The phrase Imperial and Royal (German: kaiserlich und königlich, pronounced[ˈkaɪzɐlɪçʔʊntˈkøːnɪklɪç])[a] refers to the court/government of the Habsburgs in a broader historical perspective. Some modern authors restrict its use to the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918.
During that period, it indicated that the Habsburg monarch reigned simultaneously as the Kaiser (Emperor of Austria) and as the König (King of Hungary), while the two territories were joined in a real union (akin to a two-state federation in this instance). The acts of the common government, which was responsible only for the Imperial & Royal ("I&R") Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the I&R Ministry of War and the I&R Ministry of Finance (financing only the two other ministries), were carried out in the name of "His Imperial and Royal Majesty", and the central governmental bodies had their names prefixed with k. u. k.
Before 1867, the territories under the control of the Habsburg monarch in Vienna used kaiserlich und königlich[1][2][3][4] or the hyphenated kaiserlich-königlich interchangeably. Neither of the spellings defined a hierarchy among the Habsburg dynastic kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and other bodies politic. The Habsburg monarchs ruled the kingdoms of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia as their Kings. The title Emperor applied to their role as heads of the conglomerate of the mostly German states called the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. The same title, Emperor, came to identify their role as rulers of the newly named Austrian Empire that the Habsburgs attributed so from 11 August 1804.
The name "Imperial-Royal Army" was used from 1745, as "Royal" referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, which was not part of the Holy Roman Empire, but under Habsburg rule.[5]
After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Hungarians insisted on the und ('and'), not the hyphen, in all usage in line with the new autonomous status of the kingdom within the Habsburg lands. Use of the phrase Kaiserlich und königlich was decreed in a letter written by the Emperor on October 17, 1889[6] for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the empire.[7] Subsequently, the abbreviation k.k. only referred to the institutions of the "Austrian" part of Austria-Hungary (Cisleithania). The abbreviation m.k. (Hungarian: magyar királyi), or kgl. ung. (German: königlich ungarisch), both meaning 'Royal Hungarian', was applied in reference to the governmental bodies of the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania).
In official documents, the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted:
k.k. or k.-k., meaning "imperial (Austria) – royal (Bohemia)", pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918
k.u.k., meaning "imperial (Austria) and royal (Hungary)", pertains to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918
Other usesedit
The ubiquity of this phrase in all administrative matters made it a synonym for the Habsburg administration, sometimes referred to as the "k. u. k. monarchy" in Central European publications through the present. Other languages of the Habsburg Monarchy retained the German abbreviation or used it interchangeably with their own − c. i kr. in Croatian, c. a k. or c.-k. in Czech, cs. és kir. in Hungarian, I.R. in Italian, c. i k. or C.K. in Polish, often hyphenated (cezaro-crăiesc) in Romanian, c. a k. in Slovak, c. kr. in Slovenian.
The abbreviation k.k. gave rise to the noun Kakania (spelling out the letter K [kah] twice as well as reminiscent of caca in the Central European languages). It was intended to describe the Habsburg Monarchy as a state of mind, bureaucratic and with a highly stratified formal society. A discussion of Kakania became a highlight of the first volume of Robert Musil's novel The Man Without Qualities (1930).
^Typically abbreviated as k. u. k., k. und k., k. & k. in German (the und is always spoken unabbreviated), cs. és k. (császári és királyi) in Hungarian, c. a k. (císařský a královský) in Czech, C. i K. (Cesarski i Królewski) in Polish, c. in k. (cesarski in kraljevski) in Slovenian, c. i kr. (carski i kraljevski) in Croatian, ц. и кр. (царски и краљевски) in Serbian, and I.R. (Imperiale Regio) in Italian
Referencesedit
^Franz Christoph von Scheyb, Heinrich Jasomirgott eine Lobschrift auf ihre kaiserliche und königliche Majestäten... Vienna, 1756.
^Renatus Karl von Senkenberg and Karl Christian von Senkenberg, An Ihro Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät allerunterthänigster Gegenbericht [...] unter dem 30. Mai 1796 eingegebenen Bericht. Giessen, 1797.
^Ignaz Franz von Mosel, Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Königliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien. Vienna, 1835.
^[s.n.], Historische Märsche und sonstige Compositionen für das kaiserliche und königliche Heer. Instrumentirt für vollständige Militär-Musik. Vom k. u. k. Reichs-Kriegs-Ministerium autorisierte Ausgabe. Vienna, 1845.
^József Zachar, Habsburg uralom, állandó hadsereg és magyarság, 1683-1792[permanent dead link], Zrínyi kiadó, Budapest, 2004, p. 104
^The given year 1889 could be a typing error; 1869 would be appropriate.
imperial, royal, confused, with, imperial, royal, phrase, german, kaiserlich, königlich, pronounced, ˈkaɪzɐlɪç, ʔʊnt, ˈkøːnɪklɪç, refers, court, government, habsburgs, broader, historical, perspective, some, modern, authors, restrict, dual, monarchy, austria, . Not to be confused with Imperial Royal The phrase Imperial and Royal German kaiserlich und koniglich pronounced ˈkaɪzɐlɪc ʔʊnt ˈkoːnɪklɪc a refers to the court government of the Habsburgs in a broader historical perspective Some modern authors restrict its use to the Dual Monarchy of Austria Hungary from 1867 to 1918 The medium Imperial and Royal coat of arms of Austria Hungary as of 1915 Map of imperial Austria Cisleithania in pink and royal Hungary Transleithania in green with Bosnia as a common condominium During that period it indicated that the Habsburg monarch reigned simultaneously as the Kaiser Emperor of Austria and as the Konig King of Hungary while the two territories were joined in a real union akin to a two state federation in this instance The acts of the common government which was responsible only for the Imperial amp Royal I amp R Ministry of Foreign Affairs the I amp R Ministry of War and the I amp R Ministry of Finance financing only the two other ministries were carried out in the name of His Imperial and Royal Majesty and the central governmental bodies had their names prefixed with k u k Contents 1 Symbolic employment of und or u 2 Other uses 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesSymbolic employment of und or u editBefore 1867 the territories under the control of the Habsburg monarch in Vienna used kaiserlich und koniglich 1 2 3 4 or the hyphenated kaiserlich koniglich interchangeably Neither of the spellings defined a hierarchy among the Habsburg dynastic kingdoms principalities duchies and other bodies politic The Habsburg monarchs ruled the kingdoms of Hungary Croatia and Bohemia as their Kings The title Emperor applied to their role as heads of the conglomerate of the mostly German states called the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 The same title Emperor came to identify their role as rulers of the newly named Austrian Empire that the Habsburgs attributed so from 11 August 1804 The name Imperial Royal Army was used from 1745 as Royal referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary which was not part of the Holy Roman Empire but under Habsburg rule 5 After the Austro Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the Hungarians insisted on the und and not the hyphen in all usage in line with the new autonomous status of the kingdom within the Habsburg lands Use of the phrase Kaiserlich und koniglich was decreed in a letter written by the Emperor on October 17 1889 6 for the military the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the empire 7 Subsequently the abbreviation k k only referred to the institutions of the Austrian part of Austria Hungary Cisleithania The abbreviation m k Hungarian magyar kiralyi or kgl ung German koniglich ungarisch both meaning Royal Hungarian was applied in reference to the governmental bodies of the Kingdom of Hungary Transleithania In official documents the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted k k or k k meaning imperial Austria royal Bohemia pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro Hungarian Empire 1867 1918 k u k meaning imperial Austria and royal Hungary pertains to the Austro Hungarian Empire 1867 1918Other uses editThe ubiquity of this phrase in all administrative matters made it a synonym for the Habsburg administration sometimes referred to as the k u k monarchy in Central European publications through the present Other languages of the Habsburg Monarchy retained the German abbreviation or used it interchangeably with their own c i kr in Croatian c a k or c k in Czech cs es kir in Hungarian I R in Italian c i k or C K in Polish often hyphenated cezaro crăiesc in Romanian c a k in Slovak c kr in Slovenian The abbreviation k k gave rise to the noun Kakania spelling out the letter K kah twice as well as reminiscent of caca in the Central European languages It was intended to describe the Habsburg Monarchy as a state of mind bureaucratic and with a highly stratified formal society A discussion of Kakania became a highlight of the first volume of Robert Musil s novel The Man Without Qualities 1930 See also editPurveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court of Austria Hungary The term was also applied to companies supplying the Royal Austrian court Imperial Royal kaiserlich koniglich kaiserlich Hackle King EmperorNotes edit Typically abbreviated as k u k k und k k amp k in German the und is always spoken unabbreviated cs es k csaszari es kiralyi in Hungarian c a k cisarsky a kralovsky in Czech C i K Cesarski i Krolewski in Polish c in k cesarski in kraljevski in Slovenian c i kr carski i kraljevski in Croatian c i kr carski i kraљevski in Serbian and I R Imperiale Regio in ItalianReferences edit Franz Christoph von Scheyb Heinrich Jasomirgott eine Lobschrift auf ihre kaiserliche und konigliche Majestaten Vienna 1756 Renatus Karl von Senkenberg and Karl Christian von Senkenberg An Ihro Kaiserliche und Konigliche Majestat allerunterthanigster Gegenbericht unter dem 30 Mai 1796 eingegebenen Bericht Giessen 1797 Ignaz Franz von Mosel Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Konigliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien Vienna 1835 s n Historische Marsche und sonstige Compositionen fur das kaiserliche und konigliche Heer Instrumentirt fur vollstandige Militar Musik Vom k u k Reichs Kriegs Ministerium autorisierte Ausgabe Vienna 1845 Jozsef Zachar Habsburg uralom allando hadsereg es magyarsag 1683 1792 permanent dead link Zrinyi kiado Budapest 2004 p 104 The given year 1889 could be a typing error 1869 would be appropriate From the Otto s encyclopedia published during 1888 1909 subject King online in Czech Archived 2008 12 09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imperial and Royal amp oldid 1214326589, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
