Rue Du Sommerard in Paris was the establishment place for the People's Party
The PromotersEdit
In 1927, the Kingdom of Siam, the Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932), was under the absolutist rule of the House of Chakri, under King Prajadhipok, Rama VII. Under his reign, the nation experienced troubles stemming from an archaic government confronted with serious economic problems and threats from abroad, the British and French Empires. The country was also experiencing a dramatic social change as the urban and middle classes of Bangkok started growing, slowly demanding more rights from their government, criticizing it as ineffective. These changes were mostly led by men, civilians and the military, who had graduated or travelled abroad. They wanted to transform Siam into a modern country like a Western democracy.
In February 1927, a group of seven Siamese students, later known as the "promoters",[9] met at a hotel on the Rue Du Sommerard in Paris and founded what would become the People's Party. For five days, they met and proposed arguments for and against various aspects of the movement, the men were:[10]
A school notebook published in 1934, with illustrations of the six principles on its cover, displayed at Thai Parliament Museum, Bangkok.
The revolutionaries made Pridi Panomyong their president and termed themselves the "promoters" (Thai: ผู้ก่อการ; RTGS: Phu Ko Kan). The party determined a sixfold objective which was later called the "Six Principles" (Thai: หลักหกประการ; RTGS: Lak Hok Prakan), as follows:
1. To maintain the supreme power of the Thai people.
When the group returned to Siam, they enlisted members from among the army and navy, the merchant class, civil servants and others. Their membership eventually reached 102, separated into four main branches. These included the civilians, led by Pridi Banomyong; the navy, led by Luang Sinthusongkhramchai; the junior army officers, led by Major Phibulsonggram; and finally the senior officers, led by Colonel Phot Phahonyothin.
LegacyEdit
The party was eventually successful in their goal of revolution by bloodless coup. By 1933 they had turned Siam into a single party state. However the party itself was short-lived, due to infighting as the party had too many factions, conflicting interests, and political beliefs. The party eventually divided into two factions, a civilian faction led by Pridi Bhanomyong, and a military faction led by Marshal Pibulsongkram.
As the party lost power, subsequent governments attempted to downplay their significance and erase their legacy. Part of this was accomplished through the removal of architecture associated with the party, most significantly beginning with the demolition of Sala Chaloem Thai in 1989. This movement intensified in the 2010s; the Supreme Court building controversially demolished in 2013, and following the 2014 coup, multiple landmarks became quietly removed without explanation. On the 88th anniversary of the revolution in 2020, the Reuters news service identified six historical markers memorialising the People's Party and the events of 1932 which have been removed or renamed over the previous year. In most cases it is not known who is responsible. Some historians, such as Chatri Prakitnonthakan of Silpakorn University, interpreted these removals as an attempted "ideological cleansing" by the conservative establishment.[11]
A memorial plaque honoring the 1932 Revolution was reported missing on 14 April 2017. It was thought to be stolen on 5 April and was replaced with another plaque with text praising the Chakri Dynasty. As of 2019[update], no one has taken responsibility for the theft.[12] The 1932 Revolution brass plaque, about 30 centimeters across, was embedded in the asphalt of the Royal Plaza, less than 10 meters from the equestrian statue depicting King Rama V. The site is where the revolt took place on 24 June 1932. Here, a declaration condemning absolute monarchy was read. Press reports noted that ultraroyalist groups had threatened to remove the plaque in the months preceding its theft.[12]
A Royal Thai Army artillery base in Lopburi Province bore the name of General Phraya Phahon until 2019 when, at the order of the current king, Vajiralongkorn, it was renamed King Bhumibol base. Long-standing statues of Phraya Phahon and Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram installed at the base are to be removed and replaced by a statue of King Bhumibol.[13]
Public perception and discourse over the party's legacy has also fluctuated over time. Their role in establishing a constitutional monarchy was glossed over by school textbooks, and rhetoric dismissing the party's actions as premature was popularized. Such ideas were reignited in the 2010s, as ideological conflicts over democracy and the monarchy intensified. Conservative writers demonized the People's Party as republicans. This led to a reactionary response by liberal groups. During the 2020 protests, youth protesters symbolically installed a new plaque in Sanam Luang,[14] and a group leading the protest movement called themselves "Khana Ratsadon 2563" (People's Party 2020).[15]
MembersEdit
The members of the People's Party were a mix of both military officers and civilians. Lieutenant Krachang Tularak was its last surviving member. He died on 24 June 2009 at the age of 98.[16]
Military factionEdit
Army factionEdit
(L to R): Phraya Songsuradet. Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, Phraya Ritthiakhaney and Phra Phrasasphithayayut, the Four Musketeers or the Four Tiger SoldiersKhana Ratsadon (army faction)
^Thepgumpanat, Panu Wongcha-um, Panarat (2020-06-24). "In Thailand, it's statues of democracy leaders that are disappearing". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-09-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abRuiz, Todd (14 April 2017). "1932 Democratic Revolution Plaque Removed". Khaosod English. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
^Charuvastra, Teeranai (28 December 2019). "Statues Of 1932 Revolt Leaders to be Removed". Khaosod English. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
^"Protesters install 'new plaque' at Sanam Luang". Bangkok Post. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^"Rajprasong intersection: Bangkok's shopping heart and protest battleground". Thai PBS World. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^Prachathai, the Last Member of Khana Ratsadon dead, 24 June 2009
BibliographyEdit
Mektrairat, Nakarin (2010). Siamese revolution of 1932 (การปฏิวัติสยาม พ.ศ. 2475) (in Thai) (5 ed.). Samesky (ฟ้าเดียวกัน). ISBN9786169023869.
Further readingEdit
Sombat Thamrongthanyawong. (2006) Kan mueang kan pok khrong thai phoso 1762-2500 (Fourth publication). Bangkok: Sematham Publishing House.
External linksEdit
October 15, 2023
people, party, thailand, khana, ratsadon, redirects, here, group, known, khana, ratsadon, 2563, 2020, thai, protests, people, party, known, thai, khana, ratsadon, thai, คณะราษฎร, pronounced, kʰā, náʔ, râːt, siamese, group, military, civil, officers, later, pol. Khana Ratsadon redirects here For the group known as Khana Ratsadon 2563 see 2020 Thai protests The People s Party known in Thai as Khana Ratsadon Thai khnarasdr pronounced kʰa naʔ raːt sa dɔ ːn was a Siamese group of military and civil officers and later a political party which staged a bloodless revolution against King Prajadhipok s government and transformed the country s absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy on 24 June 1932 People s Party khnarasdr1932 Siamese Revolution memorial plaque at Dusit Palace Royal Plaza On 14 April 2017 it disappeared and was replaced by an ultra royalist plaque Military leaderPhraya Phahon 1 P Phibunsongkhram 2 Civilian leaderPridi BanomyongFoundedFebruary 5 1927 96 years ago 1927 02 05 DissolvedNovember 8 1947 75 years ago 1947 11 08 HeadquartersBangkok ThailandNewspaperSupport the People s Party 24 MithunaKamakhornSatjjungSri Krung 3 4 Membership10 000 1932 est IdeologySix PrinciplesThai nationalism Constitutionalism Factions Anti imperialismAnti communism Revolutionary nationalismFascismPolitical positionSyncreticFactions Left wing 5 6 Right wing 7 8 Politics of ThailandPolitical partiesElections Contents 1 Background 1 1 The Promoters 1 2 Six principles 2 Legacy 3 Members 3 1 Military faction 3 1 1 Army faction 3 1 2 Navy faction 3 2 Civil faction 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External linksBackground Edit nbsp Rue Du Sommerard in Paris was the establishment place for the People s PartyThe Promoters Edit In 1927 the Kingdom of Siam the Rattanakosin Kingdom 1782 1932 was under the absolutist rule of the House of Chakri under King Prajadhipok Rama VII Under his reign the nation experienced troubles stemming from an archaic government confronted with serious economic problems and threats from abroad the British and French Empires The country was also experiencing a dramatic social change as the urban and middle classes of Bangkok started growing slowly demanding more rights from their government criticizing it as ineffective These changes were mostly led by men civilians and the military who had graduated or travelled abroad They wanted to transform Siam into a modern country like a Western democracy In February 1927 a group of seven Siamese students later known as the promoters 9 met at a hotel on the Rue Du Sommerard in Paris and founded what would become the People s Party For five days they met and proposed arguments for and against various aspects of the movement the men were 10 1 Lieutenant Prayoon Pamornmontri Thai r th prayur phmrmntri Army officer formerly of King Vajiravudh s Royal Guards 2 Lieutenant Plaek Khittasangkha Thai r th aeplk khittasngkha later Luang Phibulsonggram Army officer student School of Applied Artillery France 3 Lieutenant Thatsanai Mitphakdi Thai r t thsny mitrphkdi Army officer student French Cavalry Academy 4 Tua Lophanukrom Thai tw lphanukrm scientist studying in Switzerland 5 Luang Siriratchamaitri Thai hlwngsirirachimtri diplomat officer at the Siamese Embassy in Paris 6 Naep Phahonyothin Thai aenb phhloythin law student studying in England 7 Pridi Banomyong Thai pridi phnmyngkh law student studying at the Institut d Etudes Politiques de ParisSix principles Edit nbsp A school notebook published in 1934 with illustrations of the six principles on its cover displayed at Thai Parliament Museum Bangkok The revolutionaries made Pridi Panomyong their president and termed themselves the promoters Thai phukxkar RTGS Phu Ko Kan The party determined a sixfold objective which was later called the Six Principles Thai hlkhkprakar RTGS Lak Hok Prakan as follows 1 To maintain the supreme power of the Thai people 2 To maintain national security 3 To maintain the economic welfare of the Thai people in accordance with the National Economic Project 4 To protect the equality of the Thai people 5 To maintain the people s rights and liberties insofar as they are not inconsistent with any of the above mentioned principles 6 To provide public education for all citizens To achieve these goals the party determined that they must overthrow using force if necessary the present government and the system of absolute monarchy and turn the Asian kingdom into a modern constitutional monarchy Most of the members were students educated abroad mostly in the United Kingdom and France When the group returned to Siam they enlisted members from among the army and navy the merchant class civil servants and others Their membership eventually reached 102 separated into four main branches These included the civilians led by Pridi Banomyong the navy led by Luang Sinthusongkhramchai the junior army officers led by Major Phibulsonggram and finally the senior officers led by Colonel Phot Phahonyothin Legacy EditThe party was eventually successful in their goal of revolution by bloodless coup By 1933 they had turned Siam into a single party state However the party itself was short lived due to infighting as the party had too many factions conflicting interests and political beliefs The party eventually divided into two factions a civilian faction led by Pridi Bhanomyong and a military faction led by Marshal Pibulsongkram They would dominate Thai politics for the next two decades producing six Prime Ministers of Thailand from their ranks The party declined at about the time the Second World War ended As the party lost power subsequent governments attempted to downplay their significance and erase their legacy Part of this was accomplished through the removal of architecture associated with the party most significantly beginning with the demolition of Sala Chaloem Thai in 1989 This movement intensified in the 2010s the Supreme Court building controversially demolished in 2013 and following the 2014 coup multiple landmarks became quietly removed without explanation On the 88th anniversary of the revolution in 2020 the Reuters news service identified six historical markers memorialising the People s Party and the events of 1932 which have been removed or renamed over the previous year In most cases it is not known who is responsible Some historians such as Chatri Prakitnonthakan of Silpakorn University interpreted these removals as an attempted ideological cleansing by the conservative establishment 11 A memorial plaque honoring the 1932 Revolution was reported missing on 14 April 2017 It was thought to be stolen on 5 April and was replaced with another plaque with text praising the Chakri Dynasty As of 2019 update no one has taken responsibility for the theft 12 The 1932 Revolution brass plaque about 30 centimeters across was embedded in the asphalt of the Royal Plaza less than 10 meters from the equestrian statue depicting King Rama V The site is where the revolt took place on 24 June 1932 Here a declaration condemning absolute monarchy was read Press reports noted that ultraroyalist groups had threatened to remove the plaque in the months preceding its theft 12 A Royal Thai Army artillery base in Lopburi Province bore the name of General Phraya Phahon until 2019 when at the order of the current king Vajiralongkorn it was renamed King Bhumibol base Long standing statues of Phraya Phahon and Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram installed at the base are to be removed and replaced by a statue of King Bhumibol 13 Public perception and discourse over the party s legacy has also fluctuated over time Their role in establishing a constitutional monarchy was glossed over by school textbooks and rhetoric dismissing the party s actions as premature was popularized Such ideas were reignited in the 2010s as ideological conflicts over democracy and the monarchy intensified Conservative writers demonized the People s Party as republicans This led to a reactionary response by liberal groups During the 2020 protests youth protesters symbolically installed a new plaque in Sanam Luang 14 and a group leading the protest movement called themselves Khana Ratsadon 2563 People s Party 2020 15 Members EditThe members of the People s Party were a mix of both military officers and civilians Lieutenant Krachang Tularak was its last surviving member He died on 24 June 2009 at the age of 98 16 Military faction Edit Army faction Edit nbsp L to R Phraya Songsuradet Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena Phraya Ritthiakhaney and Phra Phrasasphithayayut the Four Musketeers or the Four Tiger Soldiers nbsp Khana Ratsadon army faction Colonel Phahon Phonphayuhasena Phot Phahonyothin the Head of the military faction and leader of Khana Ratsadon Phraya Songsuradet Deva Bandhumasena Phraya Ritthiakhaney Sala Emasiri Phra Phrasasphithayayut Wan Choothin Major Luang Phibulsonggram Plaek Khittasangkha Captain Luang Chamnanyutthasin Choei Rayanan Captain Luang Katsongkhram Thian Kengradomying Captain Luang Kriangsakphichit Khuan Chittakhun Captain Luang Chansongkhram Phan Chalichan Captain Luang Chawengsaksongkhram Chuang Khwanchoet Captain Luang Thatsanainiyomsuek Thatsanai Mittraphakdi Captain Luang Phromyothi Mangkon Phonchiwin Captain Luang Ronnasitthiphichai Chuea Kanchanaphinthu Captain Luang Sawatronnarong Sawat Darasawat Captain Luang Seriroengrit Charun Rattanakun Captain Luang Aduldejcharat Bat Phuengphrakhun Lieutenant Khun Sucharitronnakan Phong Nakhanut Lieutenant Khun Chamnongphummiwet Chamnong Siwaphaet Lieutenant Khun Nirandonchai Sawek Nilanchai Lieutenant Khun Phiphatsorakan Theng Phatthanasiri Lieutenant Khun Plotporapak Plot Phanusawa Lieutenant Khun Rueangwirayut Bunrueang Wirahong Lieutenant Khun Wimonsorakit Wimon Kengrian Lieutenant Khun Sisarakon Chalo Sithanakon Lieutenant Chai Prathipasen Lieutenant Thuan Wichaikhatthakha Lieutenant Nom Ketunuti Minor Lieutenant Charun Chittralak Minor Lieutenant Saman Thephatsadin Na Ayutthaya Minor Lieutenant Udom Phutthikasetarin Major Luang Wichakkonlayut Sian Susin Navy faction Edit nbsp Khana Ratsadon navy faction Group Commander Luang Sinthusongkhramchai Sin Kamalanavin Lieutenant Commander Luang Supachalasai Bung Supachalasai Senior Lieutenant Luang Thamrongnawasawat Thawan Tharisawat Senior Lieutenant Luang Sangworayutthakit Sangson Suwannachip Senior Lieutenant Luang Nithetkonlakit Klang Rotchanasena Senior Lieutenant Luang Nawawichit Phan Amphaiwan Senior Lieutenant Sa nguan Ruchirapha Senior Lieutenant Sa ngop Charunphon Senior Lieutenant Chalit Kunkamthon Junior Lieutenant Thonglo Khamhiran Junior Lieutenant Chip Siriphaibun Junior Lieutenant Prasoet Suksamai Junior Lieutenant Wan Ruyuphon Ensign Chan Ratsamithat Ensign Thongdi Ra ngapphai Chamrat SuwannachipCivil faction Edit nbsp Pridi Banomyong leader of civilian factionLuang Praditmanutham Pridi Phanomyong the head of the civil faction and vice leader of Khana Ratsadon Luang Sirirajmaitree Charun Singhaseni Luang Kowit aphaiwong Khuang Aphaiwong Luang Naruebetmanit Sa nguan Chuthatemi Luang Chamnanitikaset Uthai Saengmani Luang Atthasanraprasit Thongyen Lilamia Luang Atthakitikamchon Klueng Phahomyonh Luang Sunthonthephatsadin Saphrang Thephatsadin Na Ayutthaya Luang Dechatiwongwarawat M L Kri Dechatiwong Tua Laphanukrom Prachuap Bunnak M L Udom Sanitwong Naep Phahonlayothin Thawi Bunyaket Junior Lieutenant Prayoon Pamornmontri Wilat Osathanon Charun Suepsaeng Leng Sisonwong Direk Jayanama Wichian Suwannathat Chun Pinthanon Sawat Sotthithat Chittasen Pancha Yong Phonlabun Ek Supphapodok Surin Chinothai Siri Chatinan Chaliao Pathummarot Banchong Sicharun Prasoet Sicharun Chaeng Muttafa Karim Sicharun Sanguan Tularak Sim Wirawaithaya Nguan Thongprasoet Pramot Phuengsunthon Charoen Pantharo Thongpleo Chonlaphum Phadoem Angsuwat Chup Salayachiwin Klin Thephatsadin Na Ayutthaya Son Bunchung Yon Samananon Yin Samananon Police Lieutenant Choei Kalanchai Police Lieutenant Thiang ChaloemsakSee also Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khana Ratsadon Siamese coup d etat of 1932 Siamese coup d etat of 1933 History of Thailand 1932 1973 Prajadhipok List of prime ministers of ThailandReferences Edit 1932 1938 1938 1947 iccring nthphl 5 May 2021 smakhmkhnachati The Conservative Party phrrkhaerkaehngsyam Online Matichon Weekly in Thai Bangkok Matichon Retrieved 7 February 2023 karesnxcdtngsmakhmkhnachati naipsukarotethiyngknbnhnahnngsuxphimphthng 2 fay fayniymkhnarasdr echn 24 mithuna sccng aelakrrmkr kbfayniymkhnachati echn ithyihm chwykrrmkr aelakrungethph edlieml klumaerkwicarnwa smakhmkhnachatiepnklumkaremuxngkhxngchnchnsung phumithrphysungehnaekpraoychnswntnepnhlk aelaekliydchngkhnarasdr daeninonybaytxtanrthbalkhnarasdr aelamiecanayxyuebuxnghlng dngnn imsmkhwrihcdthaebiyncdtng swnklumhlngesnxwa txngmiphrrkhkaremuxngfaykhan esmiynxariy 24 June 2022 srikrung xxraeknkhxngkhnarasdr hnngsuxphimphthichwyohmorngkarptiwti 2475 in Thai Matichon Retrieved 11 March 2023 ephraaewlannsrikrungkalngohmorngodyidrbhnathiepnxxraekn Organ khxngkhnarasdrxyuaethbtlxdewla hakkhrawidaesdngkhwamehnaelaphaphrunaerngcnrthbalhruxrachbllngksn aelaphxecakhxngorngphimphidrbkhatketuxnmacakbukhkhlchnsung srikrungkephlamuxipchwkhna aelwkkhxy aerngkhun txipxikihm monthsnthangesrsthkickhxngpridi phnmyngkh http wiki kpi ac th index php title E0 B9 80 E0 B8 84 E0 B9 89 E0 B8 B2 E0 B9 82 E0 B8 84 E0 B8 A3 E0 B8 87 E0 B8 81 E0 B8 B2 E0 B8 A3 E0 B9 80 E0 B8 A8 E0 B8 A3 E0 B8 A9 E0 B8 90 E0 B8 81 E0 B8 B4 E0 B8 88 E0 B8 82 E0 B8 AD E0 B8 87 E0 B8 AB E0 B8 A5 E0 B8 A7 E0 B8 87 E0 B8 9B E0 B8 A3 E0 B8 B0 E0 B8 94 E0 B8 B4 E0 B8 A9 E0 B8 90 E0 B9 8C E0 B8 A1 E0 B8 99 E0 B8 B9 E0 B8 98 E0 B8 A3 E0 B8 A3 E0 B8 A1 bare URL smphnthphaph thiimekhyepidephy rahwangfassistxitalikbrthbalkhxngcxmphl p phibulsngkhraminmitikhxngsuxsingphimph warsarsilpsastr mhawithyalythrrmsastr khxmmiwnist ekhruxngmux thi cxmphl p ichsrangxanacaelayatidikbshrth Promoters Revolution Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2018 12 29 Mektrairat 2010 p 296 297 Thepgumpanat Panu Wongcha um Panarat 2020 06 24 In Thailand it s statues of democracy leaders that are disappearing Reuters Retrieved 2020 09 29 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Ruiz Todd 14 April 2017 1932 Democratic Revolution Plaque Removed Khaosod English Retrieved 27 March 2019 Charuvastra Teeranai 28 December 2019 Statues Of 1932 Revolt Leaders to be Removed Khaosod English Retrieved 28 December 2019 Protesters install new plaque at Sanam Luang Bangkok Post 20 September 2020 Retrieved 16 October 2020 Rajprasong intersection Bangkok s shopping heart and protest battleground Thai PBS World Retrieved 16 October 2020 Prachathai the Last Member of Khana Ratsadon dead 24 June 2009 Bibliography Edit Mektrairat Nakarin 2010 Siamese revolution of 1932 karptiwtisyam ph s 2475 in Thai 5 ed Samesky faediywkn ISBN 9786169023869 Further reading EditSombat Thamrongthanyawong 2006 Kan mueang kan pok khrong thai phoso 1762 2500 Fourth publication Bangkok Sematham Publishing House External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title People 27s Party Thailand amp oldid 1177228999, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
