This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Kryashens are Orthodox Christians and some of them regard themselves as being different from other Tatars even though most Kryashen dialects differ only slightly from the Central dialect of the Tatar language and do not differ from the accents of the Tatar Muslims in the same areas.
The 2010 census recorded 34,882 Kryashens in Russia.
Ethnographers and historians associate the formation of groups of Kryashens with the process of voluntary and violent Christianization of Muslim and Animist Volga Tatars in the 16-19 centuries.[5][6][7][8][9] The first wave of Kryashens were the result of forced conversions soon after the Russian conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates. However, most of these converts reverted to Islam and Christianity made little headway among the Tatars.[10]
A more lasting and significant presence of Kryashens emerged during a period of mosque destruction and anti-Muslim oppression from the Russian authorities during the 18th century. During the reign of Anna of Russia, many Muslims were forced or pressured to convert.[11] New converts were exempted from paying taxes, were granted certain privileges, and were given better resources for the learning of their new faith. Most Tatars converted for economic or political reasons rather than conviction.[10] Many continued to secretly practice Islam and were crypto-Muslims.[11] By the end of the 19th century, several thousands once again reverted to Islam.[10][11] However, by the early 20th century, there was a significant Kryashen population that still continues to exist though in smaller numbers than in the past.
In recent times the Kryashens have assimilated with Russians and other Tatar groups. There is a high intermarriage rates with Russians.[11]
The earliest Kryashen works and literature were written using the Arabic script.[10] However, a unaltered Cyrillic script was also used to translate religious material to Tatar.[11] A modified Cyrillic script was adopted in 1862. By the early 20th century over 100 books were published using this script. In 1922, a modified Arabic script for writing Tatar was introduced to the Kryashens although the Cyrillic script continued in use until 1928 as this was when both scripts were replaced by the Latin script. The earliest literature was mainly religious in nature but around the 1910s a steady rise of secular works began being published.[10] A newspaper for the Kryashen community was published from 1928 to 1929 in Kazan but soon ceased to exist afterwards.[11]
The Kryashens had little religious and educational infrastructure in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, during the 18th century they were given many privileges and facilities were built or accommodated for the Kryashens. The first Tatar school for converts was established in 1863 while the first seminary was founded in 1872.[10]
^Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity 2012-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
^Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года. Национальный состав, вероисповедание и владения языками в Республике Казахстан
^Татарская энциклопедия: В 5 т., — Казань: Институт Татарской энциклопедии АН РТ, 2006. — Т. 3., стр. 462.
^Татары / Отв. ред. Р. К. Уразманова, С. В. Чешко. — М.: Наука, 2001. — 583 с. — (Народы и культуры)
^Исхаков Р. Р. Культ мусульманских святых в религиозно-обрядовой традиции татар-кряшен волго-уралья (XIX – начало ХХ В.) // Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики. — Тамбов: Грамота, 2015. —№ 12 (62): в 4-х ч. Ч. III. — С. 78-81. — ISSN 1997-292X.
^Kefeli., Agnès Nilüfer (2017). Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia: Conversion, Apostasy, and Literacy. Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0-8014-5231-4. OCLC 1229885054.
^ abcdefAkiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union : with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union : an historical and statistical handbook (2nd ed.). London: KPI. pp. 431–432. ISBN0-7103-0188-X.
^ abcdefBennigsen, Alexandre (1986). Muslims of the Soviet empire : a guide. Wimbush, S. Enders. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 234. ISBN0-253-33958-8.
External links
Кряшены: от бесправия к самоопределению
Этнокультурная идентичность кряшен
April 18, 2023
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian February 2010 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Russian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 777 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Kryasheny see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Kryasheny to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Kryashens Tatar kerәshen nәr k e raeˈʃen naer Russian kryasheny sometimes called Baptised Tatars Russian kreshyonye tata ry are a sub group of the Volga Tatars frequently referred to as one of the minority ethnic groups in Russia They are mostly found in Tatarstan and in Udmurtia Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk Oblast KryashensKerәshennәrTotal population55 735 1 2 Regions with significant populations Russia34 882 3 Kazakhstan20 913 4 LanguagesTatar RussianReligionRussian OrthodoxyRelated ethnic groupsOther groups of Volga Tatars Bashkirs ChuvashKryashens are Orthodox Christians and some of them regard themselves as being different from other Tatars even though most Kryashen dialects differ only slightly from the Central dialect of the Tatar language and do not differ from the accents of the Tatar Muslims in the same areas The 2010 census recorded 34 882 Kryashens in Russia Contents 1 History 2 Literature and education 3 Notable people of Kryashen descent 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditEthnographers and historians associate the formation of groups of Kryashens with the process of voluntary and violent Christianization of Muslim and Animist Volga Tatars in the 16 19 centuries 5 6 7 8 9 The first wave of Kryashens were the result of forced conversions soon after the Russian conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates However most of these converts reverted to Islam and Christianity made little headway among the Tatars 10 A more lasting and significant presence of Kryashens emerged during a period of mosque destruction and anti Muslim oppression from the Russian authorities during the 18th century During the reign of Anna of Russia many Muslims were forced or pressured to convert 11 New converts were exempted from paying taxes were granted certain privileges and were given better resources for the learning of their new faith Most Tatars converted for economic or political reasons rather than conviction 10 Many continued to secretly practice Islam and were crypto Muslims 11 By the end of the 19th century several thousands once again reverted to Islam 10 11 However by the early 20th century there was a significant Kryashen population that still continues to exist though in smaller numbers than in the past In recent times the Kryashens have assimilated with Russians and other Tatar groups There is a high intermarriage rates with Russians 11 Literature and education Edit Soviet general Dmitry Karbyshev an ethnic Kryashen The earliest Kryashen works and literature were written using the Arabic script 10 However a unaltered Cyrillic script was also used to translate religious material to Tatar 11 A modified Cyrillic script was adopted in 1862 By the early 20th century over 100 books were published using this script In 1922 a modified Arabic script for writing Tatar was introduced to the Kryashens although the Cyrillic script continued in use until 1928 as this was when both scripts were replaced by the Latin script The earliest literature was mainly religious in nature but around the 1910s a steady rise of secular works began being published 10 A newspaper for the Kryashen community was published from 1928 to 1929 in Kazan but soon ceased to exist afterwards 11 The Kryashens had little religious and educational infrastructure in the 16th and 17th centuries However during the 18th century they were given many privileges and facilities were built or accommodated for the Kryashens The first Tatar school for converts was established in 1863 while the first seminary was founded in 1872 10 Notable people of Kryashen descent EditDmitry Karbyshev Aleksei Antonov Pyotr GavrilovReferences Edit Istoriya i kultura tatar kryashen XVI HH vv Kazan 2017 960 s Instituta etnologii i antropologii RAN Russian Census 2010 Population by ethnicity Archived 2012 04 24 at the Wayback Machine Itogi nacionalnoj perepisi naseleniya 2009 goda Nacionalnyj sostav veroispovedanie i vladeniya yazykami v Respublike Kazahstan Tatarskaya enciklopediya V 5 t Kazan Institut Tatarskoj enciklopedii AN RT 2006 T 3 str 462 Tatary Otv red R K Urazmanova S V Cheshko M Nauka 2001 583 s Narody i kultury Ishakov R R Kult musulmanskih svyatyh v religiozno obryadovoj tradicii tatar kryashen volgo uralya XIX nachalo HH V Istoricheskie filosofskie politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki kulturologiya i iskusstvovedenie Voprosy teorii i praktiki Tambov Gramota 2015 12 62 v 4 h ch Ch III S 78 81 ISSN 1997 292X D M Ishakov Tatarskaya naciya istoriya i sovremennoe razvitie Kazan 2002 Kefeli Agnes Nilufer 2017 Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia Conversion Apostasy and Literacy Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 5231 4 OCLC 1229885054 a b c d e f Akiner Shirin 1986 Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union with an appendix on the non Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union an historical and statistical handbook 2nd ed London KPI pp 431 432 ISBN 0 7103 0188 X a b c d e f Bennigsen Alexandre 1986 Muslims of the Soviet empire a guide Wimbush S Enders Bloomington Indiana University Press p 234 ISBN 0 253 33958 8 External links EditThe Internet ethnocultural project www kryashen ru Kryasheny ot bespraviya k samoopredeleniyu Etnokulturnaya identichnost kryashen Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kryashens amp oldid 1148092358, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
