Juniperus oxycedrus, vernacularly called Cade, cade juniper, prickly juniper, prickly cedar, or sharp cedar, is a species of juniper, native across the Mediterranean region from Algeria and Portugal, north to southern France, east to westernmost Iran, and south to Lebanon and Israel, growing on a variety of rocky sites from sea level up to 1,600 metres (5,200 feet) in elevation.[3][1] The specific epithet oxycedrus means "sharp cedar" and this species may have been the original cedar or cedrus of the ancient Greeks.[4][5]
Juniperus oxycedrus is very variable in shape, forming a spreading shrub 2–3 metres (6+1⁄2–10 feet) tall to a small erect tree 10–15 m (33–49 ft) tall. It has needle-like leaves in whorls of three; the leaves are green, 5–20 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄4 inch) long and 1–2 mm (1⁄32–3⁄32 in) broad, with a double white stomatal band (split by a green midrib) on the inner surface. It is usually dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The seed cones are berry-like, green ripening in 18 months to orange-red with a variable pink waxy coating; they are spherical, 7–12 mm (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) diameter, and have three or six fused scales in 1–2 whorls, three of the scales with a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard seeds in their droppings. The pollen cones are yellow, 2–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long, and fall soon after shedding their pollen in late winter or early spring.[3][6][7]
As to be expected from the wide range, J. oxycedrus is very variable. One recent study[6][8][9] splits it into three species, though other authorities[3] do not accept this:
Juniperus oxycedrus L. – Western prickly juniper. Southwest Europe, in eastern Portugal and Spain east to southern France, northwest Italy, Corsica, and Sardinia, and northwest Africa from Morocco east to Tunisia. Leaves long (10–20 mm or 3⁄8–13⁄16 in), narrow-based; cones smooth.
Juniperus navicularis Gand. (syn. J. oxycedrus subsp. transtagana) – Portuguese prickly juniper. Coastal southwest Portugal. Leaves short (5–12 mm or 3⁄16–1⁄2 in); cones smooth.
Juniperus deltoides R.P.Adams – Eastern prickly juniper. Central Italy east to Iran and Israel. Leaves long (10–20 mm or 3⁄8–13⁄16 in), broad-based; cones with raised scale edges.
Subspecies
An additional variety or subspecies J. oxycedrus var. badia H.Gay (syn. J. oxycedrus subsp. badia (H.Gay) Debeaux) is distinguished on the basis of larger cones (10–13 mm or 3⁄8–1⁄2 in diameter), tinged purple when mature; it is described from northern Algeria, and also reported from Portugal and Spain.[3][6]
A further species Juniperus macrocarpa,[6] confined to Mediterranean coastal sands, is more distinct but has also often been treated as a subspecies of prickly juniper, as J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa;[3] it differs in the broader leaves (2–3 mm or 1⁄16–1⁄8 in wide), and larger cones (12–18 mm or 1⁄2–11⁄16 in wide).
Cade oil is the essential oil obtained through destructive distillation of the wood of this shrub. It is a dark, aromatic oil with a strong smoky smell which is used in some cosmetics and (traditional) skin treatment drugs, as well as incense.[10][11] Cade oil has, on rare occasions, caused severe allergic reactions in infants.[12]
Leaves and mature cones, Spain
Leaves and immature cones, southern France
Central Spain
Bark, Central Spain
References
^ abFarjon, A. (2013). "Juniperus oxycedrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42243A2965838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42243A2965838.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 11 February 2017
^ abcdefFarjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN1-84246-068-4
^Meiggs, R. 1982. Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World.
^MARIA PEPLER-HARCOMBE, ALETTA (2011). Ancient Furniture in Context: From Ancient Production, Preservation To Modern-Day Reconstruction And Conservation. South Africa: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA.
^Arboretum de Villardebelle: photos of cones and shoots
^Adams, R. P. (2000). Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and RAPD DNA fingerprinting. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28: 515-528 available online (pdf file) 2006-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
^Adams, R. P. (2004). Juniperus deltoides, a new species and nomenclatural notes on Juniperus polycarpos and J. turcomanica (Cupressaceae). Phytologia 86: 49 - 53 available online (pdf file) 2006-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
^Achour S, Abourazzak S, Mokhtari A, Soulaymani A, Soulaymani R, Hida M (2011). "Juniper tar (cade oil) poisoning in new born after a cutaneous application". BMJ Case Rep. 2011: bcr0720114427. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4427. PMC3207742. PMID 22675090.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juniperus oxycedrus.
January 07, 2023
juniperus, oxycedrus, vernacularly, called, cade, cade, juniper, prickly, juniper, prickly, cedar, sharp, cedar, species, juniper, native, across, mediterranean, region, from, algeria, portugal, north, southern, france, east, westernmost, iran, south, lebanon,. Juniperus oxycedrus vernacularly called Cade cade juniper prickly juniper prickly cedar or sharp cedar is a species of juniper native across the Mediterranean region from Algeria and Portugal north to southern France east to westernmost Iran and south to Lebanon and Israel growing on a variety of rocky sites from sea level up to 1 600 metres 5 200 feet in elevation 3 1 The specific epithet oxycedrus means sharp cedar and this species may have been the original cedar or cedrus of the ancient Greeks 4 5 Juniperus oxycedrusCade in southern FranceConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade GymnospermsDivision PinophytaClass PinopsidaOrder CupressalesFamily CupressaceaeGenus JuniperusSection Juniperus sect JuniperusSpecies J oxycedrusBinomial nameJuniperus oxycedrusL Natural rangeSynonyms 2 Juniperus glauca Salisb nom illeg Juniperus heterocarpa Timb Lagr ex Loret amp Barrandon Juniperus heterocarpa Timb Lagr ex Nyman Juniperus oxycedrina St Lag Juniperus rufescens Link nom illeg Juniperus souliei Sennen Juniperus tenella Antoine Juniperus tremolsii Pau Juniperus wittmanniana Fisch ex Lindl nom inval Oxycedrus echinoformis Carriere Oxycedrus ericoides Pandiani Oxycedrus withmanniana Carriere Contents 1 Description 1 1 Subspecies 2 Uses 3 References 4 External linksDescription EditJuniperus oxycedrus is very variable in shape forming a spreading shrub 2 3 metres 6 1 2 10 feet tall to a small erect tree 10 15 m 33 49 ft tall It has needle like leaves in whorls of three the leaves are green 5 20 millimetres 1 4 3 4 inch long and 1 2 mm 1 32 3 32 in broad with a double white stomatal band split by a green midrib on the inner surface It is usually dioecious with separate male and female plants The seed cones are berry like green ripening in 18 months to orange red with a variable pink waxy coating they are spherical 7 12 mm 1 4 1 2 in diameter and have three or six fused scales in 1 2 whorls three of the scales with a single seed The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard seeds in their droppings The pollen cones are yellow 2 3 mm 1 16 1 8 in long and fall soon after shedding their pollen in late winter or early spring 3 6 7 As to be expected from the wide range J oxycedrus is very variable One recent study 6 8 9 splits it into three species though other authorities 3 do not accept this Juniperus oxycedrus L Western prickly juniper Southwest Europe in eastern Portugal and Spain east to southern France northwest Italy Corsica and Sardinia and northwest Africa from Morocco east to Tunisia Leaves long 10 20 mm or 3 8 13 16 in narrow based cones smooth Juniperus navicularis Gand syn J oxycedrus subsp transtagana Portuguese prickly juniper Coastal southwest Portugal Leaves short 5 12 mm or 3 16 1 2 in cones smooth Juniperus deltoides R P Adams Eastern prickly juniper Central Italy east to Iran and Israel Leaves long 10 20 mm or 3 8 13 16 in broad based cones with raised scale edges Subspecies Edit An additional variety or subspecies J oxycedrus var badia H Gay syn J oxycedrus subsp badia H Gay Debeaux is distinguished on the basis of larger cones 10 13 mm or 3 8 1 2 in diameter tinged purple when mature it is described from northern Algeria and also reported from Portugal and Spain 3 6 A further species Juniperus macrocarpa 6 confined to Mediterranean coastal sands is more distinct but has also often been treated as a subspecies of prickly juniper as J oxycedrus subsp macrocarpa 3 it differs in the broader leaves 2 3 mm or 1 16 1 8 in wide and larger cones 12 18 mm or 1 2 11 16 in wide Other close relatives of J oxycedrus include Juniperus brevifolia on the Azores Juniperus cedrus on the Canary Islands and Juniperus formosana in eastern Asia 3 6 Uses EditCade oil is the essential oil obtained through destructive distillation of the wood of this shrub It is a dark aromatic oil with a strong smoky smell which is used in some cosmetics and traditional skin treatment drugs as well as incense 10 11 Cade oil has on rare occasions caused severe allergic reactions in infants 12 Leaves and mature cones Spain Leaves and immature cones southern France Central Spain Bark Central SpainReferences Edit a b Farjon A 2013 Juniperus oxycedrus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T42243A2965838 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T42243A2965838 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 The Plant List A Working List of All Plant Species retrieved 11 February 2017 a b c d e f Farjon A 2005 Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys Royal Botanic Gardens Kew ISBN 1 84246 068 4 Meiggs R 1982 Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World MARIA PEPLER HARCOMBE ALETTA 2011 Ancient Furniture in Context From Ancient Production Preservation To Modern Day Reconstruction And Conservation South Africa UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA a b c d e Adams R P 2004 Junipers of the World Trafford ISBN 1 4120 4250 X Arboretum de Villardebelle photos of cones and shoots Adams R P 2000 Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and RAPD DNA fingerprinting Biochem Syst Ecol 28 515 528 available online pdf file Archived 2006 03 18 at the Wayback Machine Adams R P 2004 Juniperus deltoides a new species and nomenclatural notes on Juniperus polycarpos and J turcomanica Cupressaceae Phytologia 86 49 53 available online pdf file Archived 2006 03 18 at the Wayback Machine 1911 British Pharmacopaea Cade Oil 1918 US Dispensatory Cade Oil Achour S Abourazzak S Mokhtari A Soulaymani A Soulaymani R Hida M 2011 Juniper tar cade oil poisoning in new born after a cutaneous application BMJ Case Rep 2011 bcr0720114427 doi 10 1136 bcr 07 2011 4427 PMC 3207742 PMID 22675090 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link External links EditJuniperus oxycedrus information genetic conservation units and related resources European Forest Genetic Resources Programme EUFORGEN Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juniperus oxycedrus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Juniperus oxycedrus amp oldid 1114777876, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
