Khasa-Malla kingdom (Nepali: खस मल्ल राज्यKhasa Malla Rājya), popularly known as Khasa Kingdom (Nepali: खस राज्यKhasa Rājya) and Yatse (Wylie: ya rtse) in Tibetan, was a medieval kingdom from the modern day far-western Nepal and parts of Uttarakhand state in India, established around the 11th century. It was ruled by kings of Khasa tribe who bore the family name "Malla" (not to be confused with the later Malla dynasty of Kathmandu).[2] The Khasa Malla kings ruled western parts of Nepal during 11th–14th century.[3] The 954 AD Khajuraho Inscription of Dhaṇga states Khasa Kingdom equivalent to Gauda of Bengal and Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.[4]
An ancient tribe named Khasa is mentioned in several ancient legendary Indian texts, including the Mahabharata. The historical Khasa kingdom is different from the territory of this legendary tribe, although there have been some speculations about a connection between the two. The historical Khasas are mentioned in several Indian inscriptions dated between 8th and 13th centuries CE.[4] The Khasa Malla kingdom was feudatory and the principalities were independent in nature.[5] Most of its territory was over the Karnali River basin.[5] In the 12th century, King Nāgarāja conquered the principal Jumla Kingdom of the central Himalayas and overran lands up to Bheri River in the east, Satluj River in the west and Mayum pass of Tibet in the north.[6] King Nāgarāja also referred as Jāveśvara (Nepali: जावेश्वर), came from Khāripradeśa (present-day Ngari Province) and set up his capital at Semjā.[7] The Khas dynasties were originated at 11th century or earlier period. There were two dynasties of Khas one at Guge and other at Jumla.[8]
The widely regarded most renowned King of Khasa Malla Kingdom was Prithvi Malla.[7] Prithvi Malla had firmly established the Kingdom around 1413 A.D.[9] The limits of the reign of King Pṛthvīmalla reached the greatest height of the Khas Empire which included Guge, Purang and Nepalese territories up to Dullu in the southwest and Kaskikot in the east.[10]Giuseppe Tucci contends that The Tibetan chronicles show Pṛthvīmalla as the last king of this empire.[11] This kingdom disintegrated after the death of Abhaya Malla and formed the Baise rajya confederacy.[9]
Inscriptions
13th-century inscription by King Ripu Malla on the Nigali Sagarpillar of Ashoka. The inscription reads "Oṃ maṇi padme huṃ" and "Sri Ripumalla Chiram Jayatu 1234" ("Long live Sri Ripumalla"; year 1234 of the Saka Era corresponds to 1312 CE).
The earliest Khasa Malla inscription was the copper plate inscription of King Krachalla dated Poush 1145 Shaka Samvat (1223 A.D.) which is in the possession of Baleshwar temple in Sui, Kumaon.[12][1][13] This inscription substantiates that King Krachalla (referred as "Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Shriman Krachalladeva Narapati") on the 16th year of his reign defeated the kings of Kirtipur or Kartikeyapur (Kumaon) and established his reign there. It was written at "Srisampannanagar" (Srinagar) in Dullu. Thus, this inscription proves that King Krachalla ascended the throne in Dullu on 1207 A.D.[1] Furthermore, Krachalla described himself as a devout Buddhist ('Parama Saugata')[14][13] and is mentioned to have won over "Vijayarajya" (realm of victory) and destroyed the demolished city of Kantipura (Kartikeyapur).[15]
Ashok Challa had issued several inscriptions in modern-day Bodhgaya, Bihar dated 1255 and 1278.[12] In the Bodhgaya copperplate inscription, he refers to himself as "Khasha-Rajadhiraja ("emperor of the Khashas").[16] There are inscriptions of Ripu Malla on the Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini and Nigalihawa; the Lumbini pillar bears the name of his son as Sangrama Malla.[1] Prithvi Malla's stone pillar inscription dated 1279 Shaka Samvat (1357 A.D.) at Dullu discovered by Yogi Naraharinath, contains the names of his predecessors.[17] It further states that the Khasa Malla dynasty was founded six generations before Krachalla by Emperor Nagaraja. The inscription further states that Emperor Nagaraja founded the Khasa Malla capital at Seṃjā (or, Siṃjā, Sijā, Sijjā), near modern Jumla.[12] A gold inscription of Prithvi Malla discovered at Jumla, dated 1278 Shaka Samvat (1356 A.D.) mentions "Buddha, Dharma, Sangha" along with "Brahma, Vishnu, Maheshwara".[14] The inscription of Prithvi Malla on Shitushka in Jumla is quoted as:
The languages used by Prithvi Malla in his inscription belongs to 13th century form of modern Nepali.[19]
Religion, Language and culture
Sinja Valley, capital of Khas Mallas where earliest Devanagari scripts from the 13th century[20]
The language of the Khas Kingdom was Khas language and Sanskrit.[7][21] Some of the earliest Devanagari script examples are the 13th century records from the sites in the former Khasa kingdom. These archaeological sites are located in Jumla, Surkhet and Dailekh districts. Sinja Valley was the ancient capital city and powerful town of the Khas Mallas[22] between 12th and 14th century and the centre of origin of Nepali (Khas) language.[20]
Most of the initial Khas kings before Pṛthvīmalla were Buddhist. Hinduisation of the kingdom began when King Ripumalla commenced the southward expansion of the kingdom and contacts to India slowly increased.[10] King Pṛthvīmalla always used Buddhist syllables in his inscription though he had a strong preference for Hinduism. The Prashasti of Dullu inscription by Pṛthvīmalla shows Buddhist syllables, mantra, and invocations, however, the latter Kanakapatra of Shitushka was fundamentally Hindu. These two inscriptions of King Pṛthvīmalla showed the transition of the state from Buddhism to Hinduism.[24] The reign of King Punya Malla and Prithvi Malla had strict traditional Hindu ritual and customs.[25] A Buddhist-Hindu shrine Kakrebihar has a signboard referring it to the reign of King Ashok Challa but as per experts, it could belong to the reign of King Krachalla.[26]
Rulers
Titles, ranks and suffixes
The successors of King Nāgarāja adhered to some suffix as -illa and -challa like King Chapilla, King Krachalla.[27]Challa and Malla were titles of kings and princes. Rāulā was the title of a high-ranking official. Personalities like Malayavarma, Medinivarma, Samsarivarma, Balirāja,[note 1] etc. had title of Rāulā.[29]Mandalesvara or Mandalik was a title conferred on powerful persons of the Kingdom. Royal princes, senior officials and defeated Kings were appointed to the post of Mandalesvara.[30]
List
The Dullu stone pillar inscription dated 1279 Shaka Samvat (1357 A.D.) of King Prithvi Malla consists the following names of his predecessors:[17] 1. Krachalla 2. Ashokachalla 3. Jitari Malla 4. Akshaya Malla 5. Ashoka Malla 6. Ananda Malla 7. Ripu Malla 8. Sangrama Malla 9. Jitari Malla 10. Aditya Malla
The list of Khas kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla:[31]
After the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1303, large immigration of Rajputs occurred into Nepal. Before it, few small groups of Rajputs had been entering into the region from Muslim invasion of India.[5] These immigrants were quickly absorbed into the Khas community due to larger similarities.[5] Historian and Jesuit Ludwig Stiller considers the Rajput interference to the politics of Khas Kingdom of Jumla was responsible for its fragmentation and he explains:
Though they were relatively few in number, they were of higher caste, warriors and of a temperament that quickly gained them the ascendancy in the princedoms in the Jumla Kingdom, their effect on the kingdom was centrifugal.
— Ludwig Stiller's "The Rise of House of Gorkha"[5]
Francis Tucker also further states that "the Rajputs was so often guilty of base ingratitude and treachery to gratify his ambition. They were fierce, ruthless people who would stop at nothing."[5] After the late 13th century the Khas empire collapsed and divided into Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali-Bheri region and Chaubise rajya (24 principalities) in Gandaki region. [5]
^L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
Books
Adhikary, Surya Mani (1997). The Khaśa kingdom: a trans-Himalayan empire of the middle age. Nirala. ISBN978-81-85693-50-7.
Carassco, Pedro (1959), Land and polity in Tibet, ISBN0295740833
D.R. Regmi (1965), Medieval Nepal, vol. 1, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay
Gnyawali, Surya Bikram (1 December 1971) [1962], "The Malla Kings of Western Nepal" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3 (12): 265–268
Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, ISBN9788180698132
Rahul, Ram (1978). The Himalaya as a frontier. Vikas. ISBN9780706905649.
Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1 December 1971), "The Baleshwar Inscription of King Krachalla" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3 (12): 269–272
Thakur, Laxman S. (1990). K. K. Kusuman (ed.). The Khasas An Early Indian Tribe. A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. Mittal Publications. pp. 285–293. ISBN978-81-7099-214-1.
Tucci, Giuseppe (1956), Preliminary Report on Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal, David Brown Book Company, ISBN9788857526843
January 07, 2023
khasa, kingdom, tribe, same, name, ancient, literatures, classical, texts, khasas, khasas, mahabharata, confused, with, malla, dynasty, nepal, khasa, malla, kingdom, nepali, खस, मल, khasa, malla, rājya, popularly, known, nepali, खस, khasa, rājya, yatse, wylie,. For the tribe of same name in ancient literatures and classical texts see Khasas and Khasas Mahabharata Not to be confused with Malla dynasty Nepal Khasa Malla kingdom Nepali खस मल ल र ज य Khasa Malla Rajya popularly known as Khasa Kingdom Nepali खस र ज य Khasa Rajya and Yatse Wylie ya rtse in Tibetan was a medieval kingdom from the modern day far western Nepal and parts of Uttarakhand state in India established around the 11th century It was ruled by kings of Khasa tribe who bore the family name Malla not to be confused with the later Malla dynasty of Kathmandu 2 The Khasa Malla kings ruled western parts of Nepal during 11th 14th century 3 The 954 AD Khajuraho Inscription of Dhaṇga states Khasa Kingdom equivalent to Gauda of Bengal and Gurjara Pratihara dynasty 4 Khasa Malla KingdomNepali खस मल ल र ज य11th 14th centuriesNigali SagarLumbiniBodh GayaDulluBaleshwarSinja Valleyclass notpageimage Location of the Sinja Valley heartland of the Khasa Kingdom and location of known inscriptions CapitalSinja ValleyCommon languagesKhas BahlikiReligionBuddhism Masto traditional Khas Shamanic Religion Shaiva HinduismGovernmentMonarchyMaharajadhiraja 1 Sovereign King c 11th centuryNagaraja 1207 1223Krachalla Deva 1223 1287Ashok Challa Jitari Malla Ananda Malla early 14th centuryRipu Malla 14th centuryPunya Malla 14th centuryPrithvi Malla 14th centuryAbhaya MallaHistory Established11th Disestablished14th centuriesPreceded by Succeeded byKatyuri kingsKhasasChand kings Baise RajyaChaubisi RajyaTulsipur StateToday part ofNepal India China Contents 1 History 1 1 Inscriptions 2 Religion Language and culture 3 Rulers 3 1 Titles ranks and suffixes 3 2 List 3 3 Tibetoloical list 4 Decline 5 References 5 1 Footnotes 5 2 Notes 5 3 BooksHistory EditAn ancient tribe named Khasa is mentioned in several ancient legendary Indian texts including the Mahabharata The historical Khasa kingdom is different from the territory of this legendary tribe although there have been some speculations about a connection between the two The historical Khasas are mentioned in several Indian inscriptions dated between 8th and 13th centuries CE 4 The Khasa Malla kingdom was feudatory and the principalities were independent in nature 5 Most of its territory was over the Karnali River basin 5 In the 12th century King Nagaraja conquered the principal Jumla Kingdom of the central Himalayas and overran lands up to Bheri River in the east Satluj River in the west and Mayum pass of Tibet in the north 6 King Nagaraja also referred as Javesvara Nepali ज व श वर came from Kharipradesa present day Ngari Province and set up his capital at Semja 7 The Khas dynasties were originated at 11th century or earlier period There were two dynasties of Khas one at Guge and other at Jumla 8 The widely regarded most renowned King of Khasa Malla Kingdom was Prithvi Malla 7 Prithvi Malla had firmly established the Kingdom around 1413 A D 9 The limits of the reign of King Pṛthvimalla reached the greatest height of the Khas Empire which included Guge Purang and Nepalese territories up to Dullu in the southwest and Kaskikot in the east 10 Giuseppe Tucci contends that The Tibetan chronicles show Pṛthvimalla as the last king of this empire 11 This kingdom disintegrated after the death of Abhaya Malla and formed the Baise rajya confederacy 9 Inscriptions Edit 13th century inscription by King Ripu Malla on the Nigali Sagar pillar of Ashoka The inscription reads Oṃ maṇi padme huṃ and Sri Ripumalla Chiram Jayatu 1234 Long live Sri Ripumalla year 1234 of the Saka Era corresponds to 1312 CE The earliest Khasa Malla inscription was the copper plate inscription of King Krachalla dated Poush 1145 Shaka Samvat 1223 A D which is in the possession of Baleshwar temple in Sui Kumaon 12 1 13 This inscription substantiates that King Krachalla referred as Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Shriman Krachalladeva Narapati on the 16th year of his reign defeated the kings of Kirtipur or Kartikeyapur Kumaon and established his reign there It was written at Srisampannanagar Srinagar in Dullu Thus this inscription proves that King Krachalla ascended the throne in Dullu on 1207 A D 1 Furthermore Krachalla described himself as a devout Buddhist Parama Saugata 14 13 and is mentioned to have won over Vijayarajya realm of victory and destroyed the demolished city of Kantipura Kartikeyapur 15 Ashok Challa had issued several inscriptions in modern day Bodhgaya Bihar dated 1255 and 1278 12 In the Bodhgaya copperplate inscription he refers to himself as Khasha Rajadhiraja emperor of the Khashas 16 There are inscriptions of Ripu Malla on the Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini and Nigalihawa the Lumbini pillar bears the name of his son as Sangrama Malla 1 Prithvi Malla s stone pillar inscription dated 1279 Shaka Samvat 1357 A D at Dullu discovered by Yogi Naraharinath contains the names of his predecessors 17 It further states that the Khasa Malla dynasty was founded six generations before Krachalla by Emperor Nagaraja The inscription further states that Emperor Nagaraja founded the Khasa Malla capital at Seṃja or Siṃja Sija Sijja near modern Jumla 12 A gold inscription of Prithvi Malla discovered at Jumla dated 1278 Shaka Samvat 1356 A D mentions Buddha Dharma Sangha along with Brahma Vishnu Maheshwara 14 The inscription of Prithvi Malla on Shitushka in Jumla is quoted as Oṃ maṇi padme huṃ Maṃgalama bhavatu sripṛthvimalladevaḥ likhitama idaṃ puṇyaṃ jagati sidyasya 18 The languages used by Prithvi Malla in his inscription belongs to 13th century form of modern Nepali 19 Religion Language and culture Edit Sinja Valley capital of Khas Mallas where earliest Devanagari scripts from the 13th century 20 The language of the Khas Kingdom was Khas language and Sanskrit 7 21 Some of the earliest Devanagari script examples are the 13th century records from the sites in the former Khasa kingdom These archaeological sites are located in Jumla Surkhet and Dailekh districts Sinja Valley was the ancient capital city and powerful town of the Khas Mallas 22 between 12th and 14th century and the centre of origin of Nepali Khas language 20 Lumbini pillar inscription by King Ripu Malla Om mani padme hum May Prince Ripu Malla be long victorious 23 Most of the initial Khas kings before Pṛthvimalla were Buddhist Hinduisation of the kingdom began when King Ripumalla commenced the southward expansion of the kingdom and contacts to India slowly increased 10 King Pṛthvimalla always used Buddhist syllables in his inscription though he had a strong preference for Hinduism The Prashasti of Dullu inscription by Pṛthvimalla shows Buddhist syllables mantra and invocations however the latter Kanakapatra of Shitushka was fundamentally Hindu These two inscriptions of King Pṛthvimalla showed the transition of the state from Buddhism to Hinduism 24 The reign of King Punya Malla and Prithvi Malla had strict traditional Hindu ritual and customs 25 A Buddhist Hindu shrine Kakrebihar has a signboard referring it to the reign of King Ashok Challa but as per experts it could belong to the reign of King Krachalla 26 Rulers EditTitles ranks and suffixes Edit The successors of King Nagaraja adhered to some suffix as illa and challa like King Chapilla King Krachalla 27 Challa and Malla were titles of kings and princes Raula was the title of a high ranking official Personalities like Malayavarma Medinivarma Samsarivarma Baliraja note 1 etc had title of Raula 29 Mandalesvara or Mandalik was a title conferred on powerful persons of the Kingdom Royal princes senior officials and defeated Kings were appointed to the post of Mandalesvara 30 List Edit The Dullu stone pillar inscription dated 1279 Shaka Samvat 1357 A D of King Prithvi Malla consists the following names of his predecessors 17 1 Krachalla 2 Ashokachalla 3 Jitari Malla 4 Akshaya Malla 5 Ashoka Malla 6 Ananda Malla 7 Ripu Malla 8 Sangrama Malla 9 Jitari Malla 10 Aditya MallaThe list of Khas kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla 31 Nagaraja Nepali न गर ज 32 33 also known as Javesvara 34 or Nagadeva by Tibetan chronicles including a Chronicle of Fifth Dalai Lama 35 Chaap Capa Nepali च प IAST Capa son of Nagaraja 33 Chapilla Capilla Nepali च प ल ल IAST Capilla son of Capa 33 Krashichalla Nepali क र श चल ल IAST Krasicalla son of Capilla 33 Kradhichalla Nepali क र ध चल ल IAST Kradhicalla son of Krasicalla 33 Krachalla Nepali क र चल ल IAST Kracalla son of Kradhicalla 33 1207 CE 1 1223 Ashoka Challa Nepali अश क चल ल IAST Asokacalla son of Kracalla 33 1223 87 Jitari Malla Nepali ज त र मल ल IAST Jitarimalla first son of Asokacalla 36 Ananda Malla Nepali आनन द मल ल IAST Anandamalla second son of Asokacalla 36 Ripu Malla Nepali र प मल ल IAST Ripumalla 1312 13 son of Anandamalla 36 Sangrama Malla Nepali स ग र म मल ल IAST Saṃgramamalla son of Ripumalla 36 Aditya Malla Nepali आद त य मल ल IAST Adityamalla son of Jitarimalla 36 Kalyana Malla Nepali कल य ण मल ल IAST Kalyaṇamalla son of either Adityamalla or Saṃgramamalla 36 Pratapa Malla Nepali प रत प मल ल IAST Pratapamalla son of Kalyaṇamalla had no scions 36 Punya Malla Nepali प ण य मल ल IAST Puṇyamalla 25 of another Khas family of Purang royalty 31 Prithvi Malla Nepali प थ व मल ल IAST Pṛthvimalla son of Puṇyamalla 36 Surya Malla Nepali स र य मल ल Son of Ripu Malla Nagaraja clan back to rule Abhaya Malla Nepali अभय मल ल 14th century 9 Tibetoloical list Edit The list of rulers of Khasa Tibetan Ya rtse Kingdom established by the Tibetologists Luciano Petech Roberto Vitali 37 and Giuseppe Tucci are 31 Naga lde Nepali Nagaraja early 12th century bTsan phyug lde Nepali Capilla mid 12th century bKra shis lde Nepali Krasicalla 12th century Grags btsan lde Nepali Kradhicalla 12th century brother of bTsan phyug lde Grags pa lde Nepali Kracalla fl 1225 A sog lde Nepali Asokcalla fl 1255 1278 son Ji dar sMal Nepali Jitarimalla fl 1287 1293 son A nan sMal Nepali Anandamalla late 13th century brother Ri u sMal Nepali Ripumalla fl 1312 1314 son San gha sMal Nepali Saṃgramamalla early 14th century son A jid smal Nepali Adityamalla 1321 1328 son of Jitari Malla Ka lan smal Nepali Kalyaṇamalla 14th century Par t ab smal Nepali Pratapamalla 14th century Pu ni sMal Puṇya rMal bSod nams Nepali Puṇyamalla fl 1336 1339 of Purang royalty another Khas family sPri ti sMal Pra ti rmal Nepali Pṛthvimalla fl 1354 1358 sonDecline Edit Copper Inscription by Baise King of Doti Raika Mandhata Shahi at Saka Era 1612 श क १६१२ or 1747 Bikram Samvat AD 1690 or 1691 in old Khas language using Devanagari scriptAfter the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1303 large immigration of Rajputs occurred into Nepal Before it few small groups of Rajputs had been entering into the region from Muslim invasion of India 5 These immigrants were quickly absorbed into the Khas community due to larger similarities 5 Historian and Jesuit Ludwig Stiller considers the Rajput interference to the politics of Khas Kingdom of Jumla was responsible for its fragmentation and he explains Though they were relatively few in number they were of higher caste warriors and of a temperament that quickly gained them the ascendancy in the princedoms in the Jumla Kingdom their effect on the kingdom was centrifugal Ludwig Stiller s The Rise of House of Gorkha 5 Francis Tucker also further states that the Rajputs was so often guilty of base ingratitude and treachery to gratify his ambition They were fierce ruthless people who would stop at nothing 5 After the late 13th century the Khas empire collapsed and divided into Baise Rajya 22 principalities in Karnali Bheri region and Chaubise rajya 24 principalities in Gandaki region 5 The 22 principalities were Jumla Doti Jajarkot Bajura Gajur Biskot Malneta Thalahara Dailekh Dullu Duryal Tulsipur Dang Salyan Chilli Phalawagh Jehari Darnar Atbis Gotam Majal Gurnakot Rukum The 24 principalities were Gorkha Lamjung Tanahun Kaski Nuwakot Dhor Satahun Garahun Rishing Ghiring Paiyun Parbat Galkot Palpa Gulmi Argha Khanchi Musikot Isma Dhurkot Bajhang Bhirkot Pyuthan ButwalReferences EditFootnotes Edit Baliraja went on to become sovereign king of Jumla and founder of Kalyal dynasty 28 Notes Edit a b c d e Gnyawali 1971 p 266 Adhikary 1997 p 37 Krishna P Bhattarai 1 January 2009 Nepal Infobase Publishing p 113 ISBN 978 1 4381 0523 9 a b Thakur 1990 p 287 a b c d e f g Pradhan 2012 p 3 Rahul 1978 p 60 a b c D R Regmi 1965 p 717 Carassco 1959 pp 14 19 a b c Pradhan 2012 p 21 a b Tucci 1956 p 109 Tucci 1956 p 112 a b c Ian Alsop The Metal Sculpture of the Khasa Mallas Archived from the original on 15 November 2021 a b Regmi 1971 p 269 a b Gnyawali 1971 p 267 Regmi 1971 pp 269 271 Nepali language Britannica a b Gnyawali 1971 p 265 Tucci 1956 p 43 Gnyawali 1971 pp 268 a b Sinja valley UNESCO World Heritage Centre Tucci 1956 p 11 Adhikary 1997 p 76 Le Huu Phuoc Buddhist Architecture p 269 Tucci 1956 p 110 a b Adhikary 1997 p 81 Buddhist relics in western Nepal Nepali Times Archived from the original on 15 November 2021 Adhikary 1997 p 35 Adhikary 1997 p 72 Adhikary 1997 p 89 Adhikary 1997 p 84 a b c Tucci 1956 p 66 http therisingnepal org np news 1783 bare URL a b c d e f g D R Regmi 1965 p 714 sfn error no target CITEREFD R Regmi1965 help D R Regmi 1965 p 717 sfn error no target CITEREFD R Regmi1965 help Tucci 1956 pp 54 59 a b c d e f g h Tucci 1956 p 50 L Petech 1980 Ya ts e Gu ge Pu rang A new study The Central Asiatic Journal 24 pp 85 111 R Vitali 1996 The kingdoms of Gu ge Pu hrang Dharamsala Tho ling gtsug lag khang Books Edit Adhikary Surya Mani 1997 The Khasa kingdom a trans Himalayan empire of the middle age Nirala ISBN 978 81 85693 50 7 Carassco Pedro 1959 Land and polity in Tibet ISBN 0295740833 D R Regmi 1965 Medieval Nepal vol 1 Firma K L Mukhopadhyay Gnyawali Surya Bikram 1 December 1971 1962 The Malla Kings of Western Nepal PDF Regmi Research Series 3 12 265 268 Pradhan Kumar L 2012 Thapa Politics in Nepal With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa 1806 1839 New Delhi Concept Publishing Company ISBN 9788180698132 Rahul Ram 1978 The Himalaya as a frontier Vikas ISBN 9780706905649 Regmi Mahesh Chandra 1 December 1971 The Baleshwar Inscription of King Krachalla PDF Regmi Research Series 3 12 269 272 Thakur Laxman S 1990 K K Kusuman ed The Khasas An Early Indian Tribe A Panorama of Indian Culture Professor A Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume Mittal Publications pp 285 293 ISBN 978 81 7099 214 1 Tucci Giuseppe 1956 Preliminary Report on Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal David Brown Book Company ISBN 9788857526843 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khasa Kingdom amp oldid 1126109736, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
