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Yemek

January 20, 2023

For other uses, see Yamaks.

The Yemek were a Turkic tribe[1] constituting the Kimek-Kipchak confederation, whose other six constituent tribes, according to Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061), were the Imur (or Imi), Tatars, Bayandur, Kipchaks, Lanikaz, and Ajlad.[2]

Ethnonym

Minorsky, citing Marquart, Barthold, Semenov and other sources, proposes that the name Kīmāk (pronounced Kimäk) is derived from Iki-Imäk, "the two Imäk", probably referring to the first two clans (Īmī and Īmāk) of the federation.[3]

On the other hand, Pritsak attempted to connect the Kimek with the Proto-Mongolic Kumo of the Kumo Xi confederation (庫莫奚; Middle Chinese: kʰuoH-mɑk̚-ɦei; *qu(o)mâġ-ġay, from *quo "yellowish" plus denominal suffix *-mAk); Golden judges Pritsak's reconstruction "highly problematic", as Pritsak did not explain how Quomâġ might have produced Kimek; still, Golden considers the connection with the Proto-Mongolic world seriously.[4]

Mahmud al-Kashgari does not mention any Kimek, but Yamāk; Kashgari further remarked that Kara-Khanids like him considered Yemeks to be "a tribe of the Kipchaks", though contemporary Kipchaks considered themselves a different party.[5][6][7] The ethnonym Yemäk might have been transcribed in the mid 7th century by Chinese authors as 鹽莫 Yánmò < Middle Chinese *jiäm-mâk,[8] referring a Tiele group who initially inhabited northwestern Mongolia before migrating to north of Altay Mountains and Irtysh zone.[9][10][a]

Initially, Golden (1992:202, 227, 263) accepted the identification of Kimeks with Imeks/Yimeks/Yemeks, because the /k/ > ∅, resulting in Kimek > İmek, was indeed attested in several Medieval Kipchak dialects; Golden also thought Yemeks unlikely to be 鹽莫 *jiäm-mâk > Yánmò in Chinese source.[13] However, Golden later changed his mind, reasoning that, as the Medieval Kipchak dialectal sound-change /k/ > ∅ had not yet happened in the mid-7th century Old Turkic, the identification of Yemeks with Kimeks is disputed. As a result, Golden (2002:660-665) later abandons the Kimeks > Yemeks identification and becomes more amenable to the identification of 鹽莫 Yánmò with Yemeks, by scholars such as Hambis, Zuev, and Kumekov, cited in Golden (1992:202).[14] According to Tishin (2018), Yemeks were simply the most important of the seven constituent tribes whose representatives met at the Irtysh valley, where the diverse Kimek tribal union emerged, as related by Gardizi.[15]

History

In the Western Turkic Khaganate two Chuy tribes, Chumukun and Chuban, occupied a privileged position of being voting members of the confederation's Onoq elite,[16] but not their kins Chuyue and Chumi. A part of the Chuyue tribe intermixed with the Göktürks' remnants and formed a tribe called Shatuo, which lived in southern Dzungaria, to the west of Lake Barkol.[17] The Shatuo separated from the Chuyue in the middle of the 7th century. Until very recently, Chigils are a well known ethnic group, listed in censuses taken in Tsarist Russia and in the 20th century.

After the disintegration in 743 AD of the Western Turkic Kaganate, a part of the Chuy tribes remained in its successor, the Uyghur Kaganate (740-840), and another part retained their independence.[18] During the Uyghur period, the Chuy tribes consolidated into the nucleus of the tribes known as Kimaks in the Arab and Persian sources.[19] Lev Gumilyov associated one Duolu Chuy tribe, Chumukun 處木昆 (< *čomuqun "immersed in water, drowned")[20] with the Kimeks as both coincidentally occupied the same territory, i.e. Semirechye, and that Chumukun were known only to Chinese and Kimek only to Persians and Arabs.[21][22] The head of the Kimek confederation was titled Shad Tutuq, "Prince Governor"[23] (tutuk being from Middle Chinese tuo-tuok 都督 "military governor");[24] as well as Yinal Yabghu, according to Gardizi.[25] By the middle of the eighth century, the Kimeks occupied territory between the Ural River and Emba River, and from the Aral sea and Caspian steppes, to the Zhetysu area.

Kimek Khanate

Main article: Kimek Khanate

After the 840 AD breakup of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Yemeks headed a new political tribal union, creating a new Kimek state. Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) wrote that the Kimak federation consisted of seven tribes: Yemeks (Ar. Yamāk < MTrk *Yemǟk or *(Y)imēk), Eymür, Tatars, Bayandur, Kipchak, Lanikaz and Ajlad. Later, an expanded Kimek Kaganate partially controlled the territories of the Oguz, Kangly, and Bagjanak tribes, and in the west bordered the Khazar and Bulgar territories. The Kimaks led a semi-settled life, as the Hudūd mentioned a town named *Yimäkiya (> Yamakkiyya > ms. Namakiyya); while the Kipchaks, in some customs, resembled the contemporary Oghuzes, who were nomadic herders.[26][27]

In the beginning of the eleventh century the Kipchak Khanlyk moved west, occupying lands that had earlier belonged to the Oguz. After seizing the Oguz lands, the Kipchaks grew considerably stronger, and the Kimeks became dependents of the Kipchaks. The fall of the Kimek Kaganate in the middle of the 11th century was caused by the migration of Central Asian Mongolian-speaking nomads, displaced by the Mongolian-speaking Khitan state of Liao, which formed in 916 AD in Northern China. The Khitan nomads occupied the Kimek and Kipchak lands west of the Irtysh. In the eleventh to twelfth centuries a Mongol-speaking Naiman tribe displaced the Kimeks and Kipchaks from the Mongolian Altai and Upper Irtysh as it moved west.

Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries Kimek tribes were nomadizing in the steppes of the modern Astrakhan Oblast of Russia. A portion of the Kimeks that left the Ob-Irtysh interfluvial region joined the Kipchak confederation that survived until the Mongol invasion, and later united with the Nogai confederation of the Kipchak descendants. The last organized tribes of the Nogai in Russian sources were dispersed with the Russian construction of zaseka bulwarks in the Don and Volga regions in the 17th-18th centuries, which separated the cattle breeding populations from their summer pastures. Another part of the Nogai were deported from the Budjak steppes after Russian conquest of Western Ukraine and Moldova in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

Ethnolinguistic Belonging

According to C. E. Bosworth (2007)[28] and R. Turaeva (2015) the Kimek tribe was Turkic.[29]

According to R. Preucel and S. Mrozowki (2010)[30] and S. Divitçioğlu (2010),[31] the Kimek tribe was Tungusic.

Josef Markwart proposed that Kimeks were Turkicized Tatars, who were related to the para-Mongolic-speaking Tatabï, known to Chinese as Kumo Xi.[32]

Sümer associates the Kimeks with the Chiks[33] (who were mentioned in Tang Huiyao[34][35] and Bilge Qaghan inscription[36]); however, Golden sees little evidence for this.[37]

Genetics

See also: Göktürks § Genetics, Kara-Khanid Khanate § Genetics, Karluks § Genetics, Kipchaks § Genetics, and Golden Horde § Genetics

A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of Kimek male buried in Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan ca. 1350 AD.[38][39] He was found to be carrying the paternal haplogroup R1b1b[40] and the maternal haplogroup A.[41] It was noted that he was not found to have "elevated East Asian ancestry".[42]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 鹽莫 Yánmò, from MC *jiäm-mâk, should not be confused with 燕末 Yànmò, from MC ʔenH-muɑt̚ (ZS) / *ˀien-muât (Zuev). 燕末 Yànmò, the residence of Xueyantuo Khagan Yağmurçin, is identified by Cen Zhongmian with the toponym Ïbar Baş (OTrk 𐰃𐰉𐰺𐱈‎) mentioned in Tonyukuk inscriptions[11][12]

References

  1. ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part I. p. 82-83
  2. ^ Minorsky, V. (1937) "Commentary" on "§18. The Kimäk" in Ḥudūd al'Ālam. Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. p. 304-305
  3. ^ Minorsky, V. (1937) "Commentary" on "§18. The Kimäk" in Ḥudūd al'Ālam. Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. p. 304-305
  4. ^ Golden (1992). p. 202
  5. ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part II. p. 161
  6. ^ Minorsky (1937) p. 305
  7. ^ Golden, Peter B. "Qıpčaq" in Turcology and Linguistics Hacettepe University, Ankara (2014). p. 188
  8. ^ Kumekov, B.E. (1972) "Gosudarstvo kimakov IX-XI vv. po arabskim istočnikam" Alma-Ata. p. 40, 45; cited in Golden (1992) p. 202, n. 84
  9. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2017) "Qıpčak" in Turcology and Linguistics. p. 187
  10. ^ Tongdian, Vol. 200
  11. ^ "Tonyukuk Inscriptions", line 26, text at Türik Bitig
  12. ^ Zuev Yu.A. "Xueyantuo Khaganate and Kimeks. ([A Contribution] to Turkic ethnogeography of Central Asia in the middle of 7th century)" in Shygys, Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty (2004). part 1. page 14
  13. ^ Peter B. Golden (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. O. Harrassowitz. p. 202.
  14. ^ Golden, P.B. (2002) “Notes on the Qïpchaq Tribes: Kimeks and Yemeks”, in The Turks, I, p. 662
  15. ^ Tishin, V.V (2018). ["Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification" https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.107-113] p. 111
  16. ^ Tongdian, vol. 199
  17. ^ Gumilev, L.N. "Ancient Turks", Moscow, Science, 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm
  18. ^ Faizrakhmanov, G. "Ancient Turks in Siberia and Central Asia"
  19. ^ S.A. Pletneva, "Kipchaks", p.26
  20. ^ Tishin, V.V (2018). ["Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification" https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.107-113]. p. 107-113
  21. ^ Gumilyov, L. (2009) Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John ch. 14 (in English; translated by R.E.F. Smith)
  22. ^ Gumilyov, L.N. Drevnie tyurki (1993:380-381). Moscow: Klyshnikov, Komarov i K°. p. cited in Tishin, V.V (2018). ["Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification" https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.107-113] p. 107, 111
  23. ^ Faizrakhmanov, G. "Ancient Turks in Sibiria and Central Asia"
  24. ^ Ecsedy, H. (1965) “Old Turkic Titles of Chinese Origin”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 18, issue 1/2, Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 84 of pp. 83-91
  25. ^ Golden (1992) p. 203
  26. ^ Hudūd al-'Ālam "Sections 18, 19, 21" Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky (1937). p. 99-101
  27. ^ Minorsky, V.F. (1937) Commentary on Hudūd al-'Ālam on "Sections 18 & 19" p. 304-312, 315-317
  28. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (2007). The Turks in the Early Islamic World. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-86078-719-8. Kimak - well-known Turkic tribe
  29. ^ Rano Turaeva (19 November 2015). Migration and Identity in Central Asia: The Uzbek Experience. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-317-43007-0.
  30. ^ Preucel, Robert; Mrozowski, Stephen (May 10, 2010). Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 296. ISBN 978-1405158329.
  31. ^ Divitçioğlu, Sencer (2010). Sekiz Türk Boyu Üzerine Gözlemler. Topkapı/İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası - Kultur Yayinlari. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-605-360-098-5.
  32. ^ Golden, P.B. (2002) p. 662
  33. ^ Sümer, F. (1980) Oğuzlar 3rd rev. ed. p.31, citedin Golden (1992) p. 202, n. 78
  34. ^ Tang Huiyao, Vol. 72 "赤馬。與迴紇(契)苾餘沒渾同類。印行。" tr. "Horse of the Chiks, same stock as Uyghurs', (Qi)bis', Yumei-Huns'. Tamga (resembles) (character) 行." (in Chinese)
  35. ^ Zuev, Yu. Horses Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8-10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 98, 113 of 93-139 (in Russian)
  36. ^ "Bilge Qaghan inscription" line 26. at Türik Bitig
  37. ^ Giolden (1992). p. 202
  38. ^ Damgaard et al. 2018, Supplementary Table 2, Row 61.
  39. ^ Damgaard et al. 2018, Supplementary Information, pp. 113-114.
  40. ^ Damgaard et al. 2018, Supplementary Table 9, Row 43.
  41. ^ Damgaard et al. 2018, Supplementary Table 8, Row 129.
  42. ^ Damgaard et al. 2018, p. 3. "Only one sample here represents Kimak nomads, and it does not show elevated East Asian ancestry."

Sources

  • Agajanov, S. G. (1992). "The States of the Oghuz, the Kimek and the Kipchak". History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 61–76. ISBN 978-81-208-1595-7.
  • Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. Nature Research. 557 (7705): 369–373. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1887/3202709. PMID 29743675. S2CID 13670282. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  • Faizrakhmanov G., "Ancient Turks in Sibiria and Central Asia" Kazan, 'Master Lain', 2000, ISBN 5-93139-069-3
  • Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Turks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967
  • Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974
  • Kimball L., "The Vanished Kimak Empire", Western Washington U., 1994
  • Pletneva S.A., "Kipchaks", Moscow, 'Science', 1990, ISBN 5-02-009542-7

January 20, 2023
yemek, other, uses, yamaks, were, turkic, tribe, constituting, kimek, kipchak, confederation, whose, other, constituent, tribes, according, said, gardizi, 1061, were, imur, tatars, bayandur, kipchaks, lanikaz, ajlad, contents, ethnonym, history, kimek, khanate. For other uses see Yamaks The Yemek were a Turkic tribe 1 constituting the Kimek Kipchak confederation whose other six constituent tribes according to Abu Said Gardizi d 1061 were the Imur or Imi Tatars Bayandur Kipchaks Lanikaz and Ajlad 2 Contents 1 Ethnonym 2 History 2 1 Kimek Khanate 3 Ethnolinguistic Belonging 4 Genetics 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 SourcesEthnonym EditMinorsky citing Marquart Barthold Semenov and other sources proposes that the name Kimak pronounced Kimak is derived from Iki Imak the two Imak probably referring to the first two clans imi and imak of the federation 3 On the other hand Pritsak attempted to connect the Kimek with the Proto Mongolic Kumo of the Kumo Xi confederation 庫莫奚 Middle Chinese kʰuoH mɑk ɦei qu o maġ ġay from quo yellowish plus denominal suffix mAk Golden judges Pritsak s reconstruction highly problematic as Pritsak did not explain how Quomaġ might have produced Kimek still Golden considers the connection with the Proto Mongolic world seriously 4 Mahmud al Kashgari does not mention any Kimek but Yamak Kashgari further remarked that Kara Khanids like him considered Yemeks to be a tribe of the Kipchaks though contemporary Kipchaks considered themselves a different party 5 6 7 The ethnonym Yemak might have been transcribed in the mid 7th century by Chinese authors as 鹽莫 Yanmo lt Middle Chinese jiam mak 8 referring a Tiele group who initially inhabited northwestern Mongolia before migrating to north of Altay Mountains and Irtysh zone 9 10 a Initially Golden 1992 202 227 263 accepted the identification of Kimeks with Imeks Yimeks Yemeks because the k gt resulting in Kimek gt Imek was indeed attested in several Medieval Kipchak dialects Golden also thought Yemeks unlikely to be 鹽莫 jiam mak gt Yanmo in Chinese source 13 However Golden later changed his mind reasoning that as the Medieval Kipchak dialectal sound change k gt had not yet happened in the mid 7th century Old Turkic the identification of Yemeks with Kimeks is disputed As a result Golden 2002 660 665 later abandons the Kimeks gt Yemeks identification and becomes more amenable to the identification of 鹽莫 Yanmo with Yemeks by scholars such as Hambis Zuev and Kumekov cited in Golden 1992 202 14 According to Tishin 2018 Yemeks were simply the most important of the seven constituent tribes whose representatives met at the Irtysh valley where the diverse Kimek tribal union emerged as related by Gardizi 15 History EditIn the Western Turkic Khaganate two Chuy tribes Chumukun and Chuban occupied a privileged position of being voting members of the confederation s Onoq elite 16 but not their kins Chuyue and Chumi A part of the Chuyue tribe intermixed with the Gokturks remnants and formed a tribe called Shatuo which lived in southern Dzungaria to the west of Lake Barkol 17 The Shatuo separated from the Chuyue in the middle of the 7th century Until very recently Chigils are a well known ethnic group listed in censuses taken in Tsarist Russia and in the 20th century After the disintegration in 743 AD of the Western Turkic Kaganate a part of the Chuy tribes remained in its successor the Uyghur Kaganate 740 840 and another part retained their independence 18 During the Uyghur period the Chuy tribes consolidated into the nucleus of the tribes known as Kimaks in the Arab and Persian sources 19 Lev Gumilyov associated one Duolu Chuy tribe Chumukun 處木昆 lt comuqun immersed in water drowned 20 with the Kimeks as both coincidentally occupied the same territory i e Semirechye and that Chumukun were known only to Chinese and Kimek only to Persians and Arabs 21 22 The head of the Kimek confederation was titled Shad Tutuq Prince Governor 23 tutuk being from Middle Chinese tuo tuok 都督 military governor 24 as well as Yinal Yabghu according to Gardizi 25 By the middle of the eighth century the Kimeks occupied territory between the Ural River and Emba River and from the Aral sea and Caspian steppes to the Zhetysu area Kimek Khanate Edit Main article Kimek Khanate After the 840 AD breakup of the Uyghur Khaganate the Yemeks headed a new political tribal union creating a new Kimek state Abu Said Gardizi d 1061 wrote that the Kimak federation consisted of seven tribes Yemeks Ar Yamak lt MTrk Yemǟk or Y imek Eymur Tatars Bayandur Kipchak Lanikaz and Ajlad Later an expanded Kimek Kaganate partially controlled the territories of the Oguz Kangly and Bagjanak tribes and in the west bordered the Khazar and Bulgar territories The Kimaks led a semi settled life as the Hudud mentioned a town named Yimakiya gt Yamakkiyya gt ms Namakiyya while the Kipchaks in some customs resembled the contemporary Oghuzes who were nomadic herders 26 27 In the beginning of the eleventh century the Kipchak Khanlyk moved west occupying lands that had earlier belonged to the Oguz After seizing the Oguz lands the Kipchaks grew considerably stronger and the Kimeks became dependents of the Kipchaks The fall of the Kimek Kaganate in the middle of the 11th century was caused by the migration of Central Asian Mongolian speaking nomads displaced by the Mongolian speaking Khitan state of Liao which formed in 916 AD in Northern China The Khitan nomads occupied the Kimek and Kipchak lands west of the Irtysh In the eleventh to twelfth centuries a Mongol speaking Naiman tribe displaced the Kimeks and Kipchaks from the Mongolian Altai and Upper Irtysh as it moved west Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries Kimek tribes were nomadizing in the steppes of the modern Astrakhan Oblast of Russia A portion of the Kimeks that left the Ob Irtysh interfluvial region joined the Kipchak confederation that survived until the Mongol invasion and later united with the Nogai confederation of the Kipchak descendants The last organized tribes of the Nogai in Russian sources were dispersed with the Russian construction of zaseka bulwarks in the Don and Volga regions in the 17th 18th centuries which separated the cattle breeding populations from their summer pastures Another part of the Nogai were deported from the Budjak steppes after Russian conquest of Western Ukraine and Moldova in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century Ethnolinguistic Belonging EditAccording to C E Bosworth 2007 28 and R Turaeva 2015 the Kimek tribe was Turkic 29 According to R Preucel and S Mrozowki 2010 30 and S Divitcioglu 2010 31 the Kimek tribe was Tungusic Josef Markwart proposed that Kimeks were Turkicized Tatars who were related to the para Mongolic speaking Tatabi known to Chinese as Kumo Xi 32 Sumer associates the Kimeks with the Chiks 33 who were mentioned in Tang Huiyao 34 35 and Bilge Qaghan inscription 36 however Golden sees little evidence for this 37 Genetics EditSee also Gokturks Genetics Kara Khanid Khanate Genetics Karluks Genetics Kipchaks Genetics and Golden Horde Genetics A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of Kimek male buried in Pavlodar Region Kazakhstan ca 1350 AD 38 39 He was found to be carrying the paternal haplogroup R1b1b 40 and the maternal haplogroup A 41 It was noted that he was not found to have elevated East Asian ancestry 42 See also EditKipchak people Kipchaks in Georgia History of Kyrgyzstan History of Kazakhstan History of the central steppe History of Mongolia History of ChinaNotes Edit 鹽莫 Yanmo from MC jiam mak should not be confused with 燕末 Yanmo from MC ʔenH muɑt ZS ˀien muat Zuev 燕末 Yanmo the residence of Xueyantuo Khagan Yagmurcin is identified by Cen Zhongmian with the toponym Ibar Bas OTrk 𐰃𐰉𐰺𐱈 mentioned in Tonyukuk inscriptions 11 12 References Edit Maħmud al Kasgari Diwan Lugat al Turk Edited amp translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature 1982 Part I p 82 83 Minorsky V 1937 Commentary on 18 The Kimak in Ḥudud al Alam Translated and Explained by V Minorsky p 304 305 Minorsky V 1937 Commentary on 18 The Kimak in Ḥudud al Alam Translated and Explained by V Minorsky p 304 305 Golden 1992 p 202 Maħmud al Kasgari Diwan Lugat al Turk Edited amp translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature 1982 Part II p 161 Minorsky 1937 p 305 Golden Peter B Qipcaq in Turcology and Linguistics Hacettepe University Ankara 2014 p 188 Kumekov B E 1972 Gosudarstvo kimakov IX XI vv po arabskim istocnikam Alma Ata p 40 45 cited in Golden 1992 p 202 n 84 Golden Peter B 2017 Qipcak in Turcology and Linguistics p 187 Tongdian Vol 200 Tonyukuk Inscriptions line 26 text at Turik Bitig Zuev Yu A Xueyantuo Khaganate and Kimeks A Contribution to Turkic ethnogeography of Central Asia in the middle of 7th century in Shygys Oriental Studies Institute Almaty 2004 part 1 page 14 Peter B Golden 1992 An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People O Harrassowitz p 202 Golden P B 2002 Notes on the Qipchaq Tribes Kimeks and Yemeks in The Turks I p 662 Tishin V V 2018 Kimak and Chu mu kun 处木昆 Notes on an Identification https doi org 10 17746 1563 0110 2018 46 3 107 113 p 111 Tongdian vol 199 Gumilev L N Ancient Turks Moscow Science 1967 Ch 20 http gumilevica kulichki net OT ot20 htm Faizrakhmanov G Ancient Turks in Siberia and Central Asia S A Pletneva Kipchaks p 26 Tishin V V 2018 Kimak and Chu mu kun 处木昆 Notes on an Identification https doi org 10 17746 1563 0110 2018 46 3 107 113 p 107 113 Gumilyov L 2009 Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John ch 14 in English translated by R E F Smith Gumilyov L N Drevnie tyurki 1993 380 381 Moscow Klyshnikov Komarov i K p cited in Tishin V V 2018 Kimak and Chu mu kun 处木昆 Notes on an Identification https doi org 10 17746 1563 0110 2018 46 3 107 113 p 107 111 Faizrakhmanov G Ancient Turks in Sibiria and Central Asia Ecsedy H 1965 Old Turkic Titles of Chinese Origin in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae volume 18 issue 1 2 Akademiai Kiado p 84 of pp 83 91 Golden 1992 p 203 Hudud al Alam Sections 18 19 21 Translated and Explained by V Minorsky 1937 p 99 101 Minorsky V F 1937 Commentary on Hudud al Alam on Sections 18 amp 19 p 304 312 315 317 Clifford Edmund Bosworth 2007 The Turks in the Early Islamic World Ashgate ISBN 978 0 86078 719 8 Kimak well known Turkic tribe Rano Turaeva 19 November 2015 Migration and Identity in Central Asia The Uzbek Experience Routledge pp 37 ISBN 978 1 317 43007 0 Preucel Robert Mrozowski Stephen May 10 2010 Contemporary Archaeology in Theory The New Pragmatism 2nd ed Wiley Blackwell p 296 ISBN 978 1405158329 Divitcioglu Sencer 2010 Sekiz Turk Boyu Uzerine Gozlemler Topkapi Istanbul Turkiye Is Bankasi Kultur Yayinlari pp 87 88 ISBN 978 605 360 098 5 Golden P B 2002 p 662 Sumer F 1980 Oguzlar 3rd rev ed p 31 citedin Golden 1992 p 202 n 78 Tang Huiyao Vol 72 赤馬 與迴紇 契 苾餘沒渾同類 印行 tr Horse of the Chiks same stock as Uyghurs Qi bis Yumei Huns Tamga resembles character 行 in Chinese Zuev Yu Horses Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms Translation of Chinese composition Tanghuiyao of 8 10th centuries Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences Alma Ata 1960 p 98 113 of 93 139 in Russian Bilge Qaghan inscription line 26 at Turik Bitig Giolden 1992 p 202 Damgaard et al 2018 Supplementary Table 2 Row 61 Damgaard et al 2018 Supplementary Information pp 113 114 Damgaard et al 2018 Supplementary Table 9 Row 43 Damgaard et al 2018 Supplementary Table 8 Row 129 Damgaard et al 2018 p 3 Only one sample here represents Kimak nomads and it does not show elevated East Asian ancestry Sources EditAgajanov S G 1992 The States of the Oghuz the Kimek and the Kipchak History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century Motilal Banarsidass pp 61 76 ISBN 978 81 208 1595 7 Damgaard P B et al May 9 2018 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes Nature Nature Research 557 7705 369 373 doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0094 2 hdl 1887 3202709 PMID 29743675 S2CID 13670282 Retrieved April 11 2020 Faizrakhmanov G Ancient Turks in Sibiria and Central Asia Kazan Master Lain 2000 ISBN 5 93139 069 3 Gumilev L N Ancient Turks Moscow Science 1967 Gumilev L N Hunnu in China Moscow Science 1974 Kimball L The Vanished Kimak Empire Western Washington U 1994 Pletneva S A Kipchaks Moscow Science 1990 ISBN 5 02 009542 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yemek amp oldid 1131490485, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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