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Diauehi

January 01, 1970

Diauehi (Georgian დიაოხი, Urartian Diauehi, Greek Taochoi, Armenian Tayk, possibly Assyrian Daiaeni) was a tribal union located in northeastern Anatolia, that was recorded in Assyrian and Urartian sources during the Iron Age.[12] It is usually (though not always) identified with the earlier Daiaeni (Dayaeni),[13] attested in the Yonjalu inscription of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I's third year (1118 BC) and in later records by Shalmaneser III (845 BC). While it is unknown what language(s) they spoke,[14]: 205  they may have been speakers of a Kartvelian,[15][16][17][18][12][19][20][21][22] Armenian,[23][24][25] or Hurrian language.[26][27][28][29][30]

Diauehi
დიაოხი
Diaokhi[1]
12th century BC [a][2][3][4]–8th century BCE
CapitalZua
Largest cityZua, Shashilu, Utu
Common languagesArmenian language
Kartvelian languages[5]
Hurrian language
Religion
Zoroastrianism
King 
• Approx. BC 1120 - BC 1100
Sien
• Approx. BC 850 - BC 825
Asia
• Approx. BC 810 - BC 770
Utupursi (last)
History 
• Established
12th century BC [a][2][3][4]
• Divided between Colchis[6] (north part, province of "Hushani"[7]) and Urartu (south part)[8][9][10]
8th century BCE
• Disestablished
8th century BCE
Today part ofGeorgia[11]
Turkey

Location

Although the exact geographic extent of Diauehi is still unclear, many scholars place it in the Pasinler Plain in today's northeastern Turkey, while others locate it in the Armenian–Georgian marchlands as it follows the Kura River. Most probably, the core of the Diauehi lands may have extended from the headwaters of the Euphrates into the river valleys of Çoruh[31] to Oltu. The Urartian sources speak of Diauehi's three key cities—Zua, Utu and Sasilu; Zua is frequently identified with Zivin Kale and Utu is probably modern Oltu, while Sasilu is sometimes linked to the early medieval Georgian toponym Sasire, near Tortomi (present-day Tortum, Turkey).[32] The Diaeuhian city Šešetina may have corresponded to Şavşat, Turkey (Shavsheti in Georgian).[33]

The region of Diauehi seems to have roughly corresponded to,[34][35] or bordered,[36] the previous Hayasa-Azzi territory.

History

In the early 8th century, Diauehi became the target of the newly emerged regional power of Urartu. Menua (810–785 BC) conquered part of Diaeuhi, annexing its most important cities: Zua, Utu, and Shashilu, and forcing the king of Diauehi, Utupursi(ni), to pay a tribute of gold and silver.

Menua's son Argishti I (785–763 BC), campaigned against the Diauehi kingdom in 783.[37] Argishti I defeated King Utupursi, annexing his possessions․ In exchange for his life, Utupursi was forced to pay a tribute including a variety of metals and livestock.[38] Toward the end of his reign, Argishti I led yet another campaign against Utuspursi, who led a rebellion against the Urartians.[37]

Possible ethno-linguistic identification

Diauehi is considered by some as a locus of Proto-Kartvelian; it has been described as an "important tribal formation of possible proto-Georgians" by Ronald Grigor Suny (1994).[39]

According to Robert H. Hewsen, they may have been speakers of a language unrelated to any other in the Caucasus region.[40]

However, they are mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as Xaoi, which Hewsen etymologizes as a Greek form of the Armenian endonym, Hayk'.[41]

Massimo Forlanini proposed a connection between the name of the Diaeuhi tribe, Baltu, and the Hayasan deity, Baltaik. He also compared these to the name of the Hayasan mercenary, Waltahi.[42]

Connection to Daiaeni (Dayaeni)

Some scholars have linked the Diaeuhi to the Bronze Age Daiaeni (Dayaeni) tribe,[35] mentioned in 12th century BC Assyrian sources as being part of the Nairi confederation.[43][44] This connection is mainly due to the phonetic similarities of the names Daiaeni and Diaeuhi.

The Daiaeni were powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays, although in 1112 BC their king, Sien, was defeated by Tiglath-Pileser I. Sien was captured and later released on terms of vassalage.

Daiaeni appeared again in Assyrian texts nearly three centuries later when King Asia of Daiaeni (850–825 BC) was forced to submit to the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in 845 BC, after the latter had overrun Urartu and made a foray into Daiaeni.

As the Daiaeni of Assyrian records seem to have been located further south than the Diaeuhi of Urartian records, Robert H. Hewsen and Nicholas Adontz proposed that the Diaieni originally inhabited a region between Palu and either Mush Province or Lake Van.[14]: 207  They then moved north to Kars Province, where they battled the Urartians and later encountered Greek mercenaries, including Xenophon. They subsequently moved further northwest.[14]: 207 

Archibald Sayce suggested that Daiaeni was named after an eponymous founder, Diaus, and thus meant "people of the land/tribe of Diau(s)".[45]

Onomastics

Daiaeni rulers

Diau(s) (possible founder/patriarch suggested by Archibald Sayce)

Sien

Asia

Diauehi rulers

Utupursi(ni)

Diauehi Tribes

Ardaraki

Baltu

Kabili

Šaški

Diauehi Districts

Kada

Ašqalaši

Diauehi Cities

Šašilu

Utuha

Zua

Ḫaldiriluḫi

See also

References

  1. ^ David Marshall Lang (1966). The Georgians, Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966. 244 pp.

    "At all events, the Classical Iberian kingdom, unified by a common, Georgian tongue, came to include a number of important and ancient ethnic groups, including the remains of the Diauehi (Taokhoi), the Moskhoi (Meskhians) "...
  2. ^ Nodar Assatiani, Საქართველოს ისტორია, Tbilissi, Sakartvelos Matsne, 2001 p.30
  3. ^ Suny, R.G. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies (1996)Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. (9780472096176) University of Michigan Press p.3

    "Proto - Georgians formed the tribal confederation of the Diauehi about the twelfth century B.C."
  4. ^ Burford, T. (2018) Georgia (9781784770723) p.14

    "The tribal union of Diauehi was recorded in the 12th century bc"
  5. ^ Davitashvili, Zurab V.., Singh, Vijay P.., Bondyrev, Igor V.. The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives. Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2015.

    "About this time, in southwestern Georgia formed the first political unities of Georgian tribes: Diauhi (Daièna)"
  6. ^ Morritt, R.D. (2010) Stones that Speak. EBSCO ebook academic collection. Cambridge Scholars Pub.(9781443821766)

    "they [Colchis] absorbed part of Diaokh (c.750 BCE)"
  7. ^ Rayfield, D. (2013) Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia (9781780230702) Reaktion Books. p.17
  8. ^ Nodar Assatiani et Alexandre Bendianachvili, Histoire de la Géorgie, l'Harmattan, Paris, 1997 (ISBN 2-7384-6186-7) p.31
  9. ^ Nodar Assatiani et Otar Djanelidze, History of Georgia, Publishing House Petite, Tbilissi, 2009 p.16
  10. ^ Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Royaume-Uni: Archaeopress Publishing Limited, 2019. p.141

    "mainly divided between Urartu and Colchis"
  11. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London. p. 17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ a b A. G. Sagona. Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, p. 30.
  13. ^ Henri J. M. Claessen; Peter Skalnik; Walter de Gruyter (Jan 1, 1978). The Early State. Mouton Publishers. p. 259. ISBN 9783110813326.
  14. ^ a b c Robert. H. Hewsen. The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions. 1992. https://archive.org/stream/TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak/The%20Geography%20of%20Ananias%20of%20Sirak_djvu.txt
  15. ^ Georgia. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service
  16. ^ Phoenix: The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus by Charles Burney, David Marshall Lang, Phoenix Press; New Ed edition (December 31, 2001)
  17. ^ Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito: Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C. p141
  18. ^ C. Burney, Die Bergvölker Vorderasiens, Essen 1975, 274
  19. ^ R. G. Suny. The Making of the Georgian Nation, p. 6.
  20. ^ "THE PHONEMIC SYSTEM OF PROTO-INDO-HITTITE", The Indo-Hittite Laryngeals, Linguistic Society of America, pp. 31–34, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x76d2x.6, ISBN 978-0-9994613-2-7, retrieved 2021-03-28
  21. ^ Ahuja, M.R. and Jain, S.M. (2015) Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants: Indicators and Prevention. Springer International Publishing. p.161
  22. ^ Burford, T. (2018) Georgia p.14
  23. ^ Hrach Martirosyan (2014). "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language". Leiden University: 9. Retrieved 9 October 2019. p. 8.
  24. ^ A.V. Dumikyan (2016). "Taik in The Assyrian and Biainian Cuneiform Inscriptions, Ancient Greek and Early Medieval Armenian Sources (the Interpretations of the 19th Century French Armenologists)" Fundamental Armenology No. 2 4.
  25. ^ Armen Petrosyan (September 1, 2010). The Armenian Elements In The Language And Onomastics Of Urartu. Association For Near Eastern And Caucasian Studies. p. 137.
  26. ^ Б. А. Арутюнян (1998). "К вопросу об этнической принадлежности населения бассейна реки Чорох в VII—IV вв. до н. э." (PDF). Историко-филологический журнал № 1–2 . С. 233–246. ISSN 0135-0536. (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2012-09-04.

    233. «...К примеру, Г. Тиранян считал, что племена саспейров или эсперитов, фасианов и халдайев (халдеев) или халибов имели, вероятно, картвельское или грузинское происхождение, а таохи — хурритское происхождение.»
    246. «Подытоживая вышесказанное, мы приходим к выводу, что бассейн реки Чорох в VII—VII веках до н.э. был населён скифскими племенами, подчинившими местное армянское население, а в районе устья реки Чорох — грузинские племена. Во второй половине I тысячелетия до н.э. они, в основном, оказались в водовороте формирования армянского народа и были арменезированы.»
  27. ^ М. А. Агларов. Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования. Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанского научного центра РАН. p. 191.

    31. «Среди специалистов существует мнение, что диаухи-таохи являлись хурритским племенем.»
  28. ^ М. С. Капица; Л. Б. Алаев; К. З. Ашрафян (1997). "Глава XXIX. Закавказье и сопредельные страны в период эллинизма". История Востока: Восток в древности. Vol. 1. М. p. 530. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

    «Западное протогрузинское объединение Колхида существовало самостоятельно давно; уже в VIII в. до х.э. оно предположительно унаследовало северные земли уничтоженного урартами хурритского государства таохов, расположенные в долине р. Чорох.»
  29. ^ А. В. Седов (2004). История древнего Востока. М: Восточная литература. p. 872. ISBN 5020183881.
  30. ^ И. М. Дьяконов (1968). "Глава II. История Армянского нагорья в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа". Предыстория армянского народа: История Арм. нагорья с 1500 по 500 г. до н. э. Хурриты, лувийцы, протоармяне. Ер.: АН Арм. ССР. p. 120.

    «Этническая принадлежность Дайаэни не вполне ясна; Г. А. Меликишвили считает их хурритским племенем, и это весьма вероятно. Но Дайаэни просуществовало до VIII в. до н.э., а следовательно, грузиноязычные халды-халибы, засвидетельствованные западнее, возможно, уже с IX в., должны были бы пройти здесь, скорее всего, раньше его образования, — по всей вероятности, в начале XII в. до н.э...»
  31. ^ Levan Gordeziani. "Traces of a Treaty in an Urartian Text?" Dec. 2018
  32. ^ G. L. Kavtaradze. An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources, p. 80f.
  33. ^ Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 17.
  34. ^ Armen Petrosyan. "Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review." Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. 2007. p. 47. https://www.academia.edu/3657764/Towards_the_Origins_of_the_Armenian_People_The_Problem_of_Identification_of_the_Proto_Armenians_A_Critical_Review_in_English_
  35. ^ a b Levan Gordzeiani. "Some Remarks on Qulḫa." Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday. eds. Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan and Yervand H. Grekyan. Archaeopress Archaeology. 2019. pp. 242-243. [1]
  36. ^ Massimo Forlanini. The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša: “Inside the Sea”. Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p. 8. https://www.academia.edu/44937753/The_Ancient_Land_of_Northern_Kummaha_and_Aripsa_inside_the_Sea_
  37. ^ a b Trevor Bryce. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. 2009. p. 193.
  38. ^ Çiftçi, Ali (2017). The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. Brill. pp. 123–125. ISBN 9789004347588.
  39. ^ Ronald Grigor Suny (1 January 1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-253-20915-3.
  40. ^ Robert. H. Hewsen. The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions. 1992. p. 205. https://archive.org/stream/TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak/The%20Geography%20of%20Ananias%20of%20Sirak_djvu.txt
  41. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 30.
  42. ^ Massimo Forlanini. The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša: “Inside the Sea”. Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p. 5. https://www.academia.edu/44937753/The_Ancient_Land_of_Northern_Kummaha_and_Aripsa_inside_the_Sea_
  43. ^ The Armenians — Page 27 by Elizabeth Redgate, A. E. (Anne Elizabeth) Redgate Grayson, IL, 1976 (pp. 12-13)
  44. ^ James Henry Breasted, ed. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. 1926. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf
  45. ^ A.H. Sayce. Cambridge Ancient History, vol. XX. (1925). pp. 169–186. [2]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^
    first mention of the Daiaeni tribe, who some scholars link to later Diaeuhi

Further reading

  • Antonio Sagona, Claudia Sagona, Archaeology At The North-east Anatolian Frontier, I: An Historical Geography And A Field Survey of the Bayburt Province (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) (Hardcover), Peeters (January 30, 2005), ISBN 90-429-1390-8
  • Georgia. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service
  • Kavtaradze, G. L., "An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources", Sprache und Kultur, # 3 (Staatliche Ilia Tschawtschawadse Universitaet Tbilisi für Sprache und Kultur Institut zur Erforschung des westlichen Denkens). Tbilisi, 2002. G. L. Kavtaradze. An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources | Anatolia | Hittites
  • Melikishvili, G. A., "Diauehi". The Bulletin of Ancient History, vol. 4, 1950. (Publication in Russian)
  • (in Russian)

January 01, 1970
diauehi, georgian, დიაოხი, urartian, greek, taochoi, armenian, tayk, possibly, assyrian, daiaeni, tribal, union, located, northeastern, anatolia, that, recorded, assyrian, urartian, sources, during, iron, usually, though, always, identified, with, earlier, dai. Diauehi Georgian დიაოხი Urartian Diauehi Greek Taochoi Armenian Tayk possibly Assyrian Daiaeni was a tribal union located in northeastern Anatolia that was recorded in Assyrian and Urartian sources during the Iron Age 12 It is usually though not always identified with the earlier Daiaeni Dayaeni 13 attested in the Yonjalu inscription of the Assyrian king Tiglath Pileser I s third year 1118 BC and in later records by Shalmaneser III 845 BC While it is unknown what language s they spoke 14 205 they may have been speakers of a Kartvelian 15 16 17 18 12 19 20 21 22 Armenian 23 24 25 or Hurrian language 26 27 28 29 30 DiauehiდიაოხიDiaokhi 1 12th century BC a 2 3 4 8th century BCECapitalZuaLargest cityZua Shashilu UtuCommon languagesArmenian languageKartvelian languages 5 Hurrian languageReligionZoroastrianismKing Approx BC 1120 BC 1100Sien Approx BC 850 BC 825Asia Approx BC 810 BC 770Utupursi last History Established12th century BC a 2 3 4 Divided between Colchis 6 north part province of Hushani 7 and Urartu south part 8 9 10 8th century BCE Disestablished8th century BCEToday part ofGeorgia 11 Turkey Contents 1 Location 2 History 3 Possible ethno linguistic identification 4 Connection to Daiaeni Dayaeni 5 Onomastics 5 1 Daiaeni rulers 5 2 Diauehi rulers 5 3 Diauehi Tribes 5 4 Diauehi Districts 5 5 Diauehi Cities 6 See also 7 References 8 Explanatory notes 9 Further readingLocationAlthough the exact geographic extent of Diauehi is still unclear many scholars place it in the Pasinler Plain in today s northeastern Turkey while others locate it in the Armenian Georgian marchlands as it follows the Kura River Most probably the core of the Diauehi lands may have extended from the headwaters of the Euphrates into the river valleys of Coruh 31 to Oltu The Urartian sources speak of Diauehi s three key cities Zua Utu and Sasilu Zua is frequently identified with Zivin Kale and Utu is probably modern Oltu while Sasilu is sometimes linked to the early medieval Georgian toponym Sasire near Tortomi present day Tortum Turkey 32 The Diaeuhian city Sesetina may have corresponded to Savsat Turkey Shavsheti in Georgian 33 The region of Diauehi seems to have roughly corresponded to 34 35 or bordered 36 the previous Hayasa Azzi territory HistoryIn the early 8th century Diauehi became the target of the newly emerged regional power of Urartu Menua 810 785 BC conquered part of Diaeuhi annexing its most important cities Zua Utu and Shashilu and forcing the king of Diauehi Utupursi ni to pay a tribute of gold and silver Menua s son Argishti I 785 763 BC campaigned against the Diauehi kingdom in 783 37 Argishti I defeated King Utupursi annexing his possessions In exchange for his life Utupursi was forced to pay a tribute including a variety of metals and livestock 38 Toward the end of his reign Argishti I led yet another campaign against Utuspursi who led a rebellion against the Urartians 37 Possible ethno linguistic identificationDiauehi is considered by some as a locus of Proto Kartvelian it has been described as an important tribal formation of possible proto Georgians by Ronald Grigor Suny 1994 39 According to Robert H Hewsen they may have been speakers of a language unrelated to any other in the Caucasus region 40 However they are mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as Xaoi which Hewsen etymologizes as a Greek form of the Armenian endonym Hayk 41 Massimo Forlanini proposed a connection between the name of the Diaeuhi tribe Baltu and the Hayasan deity Baltaik He also compared these to the name of the Hayasan mercenary Waltahi 42 Connection to Daiaeni Dayaeni Some scholars have linked the Diaeuhi to the Bronze Age Daiaeni Dayaeni tribe 35 mentioned in 12th century BC Assyrian sources as being part of the Nairi confederation 43 44 This connection is mainly due to the phonetic similarities of the names Daiaeni and Diaeuhi The Daiaeni were powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays although in 1112 BC their king Sien was defeated by Tiglath Pileser I Sien was captured and later released on terms of vassalage Daiaeni appeared again in Assyrian texts nearly three centuries later when King Asia of Daiaeni 850 825 BC was forced to submit to the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in 845 BC after the latter had overrun Urartu and made a foray into Daiaeni As the Daiaeni of Assyrian records seem to have been located further south than the Diaeuhi of Urartian records Robert H Hewsen and Nicholas Adontz proposed that the Diaieni originally inhabited a region between Palu and either Mush Province or Lake Van 14 207 They then moved north to Kars Province where they battled the Urartians and later encountered Greek mercenaries including Xenophon They subsequently moved further northwest 14 207 Archibald Sayce suggested that Daiaeni was named after an eponymous founder Diaus and thus meant people of the land tribe of Diau s 45 OnomasticsDaiaeni rulers Diau s possible founder patriarch suggested by Archibald Sayce SienAsia Diauehi rulers Utupursi ni Diauehi Tribes ArdarakiBaltuKabiliSaski Diauehi Districts KadaAsqalasi Diauehi Cities SasiluUtuhaZuaḪaldiriluḫiSee alsoList of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia Urartu Nairi Hayasa Azzi ColchisReferences David Marshall Lang 1966 The Georgians Ancient Peoples and Places London Thames and Hudson 1966 244 pp At all events the Classical Iberian kingdom unified by a common Georgian tongue came to include a number of important and ancient ethnic groups including the remains of the Diauehi Taokhoi the Moskhoi Meskhians Nodar Assatiani Საქართველოს ისტორია Tbilissi Sakartvelos Matsne 2001 p 30 Suny R G Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies 1996 Transcaucasia Nationalism and Social Change Essays in the History of Armenia Azerbaijan and Georgia American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies 9780472096176 University of Michigan Press p 3 Proto Georgians formed the tribal confederation of the Diauehi about the twelfth century B C Burford T 2018 Georgia 9781784770723 p 14 The tribal union of Diauehi was recorded in the 12th century bc Davitashvili Zurab V Singh Vijay P Bondyrev Igor V The Geography of Georgia Problems and Perspectives Germany Springer International Publishing 2015 About this time in southwestern Georgia formed the first political unities of Georgian tribes Diauhi Daiena Morritt R D 2010 Stones that Speak EBSCO ebook academic collection Cambridge Scholars Pub 9781443821766 they Colchis absorbed part of Diaokh c 750 BCE Rayfield D 2013 Edge of Empires A History of Georgia 9781780230702 Reaktion Books p 17 Nodar Assatiani et Alexandre Bendianachvili Histoire de la Georgie l Harmattan Paris 1997 ISBN 2 7384 6186 7 p 31 Nodar Assatiani et Otar Djanelidze History of Georgia Publishing House Petite Tbilissi 2009 p 16 Over the Mountains and Far Away Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday Royaume Uni Archaeopress Publishing Limited 2019 p 141 mainly divided between Urartu and Colchis Rayfield Donald 2012 Edge of Empires A History of Georgia London p 17 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b A G Sagona Archaeology at the North East Anatolian Frontier p 30 Henri J M Claessen Peter Skalnik Walter de Gruyter Jan 1 1978 The Early State Mouton Publishers p 259 ISBN 9783110813326 a b c Robert H Hewsen The Geography of Ananias of Sirak Asxarhacʻoycʻ the Long and the Short Recensions 1992 https archive org stream TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak The 20Geography 20of 20Ananias 20of 20Sirak djvu txt Georgia 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved February 14 2006 from Encyclopaedia Britannica Premium Service Phoenix The Peoples of the Hills Ancient Ararat and Caucasus by Charles Burney David Marshall Lang Phoenix Press New Ed edition December 31 2001 Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millennium B C p141 C Burney Die Bergvolker Vorderasiens Essen 1975 274 R G Suny The Making of the Georgian Nation p 6 THE PHONEMIC SYSTEM OF PROTO INDO HITTITE The Indo Hittite Laryngeals Linguistic Society of America pp 31 34 doi 10 2307 j ctt1x76d2x 6 ISBN 978 0 9994613 2 7 retrieved 2021 03 28 Ahuja M R and Jain S M 2015 Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants Indicators and Prevention Springer International Publishing p 161 Burford T 2018 Georgia p 14 Hrach Martirosyan 2014 Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language Leiden University 9 Retrieved 9 October 2019 p 8 A V Dumikyan 2016 Taik in The Assyrian and Biainian Cuneiform Inscriptions Ancient Greek and Early Medieval Armenian Sources the Interpretations of the 19th Century French Armenologists Fundamental Armenology No 2 4 Armen Petrosyan September 1 2010 The Armenian Elements In The Language And Onomastics Of Urartu Association For Near Eastern And Caucasian Studies p 137 B A Arutyunyan 1998 K voprosu ob etnicheskoj prinadlezhnosti naseleniya bassejna reki Choroh v VII IV vv do n e PDF Istoriko filologicheskij zhurnal 1 2 S 233 246 ISSN 0135 0536 Archived PDF from the original on 2014 03 14 Retrieved 2012 09 04 233 K primeru G Tiranyan schital chto plemena saspejrov ili esperitov fasianov i haldajev haldeev ili halibov imeli veroyatno kartvelskoe ili gruzinskoe proishozhdenie a taohi hurritskoe proishozhdenie 246 Podytozhivaya vysheskazannoe my prihodim k vyvodu chto bassejn reki Choroh v VII VII vekah do n e byl naselyon skifskimi plemenami podchinivshimi mestnoe armyanskoe naselenie a v rajone ustya reki Choroh gruzinskie plemena Vo vtoroj polovine I tysyacheletiya do n e oni v osnovnom okazalis v vodovorote formirovaniya armyanskogo naroda i byli armenezirovany M A Aglarov Dagestan v epohu velikogo pereseleniya narodov etnogeneticheskie issledovaniya Institut istorii arheologii i etnografii Dagestanskogo nauchnogo centra RAN p 191 31 Sredi specialistov sushestvuet mnenie chto diauhi taohi yavlyalis hurritskim plemenem M S Kapica L B Alaev K Z Ashrafyan 1997 Glava XXIX Zakavkaze i sopredelnye strany v period ellinizma Istoriya Vostoka Vostok v drevnosti Vol 1 M p 530 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help CS1 maint location missing publisher link Zapadnoe protogruzinskoe obedinenie Kolhida sushestvovalo samostoyatelno davno uzhe v VIII v do h e ono predpolozhitelno unasledovalo severnye zemli unichtozhennogo urartami hurritskogo gosudarstva taohov raspolozhennye v doline r Choroh A V Sedov 2004 Istoriya drevnego Vostoka M Vostochnaya literatura p 872 ISBN 5020183881 I M Dyakonov 1968 Glava II Istoriya Armyanskogo nagorya v epohu bronzy i rannego zheleza Predystoriya armyanskogo naroda Istoriya Arm nagorya s 1500 po 500 g do n e Hurrity luvijcy protoarmyane Er AN Arm SSR p 120 Etnicheskaya prinadlezhnost Dajaeni ne vpolne yasna G A Melikishvili schitaet ih hurritskim plemenem i eto vesma veroyatno No Dajaeni prosushestvovalo do VIII v do n e a sledovatelno gruzinoyazychnye haldy haliby zasvidetelstvovannye zapadnee vozmozhno uzhe s IX v dolzhny byli by projti zdes skoree vsego ranshe ego obrazovaniya po vsej veroyatnosti v nachale XII v do n e Levan Gordeziani Traces of a Treaty in an Urartian Text Dec 2018 G L Kavtaradze An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources p 80f Rayfield Donald Edge of Empires A History of Georgia p 17 Armen Petrosyan Towards the Origins of the Armenian People The Problem of Identification of the Proto Armenians A Critical Review Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 2007 p 47 https www academia edu 3657764 Towards the Origins of the Armenian People The Problem of Identification of the Proto Armenians A Critical Review in English a b Levan Gordzeiani Some Remarks on Qulḫa Over the Mountains and Far Away Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday eds Pavel S Avetisyan Roberto Dan and Yervand H Grekyan Archaeopress Archaeology 2019 pp 242 243 1 Massimo Forlanini The Ancient Land of Northern Kummaḫa and Aripsa Inside the Sea Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul 25th 26th October 2013 Turk Eskicag Bilimleri Enstitusu p 8 https www academia edu 44937753 The Ancient Land of Northern Kummaha and Aripsa inside the Sea a b Trevor Bryce The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire Routledge 2009 p 193 Ciftci Ali 2017 The Socio Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom Brill pp 123 125 ISBN 9789004347588 Ronald Grigor Suny 1 January 1994 The Making of the Georgian Nation Indiana University Press p 6 ISBN 978 0 253 20915 3 Robert H Hewsen The Geography of Ananias of Sirak Asxarhacʻoycʻ the Long and the Short Recensions 1992 p 205 https archive org stream TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak The 20Geography 20of 20Ananias 20of 20Sirak djvu txt Robert H Hewsen Armenia A Historical Atlas University of Chicago Press 2001 p 30 Massimo Forlanini The Ancient Land of Northern Kummaḫa and Aripsa Inside the Sea Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul 25th 26th October 2013 Turk Eskicag Bilimleri Enstitusu p 5 https www academia edu 44937753 The Ancient Land of Northern Kummaha and Aripsa inside the Sea The Armenians Page 27 by Elizabeth Redgate A E Anne Elizabeth Redgate Grayson IL 1976 pp 12 13 James Henry Breasted ed Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia University of Chicago Press p 81 1926 https oi uchicago edu sites oi uchicago edu files uploads shared docs ancient records assyria1 pdf A H Sayce Cambridge Ancient History vol XX 1925 pp 169 186 2 Explanatory notes first mention of the Daiaeni tribe who some scholars link to later DiaeuhiFurther readingAntonio Sagona Claudia Sagona Archaeology At The North east Anatolian Frontier I An Historical Geography And A Field Survey of the Bayburt Province Ancient Near Eastern Studies Hardcover Peeters January 30 2005 ISBN 90 429 1390 8 Georgia 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved February 14 2006 from Encyclopaedia Britannica Premium Service Kavtaradze G L An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources Sprache und Kultur 3 Staatliche Ilia Tschawtschawadse Universitaet Tbilisi fur Sprache und Kultur Institut zur Erforschung des westlichen Denkens Tbilisi 2002 G L Kavtaradze An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources Anatolia Hittites Melikishvili G A Diauehi The Bulletin of Ancient History vol 4 1950 Publication in Russian in Russian S D Gogotidze Lokalizaciya stran Daiaen Diaoha Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diauehi amp oldid 1206308514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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