Kalbajar
Kalbajar (Azerbaijani: Kəlbəcər (listen), Armenian: Քարվաճառ, romanized: Karvachar) is a city and the capital of the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan. Located on the Tartar river valley, it is 458 kilometres (285 mi) away from the capital Baku.
Kalbajar Kəlbəcər | |
|---|---|
From top left:
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Kalbajar Kalbajar | |
| Coordinates: 40°06′24″N 46°02′18″E / 40.10667°N 46.03833°ECoordinates: 40°06′24″N 46°02′18″E / 40.10667°N 46.03833°E | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| District | Kalbajar |
| Elevation | 1,584 m (5,197 ft) |
| Population (2015)[1] | |
| • Total | 600 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
The city had a population of 7,246 before its capture by Armenian forces on 2 April 1993, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, which resulted in all of the city's population being expelled,[2] after which the city was repopulated by ethnic Armenians.[3]
The city, alongside the surrounding district, was returned to Azerbaijan on 25 November 2020 per the ceasefire agreement that ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
Etymology
There are several theories about the origin of the town's name. According to one of the versions, the city was originally called Kevlicher, meaning "fortress in the upper reaches of the rivers" (kevli – "the upper reaches of the river," cher/jar – "fortress") in Old Turkic.[4][verification needed] According to another version, the name of the town comes from the combination of the Persian word kevil ("cave") and the Turkic word jer ("rock, ravine") and means "ravine with caves". This etymology is explained by the fact that there are a number of artificial caves along the Tartar River valley, where the town is located. Another version proposes that the name comes from the Turkic words kevli ("river mouths") and jar ("gorge, ravine"), and that the settlement was originally called Keblajar, but over time the name purportedly morphed to Kalbajar.[citation needed]
According to Armenian sources, the name Kalbajar is a modified form of Karavachar/Karvachar (Armenian: Քարավաճառ).[5][6] The Armenian name is popularly interpreted as meaning "a place for selling rocks", as if consisting of the elements kar – "rock" and vachar – "sale, selling".[6] Other possible etymologies consider kar to mean "fortress" in this case or to be prefix meaning settlement found in the names of some ancient Near Eastern cities.[6]
History
Early history
In ancient times, the territory where modern-day Kalbajar is located was part of the county (gavar) of Tsar of the Artsakh province within the Kingdom of Armenia.[5] From the 9th to 16th centuries, it was part of the Armenian Principality of Khachen[7] and following its collapse, the Armenian melikdom of Jraberd, one of the five Melikdoms of Karabakh.[8][page needed] Archaeological evidence uncovered in 1924 by Soviet archaeologist and scholar of the Caucasus Evgenia Pchelina attests to the existence of an Armenian settlement in the area during the middle ages.[9]
The settlement is mentioned by Armenian sources in the 15th century as the village of Karavachar (17th-century and later Armenian sources spell it Karvachar).[6][10] It is first mentioned in the colophon of an Armenian manuscript dated to 1402:
… in the archdiocese of this province of Father Zakaria, abbot of Dadivank, in the famous region of Tsar, in the village of Karavachar …[10]
According to Armenian historian Samvel Karapetyan, its population likely consisted of Armenians until the 1730s.[6] In the mid-18th century, Kalbajar was again incorporated into the province of Khachen as a part of the newly-formed Karabakh Khanate.[11] In the mid-19th century, the area was settled by Kurds, and the settlement's name was distorted from Kar(a)vachar to Kyarvajar or Kyalbajar.[6] Kurdish folk tales from the region, recorded by Pchelina, speak of the arrival of the Kurds in the region and the subsequent displacement of the historical Armenian population.[9]
In 1930, the Kalbajar region with an area of 1,936 km2 (747 sq mi) was formed as part of the Azerbaijan SSR, the administrative centre of was the town of Kalbajar, which received the status of a city in 1980.[12]
Red Kurdistan
The city was part of the Kurdistansky Uyezd (later called the Kurdistan Okrug) of the Azerbaijani SSR from 7 July 1923 to 23 July 1930. To its Kurdish population, it was known as Kevn Bajar.[13]
Battle of Kalbajar
The city was seized by Armenian forces on 2 April 1993 during the Battle of Kalbajar, near the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and all of its Azerbaijani inhabitants were forced out.[2] Civilians reported being forced to flee through mountains still covered in snow, resulting in hundreds freezing to death.[14]
Human Rights Watch findings concluded that during the Kalbajar offensive Armenian forces committed numerous violations of the rules of war, including forcible exodus of civilian population, indiscriminate fire and hostage-taking.[15] In April 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 822 which called for the withdrawal of all occupying forces from the Kalbajar district, including the town of Kalbajar.[15]
Armenian occupation
Following the war, the city and surrounding territory were absorbed into the breakaway Republic of Artsakh becoming the centre of its Shahumyan Province and was renamed Karvachar (Armenian: Քարվաճառ). Starting in the early 2000s, the city was slowly repopulated by ethnic Armenians from the eastern areas of Shahumyan and Gulistan; they had fled during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War after they had been forcefully expelled by Azerbaijani forces and the aforementioned settlements had been taken under control by Azerbaijan.[3]
Infrastructure was thereafter rebuilt and the town had electricity and a nearby highway connecting it to Armenia. In 2018, the town's school had 177 schoolchildren.[16]
An OSCE Fact-Finding Mission visited the occupied territories in 2005 to inspect settlement activity in the area and report its findings to the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group. According to FFM figures, at that time the number of Armenian settlers in the Kalbajar District was approximately 1,500, of which about 450–500 lived in Kalbajar proper. FFM reported that "housing conditions were basic and no more than 20 to 30 percent of the ruins were reconstructed, usually in a crude and make-shift manner. Some were without glass windows and were only heated by a small wood-burning stove".[17] According to 2013 local estimates, which the historian and political scientist Laurence Broers considers plausible, the city had some 700 inhabitants at the time while the larger, namesake district had a total of 3,000 inhabitants.[18]
From 2014 to 2020, the city maintained ties with Pico Rivera, California as a friendship city.[19]
Return to Azerbaijani control
As part of an agreement that ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, the town and its surrounding district were initially to be returned to Azerbaijani control by 15 November 2020, but this deadline was subsequently extended to 25 November 2020.[20] The city, along with the district were returned to Azerbaijan on 25 November 2020.[21]
Following the end of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Armenian armed forces and civilians began to leave the Kalbajar area on 11 November 2020 in preparation for the handover of the town to Azerbaijani control on 15 November 2020. It was reported that some residents were burning their own homes, schools and forests and were cutting fruit trees and downing power lines prior to the handover.[22][23][24] In the days leading up to the return to Azerbaijani control, there was heavy traffic on the road leading into the area as residents rushed to leave while other Armenians rushed to visit the nearby 9th century Dadivank monastery one last time before the border closed.[25]
According to Donatella Rovera, Amnesty International's senior crisis adviser, who traveled to Kalbajar soon after it was returned to Azerbaijan's control, "during 27 years of occupation all was looted – not a door, nor a window, not a single roof tile was left in the houses of the Azerbaijanis who had to flee in 1993".[26] She also reported observing in the cemetery of Kalbajar smashed graves "of Azerbaijanis who were buried here before the 1993 Armenian occupation. Some graves were freshly smashed, seemingly by Armenians who left the area last week after 27 years of occupation".[27]
On 16 August 2021, the Azerbaijani President, Ilham Aliyev visited the city and hoisted the flag of Azerbaijan in the city.[28] In september of the same year, the building of the military prosecutor's office,[29] as well as a bakery[30] was opened in Kalbajar. On 26 June 2022, the foundation of the İstisu mineral water plant was laid in Kalbajar.[31]
Historical heritage sites
Historical heritage sites in and around the town include a petroglyph, a medieval oil mill, a khachkar from 916, and tombstones from between the 13th and 17th centuries.[32]
Demographics
| Year | Population | Ethnic groups | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1912 | 300 | 100% Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis) | Caucasian Calendar[33] |
| 1939 | 1,089 | 88.3% Azerbaijani, 5.1% Russians, 3.9% Armenians | Soviet Census[34] |
| 1970 | 4,775 | 98.4% Azerbaijani, 0.5% Armenian, 0.4% Russian, | Soviet Census[34] |
| 1979 | 5,604 | 99.4% Azerbaijani, 0.1% Armenian, 0.1% Russian | Soviet Census[34] |
| 1989 | 7,246 | Soviet Census[35] | |
| 2015 | 600 | NKR Census[1] |
Gallery
Children playing football (2010)
Street in Kalbajar (2010)
Street in Kalbajar (2010)
Basalt columns and caves near Kalbajar, locally known as "rock symphony"[citation needed]
Sunflowers in the countryside
Dashtak Gorge on the Tartar River, from Kalbajar
Dashtak Gorge near Kalbajar
Cultural Center in Kalbajar, under construction
References
- ^ a b "NKR 2015 Census" (PDF). stat-nkr.am. 2015.
- ^ a b "Resolution 822 (1993) adopted by the United Nations' Security Council at its 3205th meeting". UNHCR Refworld. April 30, 1993. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Noting with alarm the escalation in armed hostilities and, in particular, the latest invasion of the Kelbadjar District of the Republic of Azerbaijan by local Armenian forces
- ^ a b The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis. Heiko Krüger. Springer, 2010. ISBN 3642117872, 9783642117879. p. 102
- ^ Институт научной информации (Академия наук СССР), Всесоюзный институт научной и технической информации. Реферативный журнал: География, Выпуски 5–6.. — Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1975. — С. 36.
- ^ a b Hakobyan, Tʻ. Kh.; Melikʻ-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (2001). "Kʻelbajar". Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 5. Yerevan State University Publishing House. p. 340.
The name of Kelbajar derives from corruption by foreigners of the name of the village of Karavachar of the Tsar canton of the Artsakh province of Greater Armenia... It corresponded to the village of Karavachar mentioned in a 15th-century colophon, which was later called Handaberd.
- ^ a b c d e f Karapetyan, Samvel (1999). Hay mshakuytʻi hushardzannerě Khorhrdayin Adrbejanin bṛnaktsʻvats shrjannerum (PDF). Yerevan: HH GAA "Gitutʻyun" Hratarakchʻutʻyun. pp. 51–54. OCLC 44480725.
- ^ Schnirelmann, Victor (2003). Alaev, Leonid Borisovich [in Russian] (ed.). Voĭny pami︠a︡ti: mify, identichnostʹ i politika v Zakavkazʹe [Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia]. Moscow: Akademkniga. pp. 216–222. ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
- ^ Raffi (1991). Melikstva Khamsy, 1600-1827: materialy dli︠a︡ novoĭ armi︠a︡nskoĭ istoriii [The Khamsa Melikdoms, 1600-1827: materials for modern Armenian history] (in Russian). Translated by Kazaryan, L. M. Yerevan: "Nairi" publishing house. ISBN 9785550006450.
- ^ a b Pchelina, Evgenia [in Russian] (1932). "Po Kurdistanskomu uezdu Azerbaĭdzhana (putevye zametki)" [About the Kurdistan district of Azerbaijan (travel notes)]. Sovetskaia Etnografia (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Education: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (4): 109–110. OCLC 424176829.
- ^ a b Khachikyan, L. S. (1955). ZhE dari hayeren dzeṛagreri hishatakaranner, Masn A [Colophons of 15th-century Armenian manuscripts, part I] (in Armenian). Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House. p. 24.
- ^ Bournoutian, George (2004). Two Chronicles on the History of Karabagh: Mirza Jamal Javanshir's Tarikh-e Karabagh and Mirza Adigözal Beg's Karabagh-name. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. p. 263. ISBN 9781568591797.
- ^ "Кельбаджар". Большой энциклопедический словарь.
- ^ Yalin, Ihsan (2016-04-05). "DAĞLIK KARABAĞ – Kürt'ün evine turist olarak bile gidemediği yer..." www.rudaw.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-04-25.
- ^ "Nagorno Karabakh". Human Rights Watch. 1994. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
The towns' capture came at staggering human costs, creating 250,000 new Azerbaijani refugees. Civilians fled Kelbajar in April through high mountains still covered with snow. Refugees claimed that hundreds of people froze to death attempting to flee.
- ^ a b "Resolution 822 (1993)". undocs.org. United Nations Security Council. 30 April 1993.
- ^ Kucera, Joshua (6 August 2018). "For Armenians, they're not occupied territories – they're the homeland". Eurasianet.
- ^ "Report of the OSCE Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) to the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan Surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh (NK)" (PDF). OSCE. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ Broers, Laurence (2019). Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry. Edinburgh University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-1474450522.
- ^ "A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF PICO RIVERA, CALIFORNIA, RECOGNIZING THE TOWN OF KARVACHAR, REPUBLIC OF ARTSAKH AS ITS FIRST FRIENDSHIP CITY".
- ^ "Azerbaijan Extends Deadline For Armenia To Withdraw From Key District Under Karabakh Truce". rferl.com. Radio Free Europe. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ^ "Azerbaijani Forces Reclaim Second District From Armenians Under Nagorno-Karabakh Truce". RFERL.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: Villagers burn their homes ahead of peace deal". The Guardian. 14 November 2020.
- ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: The families burning down their own homes – BBC News". youtube.com. BBC. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
- ^ "Kalbajar residents burn homes before Azerbaijan handover". youtube.com. Associated Press. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
- ^ "Karvachar's Last Day: 'We Stayed Here Until the End,' Artsakh Soldiers Say". Asbarez. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
- ^ Rovera, Donatella. "Twit on Kalbajar district, 2 December 2020". Twitter. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ Rovera, Donatella. "Twit on Kalbajar cemetery, 2 December 2020". Twitter. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ Ильхам Алиев и первая леди Мехрибан Алиева посетили Кяльбаджарский и Лачинский районы
- ^ В Кельбаджаре и Губадлы состоялось открытие зданий военной прокуратуры
- ^ В Кяльбаджаре состоялось открытие хлебопекарного цеха
- ^ В Кяльбаджаре заложен фундамент завода минеральной воды «Истису»
- ^ Hakob Ghahramanyan. "Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)".
- ^ [Caucasian calendar for 1912] (in Russian) (67th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1912. p. 168. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
- ^ a b c "НАСЕЛЕНИЕ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА". ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru (in Russian). Etno Kavkaz.
- ^ "Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". demoscope.ru.
External links
- Kalbajar at GEOnet Names Server
- World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan[dead link] – World-Gazetteer.com