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Khiva

November 07, 2023

"Xiva" redirects here. For the Spanish town, see Chiva, Valencia. For other uses, see Khiva (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with KHive.

Khiva (Uzbek: Xiva, Хива, خیوه; Persian: خیوه, Xīveh; alternative or historical names include Kheeva, Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chorezm, Arabic: خوارزم and Persian: خوارزم) is a district-level city of approximately 93,000 people in Khorazm Region, Uzbekistan.[2] According to archaeological data, the city was established around 1500 years ago.[3] It is the former capital of Khwarezmia, the Khanate of Khiva, and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed on the World Heritage List (1991). The astronomer, historian and polymath, Al-Biruni[4] (973–1048 CE) was born in either Khiva or the nearby city of Kath.

Khiva
Xiva / Хива
Clockwise from top:
Itchan Kala, Alla Kouli Khan Madrasa, Pakhlavan Makhmoud Mausoleum, Islam Hoja Minaret, Muhammad Amin Khan Madrasa and Kalta Minor
Khiva
Location in Uzbekistan
Khiva
Khiva (Uzbekistan)
Coordinates: 41°23′N 60°22′E / 41.383°N 60.367°E / 41.383; 60.367
Country Uzbekistan
RegionKhorazm Region
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total93,400

Etymology edit

The origin of the name Khiva is unknown, but many contradictory stories have been told to explain it.

A traditional story attributes the name to one of the sons of the prophet Noah: "It is said that Shem, after the flood, he found himself wandering in the desert alone. Having fallen asleep, he dreamt of 300 burning torches. On waking up, he was pleased with this omen, he founded the city with outlines in the form of a ship mapped out according to the placement of the torches, about which he had dreamt. Then Shem dug the Kheyvak well, the water from which had a surprising taste. It is possible to see this well in Ichan-Kala (an internal town of Khiva City) even today."[5]

Another proposal is that the name comes from the word Khwarezm, altered by borrowing into Turkic as Khivarezem, then shortened to Khiva.

History edit

Further information: Khanate of Khiva and Khwarezm

In the early part of its history, the Aryan inhabitants spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian. Turks replaced the Iranian ruling class in the 10th century AD, and the region gradually turned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers.

Russia annexed the Khanate of Khiva in the 19th century. The last khan from the ruling dynasty was liquidated a century later, in 1919. Thus Khiva became the capital city of the new Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. The Khorezm oasis was converted into a part of modern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in 1924.[6]

The earliest records of the city of Khiva appear in Muslim travel accounts from the 10th century although archaeological evidence indicates habitation in the 6th century; by the early 17th century, Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva.[7] The khanate was ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans, a Genghisid dynasty.

 
2014 Image of Palvan Gate Of Khiva, built in the early 19th century and known to have hosted large slave market and a center of punishments and executions

In the 17th century, Khiva began to develop as a slave market. During the first half of the 19th century, around 30,000 Persians and an unknown number of Russians, were enslaved there before being sold. A large part of them were involved in the construction of buildings in the walled Itchan Kala.[7]

Campaigns edit

Main articles: Khivan campaign of 1839 and Khivan campaign of 1873

In the course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia, in 1873 the Russian General Konstantin von Kaufman launched an attack on the city of Khiva, which fell on 28 May 1873. Although the Russian Empire now controlled the Khanate, it allowed Khiva to remain as a nominally quasi-independent protectorate.

Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917, a short-lived (1920-1925) Khorezm People's Soviet Republic formed out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before its incorporation into the USSR in 1925. The city of Khiva became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.

Sights edit

 
Panoramic view of Khiva (Uzbekistan)
 
City wall

Khiva is split into two parts. The outer town, called Dichan Kala, was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates. The inner town, or Itchan Kala, is encircled by brick walls, whose foundations are believed to have been laid in the 10th century. Present-day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters.

Kalta Minor, the large blue tower in the central city square, was supposed to be a minaret. It was built in 1851 by Mohammed Amin Khan, but the Khan died and the succeeding Khan did not complete it.

The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses, mostly dating from the 18th or 19th centuries. Djuma Mosque, for instance, was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788–89, although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures.[8]

Khiva was home to a number of madrassahs (educational establishments), one of which, Sherghazi Khan madrassah, still stands today. It was built in the 18th century by slaves and is one of the oldest buildings in Ichan-Kala, which is the center of present-day Khiva. Among the renowned students of the madrassah were the Uzbek poet Raunaq, the Qaraqalpaq poet Kasybayuly, the Turkmen poet and sufi Magtymguly.[9]

Industry and production edit

In the town, activities such as the "KhivaCarpet" joint-stock company, cotton cleaning, ginning factories, carpet weaving, the "Khiva Gilami" joint-stock company, and other carpet weaving enterprises, as well as a bread factory, a farmer's market, cultural, trade, and service establishments are operational. There are branches of Urgench University specializing in agro-management, the Uzbek Academy of Sciences Khorezm Mamun Academy, the Qoraqum Scientific Research Station, pedagogical, medical, and tourism colleges, vocational lyceums, a gymnasium, 15 general education schools, a house of culture, 2 special boarding schools, a regional puppet theater, an art school, 2 libraries and their branches, and cultural and recreational gardens.[10][11]

The central hospital, polyclinic, maternity hospital, children's hospital, dental treatment center, central pharmacy, specialized clinics, and other medical facilities are available in the district. Historical and architectural sites in the area include the Sayd Alauddin mausoleum, the Pahlavon Mahmud complex, the Juma Mosque, the Old Ark, Oqshayx Bobo's Palace, Toshhovli, Nurullaboy Palace, Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah, Muhammad Rahimxon Madrasah, Islomkhodja Madrasah and Minaret, Olloqulixon Madrasah, Qutlughmurad Inoq Madrasah, Olloqulixon Caravanserai and its market, Anushakhan Bathhouse, Oq Mosque, Polvon Gate, Ota Gate, Bog'cha Gate, Tosh Gate, Hazorasp Gate, Kush Gate, and more.[12][13][14]

The town publishes the "Khiva-Sharq Gavhari" magazine (since 2001) and the "Khiva Tongi" district newspaper. The town is a prominent center for global tourism, attracting over 200,000 tourists every year, including nearly 7,000 international visitors. "O'zbekTurizm" national company operates in the town, and several private guesthouses are in operation.

A trolleybus line was established from Khiva to Urgench in 1997. Bus and minibus routes connect Khiva to Tashkent, Bukhara, Navoi, Samarkand, Urgench, Qo'shko'pir, Yangiariq, Bog'ot, Hazorasp, and other major cities and population centers in the region.[15]

Archaeological and cultural significance edit

Khwarazm occupies a special place in the list of values of universal importance as a major center of world civilization and one of the important centers on the Silk Road.

The unique values of world significance include architectural monuments of Khiva, which has rightfully earned the title of "museum city".

The image of modern Khiva is mainly formed by the architecture of the period of Khiva Khanate of the late XVIII - early XX centuries.

But archaeological excavations underway here show that at the base of a number of relatively "young" remains of buildings are ancient layers dating back to the III and even earlier centuries BC.

Overview of architectural monuments of Khiva edit

Most of Khiva's architectural masterpieces are concentrated in its urban core - Itchan Kala. It is a "city within a city" surrounded by powerful fortress walls with four gates on each side of the world.

One of the main highways runs from the western gate to the eastern gate, along which the main monumental buildings are concentrated.

From the observation tower of Ak-Sheikh-bobo Itchan-Kala can be seen like in the palm of your hand. The unusual silhouette of the Kalta Minor minaret attracts attention, as if cut down to the middle.

Its massive trunk, exquisitely decorated with wide and narrow belts of glazed brick, indicates that it was conceived as a grandiose, majestic structure, the main vertical of the city.

But after the death of the khan, under whom the minaret was built, it remained unfinished, receiving the name of Kalta (short).

Very close to the Kalta Minar is the Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah, the largest of the preserved buildings of higher theological educational institutions.

The peculiarity of its architecture is the twin hudjras - cells for living of students. Belts of colored brick sets and majolica facings decorate the building wonderfully.

On the territory of Konya Ark (Old Fortress) there is the palace of Muhammad Rahimxon I with rich and unusual interior decoration.

The walls of the hall are decorated with ganch carving with coloring. The neighboring two-storied building is a harem. There are many rich chambers, living rooms.

The Juma Mosque (X century, 1788) is amazing in its beauty. On the entrance doors the date of construction - 1778-1782 years is preserved.

But 210 columns of the mosque, supporting the roof, are much older - from XII to XV centuries. The columns are remarkable for their amazing slenderness, rich ornamental carving.

They were brought here from other ancient buildings, so many columns are unique and do not resemble each other.

At the gates of Polvon darvoza there is a whole ensemble of buildings. The main palace of Khiva khans Toshhovli occupies a special place here.

The architecture of its numerous apartments and decorative furnishings are unique. There are ornamental wood carvings, majolica facings and figurative cartouches.

The palace of Kurnysh-khan was intended for lavish receptions. Once there was a wooden throne in the throne room decorated with silver chasing on a red background.

The building has a beautiful iwan with columns. The palace is also remarkable for its rich majolica wall lining with intricate ornaments.

The Pahlavon Mahmud Memorial Complex was built in memory of the revered Khiva poet, who after his death was canonized as the patron saint of the city.

Nearby is the 45-meter high Islomxo‘ja minaret topped with a through lantern with a dome on top. In the outer part of the city - Dishan qalʼa - there are also many ancient architectural monuments.

Notable people from Khiva edit

The following people were born in the city.

Sister cities edit

The following is a list of Khiva's sister and twinned cities:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Viloyat bo'yicha shahar va qishloq aholisi soni" [Urban and rural population in the region] (PDF) (in Uzbek). Xorazm regional department of statistics.
  2. ^ "Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020.
  3. ^ В. А. Булатова, И. И. Ноткин, Архитектурные памятники Хивы. (Путеводитель), Ташкент, 1972; Хива. (Архитектура. Фотоальбом), Л., 1973; Г. Пугаченкова, Термез, Шахрисябз, Хива, (М„ 1976).
  4. ^ Patrologia Orientalis Tom. Decimus, p.291 https://archive.org/details/patrologiaorient10pariuoft
  5. ^ Nashriyoti, Davr (2012). Khiva: The City and the Legends. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Davr Nashriyoti LLC. p. 2. ISBN 9789943339262.
  6. ^ "khiva".
  7. ^ a b "Khiva". Encyclopædia Britannica. May 16, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  8. ^ "Khiva Travel Guide". Caravanistan. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  9. ^ "Shergazi-Khan Madrasah, Khiva". Advantour.
  10. ^ "ANATOLIY YERSHOV. XIVA — QO'RIQXONA SHAHAR (1988)". www.ziyouz.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  11. ^ "Xudoybergan Devonov - birinchi o'zbek fotografining boy ijodi va ayanchli qismati". kun.uz. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  12. ^ "Xiva". uztarix.narod.ru. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  13. ^ "Xiva – o'tmishga ochilgan vaqt darvozasi". otpusk.uz. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  14. ^ "Fotojamlanma: Xiva - Jahon merosi durdonasi joylashgan shahar". kun.uz. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  15. ^ "ANATOLIY YERSHOV. XIVA — QO'RIQXONA SHAHAR (1988)". Xiva. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  16. ^ "Khiva and San Lorenzo del Escorial have become sister cities".

Publications edit

  • Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, MacGahan, (London, 1874).
  • A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, Frederick Burnaby, (OUP, 1997; first published 1876).
  • Russian Central Asia, Lansdell, (London, 1885).
  • A travers l'Asie Centrale, Moser, (Paris, 1886).
  • Russia against India, Colquhoun, (New York, 1900).
  • Khiva, in Russian, S. Goulichambaroff, (Askhabad, 1913).
  • A Carpet Ride to Khiva, C. A. Alexander, (London, 2010).

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khiva.
  • Slave trade in Khiva
  • Beyond the Bazaars: Geographies of the slave trade in Central Asia
  •   Khiva travel guide from Wikivoyage

41°23′N 60°22′E / 41.383°N 60.367°E / 41.383; 60.367

November 07, 2023
khiva, xiva, redirects, here, spanish, town, chiva, valencia, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, khive, uzbek, xiva, Хива, خیوه, persian, خیوه, xīveh, alternative, historical, names, include, kheeva, khorasam, khoresm, khwarezm, khwarizm, khwarazm, c. Xiva redirects here For the Spanish town see Chiva Valencia For other uses see Khiva disambiguation Not to be confused with KHive Khiva Uzbek Xiva Hiva خیوه Persian خیوه Xiveh alternative or historical names include Kheeva Khorasam Khoresm Khwarezm Khwarizm Khwarazm Chorezm Arabic خوارزم and Persian خوارزم is a district level city of approximately 93 000 people in Khorazm Region Uzbekistan 2 According to archaeological data the city was established around 1500 years ago 3 It is the former capital of Khwarezmia the Khanate of Khiva and the Khorezm People s Soviet Republic Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed on the World Heritage List 1991 The astronomer historian and polymath Al Biruni 4 973 1048 CE was born in either Khiva or the nearby city of Kath Khiva Xiva HivaClockwise from top Itchan Kala Alla Kouli Khan Madrasa Pakhlavan Makhmoud Mausoleum Islam Hoja Minaret Muhammad Amin Khan Madrasa and Kalta MinorKhivaLocation in UzbekistanShow map of West and Central AsiaKhivaKhiva Uzbekistan Show map of UzbekistanCoordinates 41 23 N 60 22 E 41 383 N 60 367 E 41 383 60 367CountryUzbekistanRegionKhorazm RegionPopulation 2021 1 Total93 400 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Campaigns 3 Sights 4 Industry and production 5 Archaeological and cultural significance 6 Overview of architectural monuments of Khiva 7 Notable people from Khiva 8 Sister cities 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Publications 11 External linksEtymology editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The origin of the name Khiva is unknown but many contradictory stories have been told to explain it A traditional story attributes the name to one of the sons of the prophet Noah It is said that Shem after the flood he found himself wandering in the desert alone Having fallen asleep he dreamt of 300 burning torches On waking up he was pleased with this omen he founded the city with outlines in the form of a ship mapped out according to the placement of the torches about which he had dreamt Then Shem dug the Kheyvak well the water from which had a surprising taste It is possible to see this well in Ichan Kala an internal town of Khiva City even today 5 Another proposal is that the name comes from the word Khwarezm altered by borrowing into Turkic as Khivarezem then shortened to Khiva History editFurther information Khanate of Khiva and Khwarezm In the early part of its history the Aryan inhabitants spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian Turks replaced the Iranian ruling class in the 10th century AD and the region gradually turned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers Russia annexed the Khanate of Khiva in the 19th century The last khan from the ruling dynasty was liquidated a century later in 1919 Thus Khiva became the capital city of the new Khorezm People s Soviet Republic The Khorezm oasis was converted into a part of modern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in 1924 6 The earliest records of the city of Khiva appear in Muslim travel accounts from the 10th century although archaeological evidence indicates habitation in the 6th century by the early 17th century Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva 7 The khanate was ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans a Genghisid dynasty nbsp 2014 Image of Palvan Gate Of Khiva built in the early 19th century and known to have hosted large slave market and a center of punishments and executionsIn the 17th century Khiva began to develop as a slave market During the first half of the 19th century around 30 000 Persians and an unknown number of Russians were enslaved there before being sold A large part of them were involved in the construction of buildings in the walled Itchan Kala 7 Campaigns edit Main articles Khivan campaign of 1839 and Khivan campaign of 1873 In the course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia in 1873 the Russian General Konstantin von Kaufman launched an attack on the city of Khiva which fell on 28 May 1873 Although the Russian Empire now controlled the Khanate it allowed Khiva to remain as a nominally quasi independent protectorate Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 a short lived 1920 1925 Khorezm People s Soviet Republic formed out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before its incorporation into the USSR in 1925 The city of Khiva became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Sights edit nbsp Panoramic view of Khiva Uzbekistan nbsp City wallKhiva is split into two parts The outer town called Dichan Kala was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates The inner town or Itchan Kala is encircled by brick walls whose foundations are believed to have been laid in the 10th century Present day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters Kalta Minor the large blue tower in the central city square was supposed to be a minaret It was built in 1851 by Mohammed Amin Khan but the Khan died and the succeeding Khan did not complete it The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses mostly dating from the 18th or 19th centuries Djuma Mosque for instance was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788 89 although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures 8 Khiva was home to a number of madrassahs educational establishments one of which Sherghazi Khan madrassah still stands today It was built in the 18th century by slaves and is one of the oldest buildings in Ichan Kala which is the center of present day Khiva Among the renowned students of the madrassah were the Uzbek poet Raunaq the Qaraqalpaq poet Kasybayuly the Turkmen poet and sufi Magtymguly 9 Industry and production editIn the town activities such as the KhivaCarpet joint stock company cotton cleaning ginning factories carpet weaving the Khiva Gilami joint stock company and other carpet weaving enterprises as well as a bread factory a farmer s market cultural trade and service establishments are operational There are branches of Urgench University specializing in agro management the Uzbek Academy of Sciences Khorezm Mamun Academy the Qoraqum Scientific Research Station pedagogical medical and tourism colleges vocational lyceums a gymnasium 15 general education schools a house of culture 2 special boarding schools a regional puppet theater an art school 2 libraries and their branches and cultural and recreational gardens 10 11 The central hospital polyclinic maternity hospital children s hospital dental treatment center central pharmacy specialized clinics and other medical facilities are available in the district Historical and architectural sites in the area include the Sayd Alauddin mausoleum the Pahlavon Mahmud complex the Juma Mosque the Old Ark Oqshayx Bobo s Palace Toshhovli Nurullaboy Palace Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah Muhammad Rahimxon Madrasah Islomkhodja Madrasah and Minaret Olloqulixon Madrasah Qutlughmurad Inoq Madrasah Olloqulixon Caravanserai and its market Anushakhan Bathhouse Oq Mosque Polvon Gate Ota Gate Bog cha Gate Tosh Gate Hazorasp Gate Kush Gate and more 12 13 14 The town publishes the Khiva Sharq Gavhari magazine since 2001 and the Khiva Tongi district newspaper The town is a prominent center for global tourism attracting over 200 000 tourists every year including nearly 7 000 international visitors O zbekTurizm national company operates in the town and several private guesthouses are in operation A trolleybus line was established from Khiva to Urgench in 1997 Bus and minibus routes connect Khiva to Tashkent Bukhara Navoi Samarkand Urgench Qo shko pir Yangiariq Bog ot Hazorasp and other major cities and population centers in the region 15 Archaeological and cultural significance editKhwarazm occupies a special place in the list of values of universal importance as a major center of world civilization and one of the important centers on the Silk Road The unique values of world significance include architectural monuments of Khiva which has rightfully earned the title of museum city The image of modern Khiva is mainly formed by the architecture of the period of Khiva Khanate of the late XVIII early XX centuries But archaeological excavations underway here show that at the base of a number of relatively young remains of buildings are ancient layers dating back to the III and even earlier centuries BC Overview of architectural monuments of Khiva editMost of Khiva s architectural masterpieces are concentrated in its urban core Itchan Kala It is a city within a city surrounded by powerful fortress walls with four gates on each side of the world One of the main highways runs from the western gate to the eastern gate along which the main monumental buildings are concentrated From the observation tower of Ak Sheikh bobo Itchan Kala can be seen like in the palm of your hand The unusual silhouette of the Kalta Minor minaret attracts attention as if cut down to the middle Its massive trunk exquisitely decorated with wide and narrow belts of glazed brick indicates that it was conceived as a grandiose majestic structure the main vertical of the city But after the death of the khan under whom the minaret was built it remained unfinished receiving the name of Kalta short Very close to the Kalta Minar is the Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah the largest of the preserved buildings of higher theological educational institutions The peculiarity of its architecture is the twin hudjras cells for living of students Belts of colored brick sets and majolica facings decorate the building wonderfully On the territory of Konya Ark Old Fortress there is the palace of Muhammad Rahimxon I with rich and unusual interior decoration The walls of the hall are decorated with ganch carving with coloring The neighboring two storied building is a harem There are many rich chambers living rooms The Juma Mosque X century 1788 is amazing in its beauty On the entrance doors the date of construction 1778 1782 years is preserved But 210 columns of the mosque supporting the roof are much older from XII to XV centuries The columns are remarkable for their amazing slenderness rich ornamental carving They were brought here from other ancient buildings so many columns are unique and do not resemble each other At the gates of Polvon darvoza there is a whole ensemble of buildings The main palace of Khiva khans Toshhovli occupies a special place here The architecture of its numerous apartments and decorative furnishings are unique There are ornamental wood carvings majolica facings and figurative cartouches The palace of Kurnysh khan was intended for lavish receptions Once there was a wooden throne in the throne room decorated with silver chasing on a red background The building has a beautiful iwan with columns The palace is also remarkable for its rich majolica wall lining with intricate ornaments The Pahlavon Mahmud Memorial Complex was built in memory of the revered Khiva poet who after his death was canonized as the patron saint of the city Nearby is the 45 meter high Islomxo ja minaret topped with a through lantern with a dome on top In the outer part of the city Dishan qalʼa there are also many ancient architectural monuments Notable people from Khiva editThe following people were born in the city Tamara Abaeva born 1927 historian Sayid Abdullah 1873 1933 Khan of Khiva 1918 1920 Khudaibergen Devanov 1879 1940 photographer Islam Khodja 1872 1913 Grand Vizier of the Khanate of Khiva Israil Madrimov born 1995 boxer Bekjon Rakhmonov 1887 1929 politician Palvanniyaz Khodja Yusupov 1861 1936 politician Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva Khan of Khiva from 1864 to 1910Sister cities editThe following is a list of Khiva s sister and twinned cities nbsp Ankeny Iowa USA 2023 nbsp Nishapur Iran nbsp Yazd Iran 2020 nbsp San Lorenzo del Escorial Spain 2019 16 See also edit nbsp Uzbekistan portalAl Khwarizmi Bukhara Slavery in Asia Central Asia and the Caucasus Trolleybuses in Urgench Abdolbobo MausoleumReferences edit Viloyat bo yicha shahar va qishloq aholisi soni Urban and rural population in the region PDF in Uzbek Xorazm regional department of statistics Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Uzbek and Russian The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics July 2020 V A Bulatova I I Notkin Arhitekturnye pamyatniki Hivy Putevoditel Tashkent 1972 Hiva Arhitektura Fotoalbom L 1973 G Pugachenkova Termez Shahrisyabz Hiva M 1976 Patrologia Orientalis Tom Decimus p 291 https archive org details patrologiaorient10pariuoft Nashriyoti Davr 2012 Khiva The City and the Legends Tashkent Uzbekistan Davr Nashriyoti LLC p 2 ISBN 9789943339262 khiva a b Khiva Encyclopaedia Britannica May 16 2018 Retrieved June 20 2020 Khiva Travel Guide Caravanistan Retrieved 2021 03 13 Shergazi Khan Madrasah Khiva Advantour ANATOLIY YERSHOV XIVA QO RIQXONA SHAHAR 1988 www ziyouz com Retrieved 2023 10 31 Xudoybergan Devonov birinchi o zbek fotografining boy ijodi va ayanchli qismati kun uz Retrieved 2023 10 31 Xiva uztarix narod ru Retrieved 2023 10 31 Xiva o tmishga ochilgan vaqt darvozasi otpusk uz Retrieved 2023 10 31 Fotojamlanma Xiva Jahon merosi durdonasi joylashgan shahar kun uz Retrieved 2023 10 31 ANATOLIY YERSHOV XIVA QO RIQXONA SHAHAR 1988 Xiva Retrieved 2023 10 31 Khiva and San Lorenzo del Escorial have become sister cities Publications edit This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Campaigning on the Oxus and the Fall of Khiva MacGahan London 1874 A Ride to Khiva Travels and Adventures in Central Asia Frederick Burnaby OUP 1997 first published 1876 Russian Central Asia Lansdell London 1885 A travers l Asie Centrale Moser Paris 1886 Russia against India Colquhoun New York 1900 Khiva in Russian S Goulichambaroff Askhabad 1913 A Carpet Ride to Khiva C A Alexander London 2010 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khiva Slave trade in Khiva Beyond the Bazaars Geographies of the slave trade in Central Asia nbsp Khiva travel guide from Wikivoyage41 23 N 60 22 E 41 383 N 60 367 E 41 383 60 367 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khiva amp oldid 1184011305, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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