Junaid Khan (Turkmen: Jüneýit han; full name: Muhammet Gurban); (b.1857/62–1938) was a Turkmentribal leader who became the Chief of the Armed Forces and later the de facto and last ruler of the Khanate of Khiva.
Born into the Turkmen tribe of Yomut, Muhammet Gurban was the son of a tribal chieftain Khojibay, after whose death he assumed the leadership of the tribe. Gaining authority during the Turkmen uprisings of 1912-1916, Junaid was granted enormous power within the Khanate by the then Khan of Khiva Isfandiyar, who sought to lessen the growing Turkmen threat. However, after a short period of time Junaid arranged Isfandiyar's assassination and later enthroned the murdered Khan's uncle Sayid Abdullah as a puppet ruler, while himself becoming the real master of the Khanate.
Disillusioned with his ineffective policies that ultimately led to a new revolt, a number of influential leaders of other Turkmen tribes and Uzbek population appealed to Bolsheviks, who were gaining foothold in Russian Turkestan after the October Revolution. In 1919, under the pretext of assisting rebels, Bolsheviks invaded the Khanate and soon captured its capital Khiva. Junaid fled to the Karakum Desert with the remnants of his troops from where he organized active resistance to the emerging Soviet government.
Born in 1857 (according to other sources in 1862), Junaid Khan was the son of Khojibay, a powerful leader of the Yomut (Turkmen) tribe[1] of Junaids and a wealthy man. Muhammet-Kurban himself, despite his illiteracy, also enjoyed relevant authority among his tribesmen, which allowed him to become first kazi (judge) in the village, and later a water distributor (mirab).
Rise to power in Khiva
Flag used by the Khanate of Khiva during the civil war (1917–1922)[2]
In September 1917, after the overthrow of the government of young (revolutionary) Khivans, who had advocated reform and wished to limit the power of the Khan of Khiva Asfandiyar Khan, Muhammet-Kurban Serdar arrived to the capital. By uniting previously warring Turkmen tribes and establishing close relations with Colonel Ivan Zaitsev [ru], the head of the detachment sent to Khiva by the Provisional Government of Russia, he became one of the most influential people in the Khanate.[3]
In January 1918, Asfandiyar Khan appointed Muhammet-Kurban as the commander of the armed forces of the Khanate,[1] bestowing on him the title "Serdar-Karim" ("noble commander"). After Zaitsev's detachment from Khiva recaptured Tashkent from Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries, the Junaid Khan's detachment, numbering about 1,600 horsemen, became the main military force in the Khanate.
Dissatisfaction with Asfandiyar’s policy greatly increased in Khiva and in the spring of 1918, Junaid Khan organized a military coup, which overthrew and put to death Asfandiyar. Later he seized power for himself almost without resistance. An ucnle of Asfandiyar Khan, Sayyid Abdullah became a new (puppet) Khan.
Having defeated and expelled by mid-September 1918 his main adversaries in the Khanate – the Turkmen leaders of Koshmammet Khan, Gulam-ali, Shamyrat-Bakhshi – Muhammed-Kurban actually became the ruler of Khiva.[4]
Clashes with the Red Army
Operation to liquidate the remnants of Dzhunaid Khan's gangs in the Kara-Kum desert. May-June 1928
After the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution, anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. By early February 1920, the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last khan, Sayyid Abdullah, abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924. The former Khanate was divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR.
Junaid Khan later waged numerous wars for several years with the emerging Soviet Turkestan and later with constituent republics of Soviet Central Asia for different reasons: to keep Khiva independent from Soviet rule, to recapture lost territories of the Khanate during the years as Russian protectorate, as well as to accumulate wealth. Though initially some of his battles were successful, he lost the most important ones and finally fled first to Persia and then to Afghanistan where he eventually died in 1938.
^ abShoshana Keller. "To Moscow, Not Mecca", Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 34-35
^After the original flag on display in the museum of Khiva. Described by J. Renault and H. Calvarin, Franciae Vexilla # 5/51 (April 1997), cited after Ivan Sache on the Khiva page at Flags of the World (FOTW). According to David Straub (1996) on FOTW 27 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "The flag of the Khivan Khanate in the pre-Soviet period is unknown."
^Rafis Abazov, "Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan", The Spacecrow Press, Inc, 2005
^"History of Civilizations of Central Asia", Volume IV, p. 319
External links
"Russian Invasion (the end of the XIX century)"
"The dramatic end of Khiva"
Map of the Khanates of Bukhara, Khiva, and Khokand and Part of Russian Turkistan from 1875 by Eugene Schuyler
January 07, 2023
junaid, khan, basmachi, leader, junaid, khan, turkmen, jüneýit, full, name, muhammet, gurban, 1857, 1938, turkmen, tribal, leader, became, chief, armed, forces, later, facto, last, ruler, khanate, khiva, junaid, khande, facto, last, ruler, state, khorezmin, of. Junaid Khan Turkmen Juneyit han full name Muhammet Gurban b 1857 62 1938 was a Turkmen tribal leader who became the Chief of the Armed Forces and later the de facto and last ruler of the Khanate of Khiva Junaid KhanDe facto last ruler of the State of KhorezmIn office March 1918 February 1920MonarchSayid AbdullahPersonal detailsBorn1857 or 1862Badirkent Dashoguz Khanate of KhivaDied1938 aged 76 or 81 near Herat AfghanistanNationalityTurkmen Yomut tribeParentKhojibay father Military serviceYears of service1912 1938RankGeneral Chief of the Armed forcesBorn into the Turkmen tribe of Yomut Muhammet Gurban was the son of a tribal chieftain Khojibay after whose death he assumed the leadership of the tribe Gaining authority during the Turkmen uprisings of 1912 1916 Junaid was granted enormous power within the Khanate by the then Khan of Khiva Isfandiyar who sought to lessen the growing Turkmen threat However after a short period of time Junaid arranged Isfandiyar s assassination and later enthroned the murdered Khan s uncle Sayid Abdullah as a puppet ruler while himself becoming the real master of the Khanate Disillusioned with his ineffective policies that ultimately led to a new revolt a number of influential leaders of other Turkmen tribes and Uzbek population appealed to Bolsheviks who were gaining foothold in Russian Turkestan after the October Revolution In 1919 under the pretext of assisting rebels Bolsheviks invaded the Khanate and soon captured its capital Khiva Junaid fled to the Karakum Desert with the remnants of his troops from where he organized active resistance to the emerging Soviet government Contents 1 Biography before 1917 2 Rise to power in Khiva 3 Clashes with the Red Army 4 See also 5 Literature 6 References 7 External linksBiography before 1917 EditBorn in 1857 according to other sources in 1862 Junaid Khan was the son of Khojibay a powerful leader of the Yomut Turkmen tribe 1 of Junaids and a wealthy man Muhammet Kurban himself despite his illiteracy also enjoyed relevant authority among his tribesmen which allowed him to become first kazi judge in the village and later a water distributor mirab Rise to power in Khiva Edit Flag used by the Khanate of Khiva during the civil war 1917 1922 2 In September 1917 after the overthrow of the government of young revolutionary Khivans who had advocated reform and wished to limit the power of the Khan of Khiva Asfandiyar Khan Muhammet Kurban Serdar arrived to the capital By uniting previously warring Turkmen tribes and establishing close relations with Colonel Ivan Zaitsev ru the head of the detachment sent to Khiva by the Provisional Government of Russia he became one of the most influential people in the Khanate 3 In January 1918 Asfandiyar Khan appointed Muhammet Kurban as the commander of the armed forces of the Khanate 1 bestowing on him the title Serdar Karim noble commander After Zaitsev s detachment from Khiva recaptured Tashkent from Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries the Junaid Khan s detachment numbering about 1 600 horsemen became the main military force in the Khanate Dissatisfaction with Asfandiyar s policy greatly increased in Khiva and in the spring of 1918 Junaid Khan organized a military coup which overthrew and put to death Asfandiyar Later he seized power for himself almost without resistance An ucnle of Asfandiyar Khan Sayyid Abdullah became a new puppet Khan Having defeated and expelled by mid September 1918 his main adversaries in the Khanate the Turkmen leaders of Koshmammet Khan Gulam ali Shamyrat Bakhshi Muhammed Kurban actually became the ruler of Khiva 4 Clashes with the Red Army Edit Operation to liquidate the remnants of Dzhunaid Khan s gangs in the Kara Kum desert May June 1928 After the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution anti monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan By early February 1920 the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated On 2 February 1920 Khiva s last khan Sayyid Abdullah abdicated and a short lived Khorezm People s Soviet Republic later the Khorezm SSR was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924 The former Khanate was divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR Junaid Khan later waged numerous wars for several years with the emerging Soviet Turkestan and later with constituent republics of Soviet Central Asia for different reasons to keep Khiva independent from Soviet rule to recapture lost territories of the Khanate during the years as Russian protectorate as well as to accumulate wealth Though initially some of his battles were successful he lost the most important ones and finally fled first to Persia and then to Afghanistan where he eventually died in 1938 See also EditYomuds Turkmens Asfandiyar Khan Khanate of Khiva Russian conquest of Central Asia The Great Game Khorezm People s Soviet Republic Soviet Turkestan Khorezm Basmachi movementLiterature EditD M Abdullahanov Tarki Dunyo Tashkent 2009 References Edit a b Shoshana Keller To Moscow Not Mecca Greenwood Publishing Group 2001 p 34 35 After the original flag on display in the museum of Khiva Described by J Renault and H Calvarin Franciae Vexilla 5 51 April 1997 cited after Ivan Sache on the Khiva page at Flags of the World FOTW According to David Straub 1996 on FOTW Archived 27 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine The flag of the Khivan Khanate in the pre Soviet period is unknown Rafis Abazov Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan The Spacecrow Press Inc 2005 History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV p 319External links Edit Russian Invasion the end of the XIX century The dramatic end of Khiva Map of the Khanates of Bukhara Khiva and Khokand and Part of Russian Turkistan from 1875 by Eugene Schuyler Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Junaid Khan Basmachi leader amp oldid 1130072545, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
