Grand Duchy and vice versa Grand Hetmans were usually in command of the professional and mobilised army and during peace stayed at the capital involving themselves in politics guarding the interests of the army and planning campaigns Polish Field Hetman was subordinates of Grand Hetman and when on the same battlefield commanded the mercenaries and artillery During peace they usually were deployed on the eastern and southern borders of the Commonwealth and commanded all local forces against constant skirmishes and small invasions of the Ottoman Empire and its vassals Field Hetman were also called Frontier Hetman since they did the same job as commanders of frontier garrisons before the title of hetman was introduced Lithuanian Field Hetman initially was called Court Hetman and commanded the guard of the Grand Duke while Land Hetman commanded militia Later this difference disappeared and they were renamed Field and Great Hetmans accordingly Contrary to Polish practice Lithuanian Field Hetman had full control on army under his command and wasn t subordinated to the Great Hetman For a short period there was also an office of Royal Court Hetman but it never gained much influence Responsibilities and privileges editHetman s competences and privileges first officially described in 1527 in the act of nomination for Jan Tarnowski included planning and carrying out of military campaigns enlistment and organisation of professional army wojsko kwarciane and mercenaries supervision of registered Cossacks and atamans who were chosen by hetmans for two year terms nomination and promotion of officers at will choosing locations where the army units were to draw supplies from that could become a severe burden of cities nobles that were disliked by a hetman supervising the flow of the army s finances including the soldiers wages full control over military judiciary with capital punishment during wars they could also issue laws and regulations for the army known as hetman s articles hearing complaints of all civilian personnel against the army and issuing compensation hetmans had certain competencies in foreign policy they could send their own emissaries to countries such as the Ottoman Empire Moldavia Crimean Khanate and Wallachia It was reasoned that the distance to capital was too large and situation in that regions was always too volatile for all decisions to be made in the capital Krakow later Warsaw The hetman had no right to order the forces of the royal court the royal guard units equipped by the cities and towns or private individuals although during wars those units often voluntarily pledged their obedience to hetmans Hetmans had no control over the navy although the Polish Navy was always of very limited importance Hetmans usually had no direct control over the levy pospolite ruszenie but they could give orders to the regimentars who commanded it While hetmans were considered to be among the highest ranking officials in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth their hetman status gave them no right to sit in either the Senate or Sejm unless they held another office that automatically carried with it a seat or were elected as a representatives of local szlachta during sejmiks Each hetman received a hetman s ceremonial mace the bulawa as the symbol of his position it was added to his coat of arms Less common was a horse tail ensign and hetman s sign In some of the never realised plans of reconstruction of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth from dual into triple state Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth the hetman was to be a head of the Ruthenian part consisting of three Ukrainian voivodeships see Treaty of Hadiach The reforms of 1776 stimulated by the first Partition of Poland limited the powers of the hetmans Hetman s aides editA hetman s chief aides and officers included pisarz polny field chancellor responsible for the archives chancery finances accounting of people equipment and fortifications and paying soldiers wages straznik guardian security supervised the scout forces during movement and camping and commanded the front guard however if both hetmans were present the Field Hetman acted as Great Guardian Polish Wielki Straznik obozny camp leader camp and transport organisation responsible for choosing a suitable camping place for an army setting up the camp logistics and security inside the encampment szpitalny medic medical services profos military juridiciary brabanmajster logistics regimentarz second in command in the event a hetman was killed or taken prisoner the regimantrz could also be chosen by the king for a given period when a hetman was not available or informally assumed this function of the commander in chief when no hetman or monarch was present nearby for example the commander of a levee en masse was usually called a regimentarz Most of those aides also had a Field Great and Crown Lithuanian add ons to their titles depending on which hetman they were serving under Several new military titles were created after the 1635 by king Wladyslaw IV Vasa changing some of hetman s responsibilities 1637 General of Artillery responsible for artillery forces their logistics and such 1670s General of Logistics General of Medics General of Finances The Generals of Inspections controlled the combat readiness of troops however it is unclear when they were created besides the phrase in 17th century List of Crown Hetmans editGreat Crown HetmansFrom To 1485 1488 Feliks Paniewski1488 1493 Stanislaw Pieniazek z Witowic1493 1497 vacant1497 1499 Jan Trnka z Raciborzan1503 1515 Mikolaj Kamieniecki1515 1526 Mikolaj Firlej1526 1527 vacant1527 1561 Jan Tarnowski1561 1569 Mikolaj Sieniawski1569 1575 Jerzy Jazlowiecki1579 1580 Mikolaj Mielecki1581 1605 Jan Zamoyski1605 1613 vacant1613 1620 Stanislaw Zolkiewski1620 1632 vacant1632 1646 Stanislaw Koniecpolski1646 1651 Mikolaj Potocki1651 1654 vacant1654 1667 Stanislaw Rewera Potocki1668 1674 Jan Sobieski1674 1676 vacant1676 1682 Dymitr Jerzy Wisniowiecki1682 1683 vacant1683 1702 Stanislaw Jan Jablonowski1702 1702 Feliks Kazimierz Potocki1702 1706 Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski1706 1726 Adam Mikolaj Sieniawski1726 1728 Stanislaw Mateusz Rzewuski1728 1735 vacant1735 1751 Jozef Potocki1751 1752 vacant1752 1771 Jan Klemens Branicki1773 1773 Waclaw Rzewuski1774 1793 Franciszek Ksawery Branicki1793 1794 Piotr Ozarowski Field Crown HetmansFrom To 1492 1499 Stanislaw Chodecki z Chodcza1499 1501 Piotr Myszkowski1501 1505 Stanislaw Chodecki z Chodcza1505 1509 Jan Kamieniecki1509 1520 Jan Tworowski1520 1528 Marcin Kamieniecki 1 1529 1539 Jan Kola1539 1561 Mikolaj Sieniawski1561 1569 vacant1569 1575 Jerzy Jazlowiecki1575 1584 Mikolaj Sieniawski1584 1588 vacant1588 1613 Stanislaw Zolkiewski1613 1618 vacant1618 1632 Stanislaw Koniecpolski1632 1633 vacant1633 1636 Marcin Kazanowski1636 1637 vacant1637 1646 Mikolaj Potocki1646 1652 Marcin Kalinowski1652 1654 Stanislaw Rewera Potocki1654 1657 Stanislaw Lanckoronski1657 1664 Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski1664 1665 Stefan Czarniecki1665 1666 vacant1666 1667 Jan Sobieski1667 1676 Dymitr Jerzy Wisniowiecki1682 1683 Stanislaw Jan Jablonowski1682 1683 Mikolaj Hieronim Sieniawski1684 1691 Andrzej Potocki1691 1692 vacant1692 1702 Feliks Kazimierz Potocki1702 1702 Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski1702 1706 Adam Mikolaj Sieniawski1706 1726 Stanislaw Mateusz Rzewuski1726 1728 Stanislaw Chometowski1728 1736 vacant1736 1752 Jan Klemens Branicki1752 1773 Waclaw Rzewuski1774 1774 Franciszek Ksawery Branicki1774 1794 Seweryn RzewuskiList of Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania editLithuanian Grand Hetmans 2 From To Polish name Lithuanian name1494 1497 Piotr Janowicz Montygerdowic Petras Jonaitis Mantigirdaitis 3 4 1497 1500 Konstanty Ostrogski Konstantinas Ostrogiskis1500 1501 Semen Jurewicz Holszanski Simonas Alseniskis1501 1502 Stanislaw Janowicz Kiezgajlo Stanislovas Kesgaila1503 1507 Stanislaw Piotrowicz Kiszka Stanislovas Kiska1507 1530 Konstanty Ostrogski Konstantinas Ostrogiskis1530 1531 vacat1531 1541 Jerzy Radziwill Jurgis Radvilas1541 1550 vacat1561 1565 Mikolaj the Red Radziwill Mykolas Radvila Rudasis1566 1572 Grzegorz Chodkiewicz Grigalius Chodkevicius1572 1577 vacat1577 1584 Mikolaj the Red Radziwill Mykolas Radvila Rudasis1584 1589 vacat1589 1603 Krzysztof Piorun Radziwill Kristupas Radvila Perkunas1603 1605 vacat1605 1621 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Jonas Karolis Chodkevicius1621 1625 vacat1625 1633 Lew Sapieha Leonas Sapiega1633 1635 vacat1635 1640 Krzysztof Radziwill Kristupas Radvila1640 1646 vacat1646 1654 Janusz Kiszka Jonusas Kiska1654 1655 Janusz Radziwill Jonusas Radvila1656 1665 Pawel Jan Sapieha Povilas Jonas Sapiega1665 1667 vacat1667 1682 Michal Kazimierz Pac Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas1683 1703 Kazimierz Jan Sapieha Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega1703 1707 Michal Serwacy Wisniowiecki Mykolas Servantieits Visnioveckis1707 1708 Jan Kazimierz Sapieha Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega1708 1709 Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Elder Jonas Kazimieras Sapiega1709 1709 Grzegorz Antoni Oginski Grigalius Antanas Oginskis1709 1730 Ludwik Pociej Liudvikas Konstantinas Pociejus1730 1735 vacat1735 1744 Michal Serwacy Wisniowiecki Mykolas Servantieits Visnioveckis1744 1762 Michal Kazimierz Rybenko Radziwill Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila Zuvele1762 1768 Michal Jozef Massalski Mykolas Juozapas Masalskis1768 1793 Michal Kazimierz Oginski Mykolas Kazimieras Oginskis1793 1794 Szymon Marcin Kossakowski Simonas Martynas Kosakovskis Lithuanian Field Hetmans 2 From To Polish name Lithuanian name Notes1521 1531 Jerzy Radziwill Jurgis Radvila Court Hetman1531 1536 vacat1536 1540 Andrzej Niemirowicz Andrius Nemirovicius Court Hetman1540 1561 vacat1561 1566 Grzegorz Chodkiewicz Grigalius Chodkevicius Court Hetman1566 1567 vacat1567 1571 Roman Sanguszko Romanas Sanguska Court Hetman1571 1572 vacat1572 1589 Krzysztof Piorun Radziwill Kristupas Radvila Perkunas Court Hetman1589 1601 vacat1601 1605 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Jonas Karolis Chodkevicius generalis exercituum Lithuanicorum vicarius1605 1615 vacat1615 1635 Krzysztof Radziwill Kristupas Radvila1635 1646 Janusz Kiszka Jonusas Kiska1646 1654 Janusz Radziwill Jonusas Radvila1654 1662 Wincenty Gosiewski Vincentas Gosevskis1562 1563 vacat1663 1667 Michal Kazimierz Pac Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas1667 1668 Wladyslaw Wollowicz Vladislovas Valavicius1668 1680 Michal Kazimierz Radziwill Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila1681 1683 Kazimierz Jan Sapieha Kazimieras Jonas Sapiega1683 1684 Jan Jacek Oginski Jonas Oginskis1684 1685 vacat1685 1701 Jozef Boguslaw Sluszka Juozapas Boguslavas Sluska1701 1702 vacat1702 1703 Michal Serwacy Wisniowiecki Mykolas Servantietis Visnioveckis1703 1709 Grzegorz Antoni Oginski Grigalius Antanas Oginskis1707 1709 Michal Serwacy Wisniowiecki Mykolas Servantietis Visnioveckis1709 1709 Ludwik Pociej Liudvikas Konstantinas Pociejus1709 1728 Stanislaw Ernest Denhoff Ernestas Denhofas1728 1735 vacat1735 1744 Michal Kazimierz Rybenko Radziwill Mykolas Kazimieras Radvila Zuvele1744 1762 Michal Jozef Massalski Mykolas Juozapas Masalskis1762 1775 Aleksander Michal Sapieha Aleksandras Mykolas Sapiega1775 1780 Jozef Sosnowski Juozapas Silvestras Sosnovskis1780 1791 Ludwik Tyszkiewicz Liudvikas Skuminas Tiskevicius1791 1792 vacat1792 1793 Szymon Marcin Kossakowski Simonas Martynas Kosakovskis1793 1794 Jozef Zabiello Juozapas ZabielaSee also editBulawa Hetman s sign Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks List of szlachta Military exemptions Offices in the Polish Lithuanian CommonwealthReferences edit Poczet hetmanow Rzeczypospolitej Hetmani koronni pod redakcja Miroslawa Nagielskiego Warszawa 2005 s 391 392 a b Speciunas Vytautas 2011 Etmonas In Manelis Eugenijus Racis Antanas eds Lietuvos istorija Enciklopedinis zinynas in Lithuanian Vol I Mokslo ir enciklopediju leidybos centras pp 414 415 ISBN 978 5 420 01689 3 Petrauskas Rimvydas Kiaupiene Jurate 2009 Lietuvos istorija Nauji horizontai dinastija visoumene valstybe in Lithuanian Vol IV Baltos lankos p 495 ISBN 978 9955 23 239 1 Jankauskas Vytas 2008 Petras Mangirdas In Surgailis Gintautas ed Lietuvos krasto apsaugos ministrai ir kariuomenes vadai in Lithuanian Vol I Lietuvos Respublikos krasto apsaugos ministerija pp 24 28 Bibliography editPolskie tradycje wojskowe Warszawa Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej 1990 ISBN 8311076758 Zdzislaw Zygulski Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Krakow 1994 Poczet hetmanow Rzeczypospolitej Hetmani koronni Pod redakcja Miroslawa Nagielskiego Warszawa 2005 Poczet hetmanow Rzeczypospolitej Hetmani litewscy Pod redakcja Miroslawa Nagielskiego Warszawa 2006 Urzednicy centralni i nadworni Polski XIV XVIII wieku Spisy Wyd PAN Kornik 1992 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hetmans of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth amp oldid 1185837953, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
