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Jubaland

July 30, 2023

Jubaland (Somali: Jubbaland, Arabic: جوبالاند, Italian: Oltregiuba), the Juba Valley (Somali: Dooxada Jubba) or Azania (Somali: Asaaniya, Arabic: آزانيا), is a Federal Member State in southern Somalia. Its eastern border lies 40–60 km (25–35 mi) east of the Jubba River, stretching from Gedo to the Indian Ocean, while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in Kenya, which was carved out of Jubaland during the colonial period.[4]

Jubaland State of Somalia
  • Dawlad Goboleedka Jubbaland ee Soomaaliya (Somali)
  • ولاية أرض جوبا في الصومال  (Arabic)
Coat of arms
   Jubaland in    Somalia
CapitalBu'ale (de jure)[1]Kismayo (de facto)
Largest cityKismayo
Official languages
Demonym(s)Somali[2][3]
GovernmentFederated state under a presidential democracy
• President
Ahmed Madobe
Federal Member State 
within Somalia
• Proclaimed
3 April 2011
• Recognition
29 August 2013
Area
• Total
110,293 km2 (42,584 sq mi)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2014 estimate
1,360,633
CurrencySomali shilling (SOS)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (not observed)
Calling code+252 (Somalia)
ISO 3166 codeSO
Internet TLD.so
Federal States in Somalia

Jubaland has a total area of 110,293 km2 (42,584 sq mi). As of 2005, it had a total population of 953,045 inhabitants.[5][6] The territory consists of the Gedo, Lower Juba and Middle Juba provinces. Its largest city is Kismayo, which is situated on the coast near the mouth of the Jubba River. Bardhere is a second largest city in Jubaland also Luuq, and Beled Haawo are the region's other principal settlements. Other cities such as Jamame and Jilib are currently occupied by Al-Shabaab.

During the Middle Ages, the influential Somali Ajuran Sultanate held sway over the territory, followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate. They were later incorporated into British East Africa. In 1925, Jubaland was ceded to Italy, forming a part of Italian Somaliland. On 1 July 1960, the region, along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland, became part of the independent Somali Republic.

Jubaland was later the site of numerous battles during the civil war. In late 2006, Islamist militants gained control of most of the region. To reclaim possession of the territory, a new autonomous administration dubbed Azania was announced in 2010 and formalized the following year. In 2013, the Juba Interim Administration was officially established and recognized. It is now one of the five autonomous administrations in Somalia.

History

During the Middle Ages, the influential Somali Ajuran Empire held sway over the territory now known as Ajuran, followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate during the early modern period.[7] From 1836 until 1861, parts of Jubaland were nominally claimed by the Sultanate of Muscat (now in Oman).

Colonial period

Main articles: East Africa Protectorate and Oltre Giuba
 
Trans-Juba postage stamps of 1926.

The Geledi Sultanate that controlled this entire region later joined the Italian Somaliland protectorate after the Geledi ruler called Osman Ahmed signed multiple treaties with the colonial Italians.

Jubaland was subsequently ceded to Italy in 1924–25, as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I,[8] and had a brief existence as the Italian colony of Trans-Juba (Oltre Giuba) under governor (16 July 1924 – 31 December 1926) Corrado Zoli (1877–1951). Italy issued its first postage stamps for the territory on 29 July 1925, consisting of contemporary Italian stamps overprinted Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba). Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD).[4]

Britain wanted to give Jubaland to Fascist Italy in exchange for returning the Italian Islands of the Aegean to Greece, but Benito Mussolini's government rejected the quid pro quo. After the Corfu incident, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald decided to cede Jubaland unconditionally to the Italian colonial empire.[9] Jubaland was then incorporated into neighbouring Italian Somaliland on 30 June 1926. The boundary with Kenya was settled by the Jubaland Commission and the Jubaland Boundary Commission.[10] The colony had a total area of 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi), and in 1926, a population of 120,000 inhabitants.

1974 resettlement

During the post-independence period, one particularly significant historical event was the series of internal migrations into the Jubba regions by Somalis from other parts of the country.

Between 1974 and 1975, a major drought referred to as the Abaartii Dabadheer ("The Lingering Drought") affected the northern regions of Somalia. The Soviet Union, which at the time maintained strategic relations with the Siad Barre government, airlifted some 90,000 people from the devastated regions of Hobyo and Caynaba. New small settlements referred to as Danwadaagaha ("Collective Settlements") were then created in the Jubbada Hoose (Lower Jubba) and Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Jubba) regions. The transplanted families were also introduced to farming and fishing techniques, a change from their traditional pastoralist lifestyle of livestock herding.

Somali Civil War

Main articles: Somali Civil War, Juba Valley Alliance, Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006), and Somalia War (2006–2009)

By the late 1980s, the moral authority of Barre's government had collapsed. Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship. The government became increasingly totalitarian, and resistance movements, encouraged by Ethiopia, sprang up across the country, eventually leading to the Somali Civil War and Barre's ouster.

Following the ensuing breakdown of central authority, General Mohammed Said Hersi "Morgan", Barre's son-in-law and former Minister of Defence, briefly declared Jubaland independent on 3 September 1998.[11] Political opponents of General Morgan subsequently united as the Allied Somali Forces (ASF), seizing control of Kismayo by June of the following year.[12]

Led by Colonel Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale, the ASF administration renamed itself the Juba Valley Alliance in 2001.[13] On 18 June of that year, an 11-member inter-clan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly forming Transitional Federal Government.[14]

In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist organization, assumed control of much of Jubaland and other parts of southern Somalia and promptly imposed Sharia law. The Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority, and, with the assistance of Ethiopian troops, African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule.[15]

The Battle of Ras Kamboni took place on 8 January 2007. Afterwards, the TFG then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa. This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country.[16]

Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian National Defence Force's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.[17]

Revival of the Jubaland administration

On 3 April 2011, it was announced that the new autonomous Jubaland administration would be referred to as Azania, and would be led by Mohamed Abdi Mohamed (Gandhi), the former national Minister of Defense, as president.[18][19] According to President Gandhi, a trained anthropologist and historian, Azania was selected as the name for the new administration because of its historical importance, as "Azania was a name given to Somalia more than 2,500 years ago and it was given by Egyptian sailors who used to get a lot of food reserves from the Somali Coast[...] Its origin is [an] Arabic word meaning the land of plenty."[20][21]

Following the Kenyan military entry into Somalia in 2011, President of Somalia Sharif Ahmed initially expressed reservations about the deployment of Kenyan troops for what a BBC correspondent suggested was his opposition to the notion of Kenya's involvement in the Jubaland initiative.[22] However, the Somalian and Kenyan governments later jointly issued a communique formally pledging coordinated military, political and diplomatic support for the mission,[23] and specifying that the operation would officially be Somalia-led.[24]

The new president of Somalia, Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud and his government, declared the formation of Jubaland and its process 'unconstitutional' and urged the process to be delayed until the parliament establishes laws and territorial boundaries of proposed regional states within Federal Somalia. This was rejected by the organisers of the Jubaland conference.[25]

Talks aimed at brokering an agreement between the Ogaden, Marehan and Harti clans as well as many smaller clans, began after Operation Linda Nchi started in October 2011. (ICG 2013) On 28 February 2013, more than 500 delegates convened in Kismayo to attend the opening of a conference, which would discuss and plan the proposed formation of Jubaland.[26] A 32-strong technical committee chaired by Ma'alin Mohamed Ibrahim, the deputy of the Raskamboni movement, was established along with several sub-committees whose purpose was to oversee the process.[27] The conference was attended by several high-profile politicians, including Professor Mohamed Abdi Mohamed (Gandhi) and former TFG Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke.[28]

On 2 April 2013, delegates at Kismayo conference were presented with a draft provisional constitution, which they overwhelming approved.[29] On 15 May 2013, an overwhelming majority of 500 delegates elected Ahmed Mohamed Islam (Madobe) as the President of Jubaland.[30]

On 28 August 2013, the autonomous Jubaland administration signed a national reconciliation agreement in Addis Ababa with the Somali federal government. Endorsed by the federal State Minister for the Presidency Farah Abdulkadir on behalf of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, the pact was brokered by the Foreign Ministry of Ethiopia and came after protracted bilateral talks. Under the terms of the agreement, Jubaland will be administered for a two-year period by a Juba Interim Administration and led by the region's incumbent president, Ahmed Mohamed Islam. The regional president will serve as the chairperson of a new Executive Council, to which he will appoint three deputies. Management of Kismayo's seaport and airport will also be transferred to the Federal Government after a period of six months, and revenues and resources generated from these infrastructures will be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development. Additionally, the agreement includes the integration of Jubaland's military forces under the central command of the Somali National Army (SNA), and stipulates that the Juba Interim Administration will command the regional police.[31][32] UN Special Envoy to Somalia Nicholas Kay hailed the pact as "a breakthrough that unlocks the door for a better future for Somalia,"[33] with AUC, UN, EU and IGAD representatives also present at the signing.[32]

On 16 September 2014, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud officially opened a reconciliation conference in Kismayo. The summit was aimed at Jubaland's Lower Juba, Middle Juba and Gedo constituencies, and was attended by delegates from across the nation and abroad.[34]

On 30 December 2014, Jubaland President Ahmed Mohamed Islam (Madobe) and South West State President Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan signed a 4-point Memorandum of Understanding on federalization, security, the 2016 general elections, trade, and the constitution. The bilateral accord was signed in the presence of representatives from the two regional states, including politicians, traditional leaders and civil society activists. Among the clauses of the accord were equitable allocation of international assistance by the federal authorities, agreeing on pre-civil war boundaries and regional demarcations established by the military government, and recommending that the federal authorities both delegate powers to regional bodies and adopt a No Objection Policy. Additionally, the memorandum stipulates that the two regional states will form a security committee consisting of representatives from both administrations, which will facilitate launching joint counterinsurgency operations, extradition, and expertise and intelligence sharing. The two administrations also proposed the creation of an interstate commission to liaise between the federal government and constituent regional states. They likewise indicated that their respective Chambers of Commerce would buttress commercial exchanges and cross-border trade.[35]

In February 2015, the Interim Juba Administration began a selection process for the members of the new regional parliament. Following consultations with local stakeholders, the lawmakers were slated to be nominated by intellectuals in conjunction with traditional elders.[36] The legislative selection process was drawn from all of the regional state's constituent districts.[37] On 15 April 2015, a new 75-seat chamber of Jubaland parliament was inaugurated at an official ceremony at the presidential palace in Kismayo. Federal lawmaker Sheikh Abdi Yusuf was therein elected as interim speaker, and 75 MPs were sworn into the new regional legislature.[38] On 7 May 2015, an inauguration ceremony was held in Kismayo for the Jubaland administration's first regional parliament. The event was attended by President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Vice President of Puntland Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar, Foreign Minister of Kenya Amina Mohamed, Foreign Minister of Ethiopia Tedros Adhanom, IGAD Executive Secretary Mahboub Maalim, IGAD Envoy to Somalia Ambassador Mohamed Abdi Afey, and other international representatives.[39]

On 20 May 2015, Jubaland's newly formed regional cabinet had its first reshuffle, with Minister for Water and Mineral Resources Abdinoor Adan transferred to Minister for Information and former Minister for Finance Mohamed Aw-Yussuf filling his previous docket. Former Minister for Information Ibrahim Bajuun was also appointed as the Minister for Finance.[40]

Demographics

Jubaland has a total population of around 2.5 million inhabitants with the majority hailing from the Darood clan, also there is Rahanweyn and others.[5][41]

Transportation

Air transportation in Jubaland is served by a number of airports. These include the Bardera Airport, Garbaharey Airport and Kismayo Airport.

Administrative divisions

Jubaland's three constituent administrative regions are:

Society and culture

Communities

Solidarity Group of Jubbaland (SGJ), is a local grassroots development organisation in Jubaland.[42] Local dances of Jubaland include the Saar.[43] Death from hunger is a recurrent issue in Jubaland, including in 2017[44] and 2021.[45] In 2020, Kenya's the Daily Nation described Jubaland, along with Puntland as Darod clan states.[46]

Borders

In February 2019, Kenyan officials have alleged that Somalia is engaged in an inappropriate auctioning of drilling rights along the African coast of the Ocean off Jubaland. The International Court of Arbitration has scheduled procedures for September 2019 concerning maritime territorial waters, which Somali sources indicate is being pre-empted by the Kenyan officials. Kenya demanded Somalia to abandon its ICJ case for bilateral discussion. Somalia sees this as delaying tactics as discussion did not produce results between 2009 and 2014. Kenya gave mining rights to France and Italian companies in 2009, however, accused Somalia of doing the same. Somalia denied the accusation. Somalia won the majority of their case off the Jubaland coast on the maritime dispute in 2020 at the ICJ (International Court of Justice).[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ . Dhanaan.com. 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  2. ^ "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  3. ^ Paul Dickson, Labels for locals: what to call people from Abilene to Zimbabwe (Merriam-Webster: 1997), p.175. ISBN 006088164X.
  4. ^ a b Osman, Mohamed Amin AH (1993). Somalia, proposals for the future. SPM. pp. 1–10.
  5. ^ a b (PDF). UNDP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  6. ^ "Area Calculator – Outline a property on a google map and find its area". mapdevelopers.com. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  7. ^ Luling (2002), p.272.
  8. ^ Oliver, Roland Anthony (1976). History of East Africa, Volume 2. Clarendon Press. p. 7. and Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, 2012, 21.
  9. ^ Steiner, Zara (2005). The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-151881-2. OCLC 86068902.
  10. ^ King, L. N. (1928). The Work of the Jubaland Boundary Commission. The Geographical Journal, 72(5), 420-435.
  11. ^ Footnotes to History: G to J 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Footnotes to History
  12. ^ Somalia Assessment, September 1999 Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, UK
  13. ^ "Somalia". World Statesmen. Retrieved 9 March 2006. – also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map
  14. ^ Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia, 11 Oct 2001, Document S/2001/963 United Nations Security Council.
  15. ^ "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia". Globalpolicy.org. 14 August 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  16. ^ . garoweonline.com (12 January 2011).
  17. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1 May 2009). . Unhcr.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  18. ^ Muhumed, Malkhadir M., Associated Press (3 April 2011) Somalia creates new state, Azania, latest of at least 10 new administrations recently added 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. startribune.com
  19. ^ McGregor, Sarah and Omar, Hamsa (4 April 2011) . Businessweek
  20. ^ Ibrahim, Abdifitah (4 June 2011) Azania President Vows To Defeat Al-Shabaab 13 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Somaliareport.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  21. ^ "Biyokulule Online". biyokulule.com. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  22. ^ "France to support Kenya's incursion into Somalia". BBC News. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  23. ^ Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Standardmedia.co.ke (31 October 2011). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  24. ^ Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi. Mfa.go.ke (31 October 2011). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  25. ^ Political disconnect breeding discontent in Somalia 2 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Garowe Online (30 March 2013). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  26. ^ Somalia: Jubaland state conference convenes, Mogadishu officials absent 4 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Garowe Online (28 February 2013). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  27. ^ Somalia: Five committees to prepare Jubaland convention established 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Garowe Online (30 November 2012). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  28. ^ Somali Prime Minister on first trip abroad. AMISOM Daily Media Monitoring. Somaliamediamonitoring.org (3 April 2013). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  29. ^ Somalia: Jubaland conference continues with provisional constitution 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Garowe Online (2 April 2013). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  30. ^ "Former Islamist warlord elected president of Somali region". Reuters. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  31. ^ . Garowe Online. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  32. ^ a b Wendoson, Abera. "Somalia gives recognition to Jubaland interim administration". Ethiopian Herald. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  33. ^ Sisay, Andualem (29 August 2013). . Africa Review. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  34. ^ . Raxanreeb. 16 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  35. ^ . Garowe Online. 30 December 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  36. ^ "IJA authorities kicks off selection of regional parliamenterians in Gedo region". Goobjoog. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  37. ^ "Selection of IJA regional lawmakers Kicks off in Kismayo". Goobjoog. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  38. ^ . Garowe Online. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  39. ^ . Garowe Online. 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  40. ^ "Interim Jubba Administration's leader makes reshuffle". Goobjoog. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  41. ^ "Kenya's Intervention in Somalia | Center for Strategic and International Studies". csis.org. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  42. ^ "Solidarity Group of Jubaland | arab.org". 25 April 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  43. ^ Simonds, Liana. "When Culture's Soft Power Confronts Hard Limits". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  44. ^ "Hunger Kills at Least 26 in Somalia's Jubaland Region". VOA. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  45. ^ "Three children starve to death in Gedo region". Goobjoog News English. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  46. ^ . nation.co.ke. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  47. ^ Berg, Stephanie van den (13 October 2021). "World Court sides mostly with Somalia in border dispute with Kenya | Reuters". Reuters.

Further reading

  • Mwangi, Oscar, Jubaland: Somalia's new security dilemma and state-building efforts, Africa Review, 2016, Vol.8(2), p. 120.
  • Colin D Robinson & Jahara Matisek (2020). "Assistance to Locally Appropriate Military Forces in Southern Somalia". The RUSI Journal. 165 (4)
  • United Nations, Reports of the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group, S/2010/91 and S/2011/433.

July 30, 2023
jubaland, somali, jubbaland, arabic, جوبالاند, italian, oltregiuba, juba, valley, somali, dooxada, jubba, azania, somali, asaaniya, arabic, آزانيا, federal, member, state, southern, somalia, eastern, border, lies, east, jubba, river, stretching, from, gedo, in. Jubaland Somali Jubbaland Arabic جوبالاند Italian Oltregiuba the Juba Valley Somali Dooxada Jubba or Azania Somali Asaaniya Arabic آزانيا is a Federal Member State in southern Somalia Its eastern border lies 40 60 km 25 35 mi east of the Jubba River stretching from Gedo to the Indian Ocean while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in Kenya which was carved out of Jubaland during the colonial period 4 Jubaland State of SomaliaDawlad Goboleedka Jubbaland ee Soomaaliya Somali ولاية أرض جوبا في الصومال Arabic Flag Coat of arms Jubaland in SomaliaCapitalBu ale de jure 1 Kismayo de facto Largest cityKismayoOfficial languagesSomaliArabicDemonym s Somali 2 3 GovernmentFederated state under a presidential democracy PresidentAhmed MadobeFederal Member State within Somalia Proclaimed3 April 2011 Recognition29 August 2013Area Total110 293 km2 42 584 sq mi Water negligiblePopulation 2014 estimate1 360 633CurrencySomali shilling SOS Time zoneUTC 3 EAT Summer DST UTC 3 not observed Calling code 252 Somalia ISO 3166 codeSOInternet TLD soFederal States in SomaliaJubaland has a total area of 110 293 km2 42 584 sq mi As of 2005 it had a total population of 953 045 inhabitants 5 6 The territory consists of the Gedo Lower Juba and Middle Juba provinces Its largest city is Kismayo which is situated on the coast near the mouth of the Jubba River Bardhere is a second largest city in Jubaland also Luuq and Beled Haawo are the region s other principal settlements Other cities such as Jamame and Jilib are currently occupied by Al Shabaab During the Middle Ages the influential Somali Ajuran Sultanate held sway over the territory followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate They were later incorporated into British East Africa In 1925 Jubaland was ceded to Italy forming a part of Italian Somaliland On 1 July 1960 the region along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland became part of the independent Somali Republic Jubaland was later the site of numerous battles during the civil war In late 2006 Islamist militants gained control of most of the region To reclaim possession of the territory a new autonomous administration dubbed Azania was announced in 2010 and formalized the following year In 2013 the Juba Interim Administration was officially established and recognized It is now one of the five autonomous administrations in Somalia Contents 1 History 1 1 Colonial period 1 2 1974 resettlement 1 3 Somali Civil War 1 4 Revival of the Jubaland administration 2 Demographics 3 Transportation 4 Administrative divisions 5 Society and culture 5 1 Communities 5 2 Borders 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingHistoryDuring the Middle Ages the influential Somali Ajuran Empire held sway over the territory now known as Ajuran followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate during the early modern period 7 From 1836 until 1861 parts of Jubaland were nominally claimed by the Sultanate of Muscat now in Oman Colonial period Main articles East Africa Protectorate and Oltre Giuba Trans Juba postage stamps of 1926 The Geledi Sultanate that controlled this entire region later joined the Italian Somaliland protectorate after the Geledi ruler called Osman Ahmed signed multiple treaties with the colonial Italians Jubaland was subsequently ceded to Italy in 1924 25 as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I 8 and had a brief existence as the Italian colony of Trans Juba Oltre Giuba under governor 16 July 1924 31 December 1926 Corrado Zoli 1877 1951 Italy issued its first postage stamps for the territory on 29 July 1925 consisting of contemporary Italian stamps overprinted Oltre Giuba Trans Juba Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory which was later called the Northern Frontier District NFD 4 Britain wanted to give Jubaland to Fascist Italy in exchange for returning the Italian Islands of the Aegean to Greece but Benito Mussolini s government rejected the quid pro quo After the Corfu incident British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald decided to cede Jubaland unconditionally to the Italian colonial empire 9 Jubaland was then incorporated into neighbouring Italian Somaliland on 30 June 1926 The boundary with Kenya was settled by the Jubaland Commission and the Jubaland Boundary Commission 10 The colony had a total area of 87 000 km2 34 000 sq mi and in 1926 a population of 120 000 inhabitants 1974 resettlement During the post independence period one particularly significant historical event was the series of internal migrations into the Jubba regions by Somalis from other parts of the country Between 1974 and 1975 a major drought referred to as the Abaartii Dabadheer The Lingering Drought affected the northern regions of Somalia The Soviet Union which at the time maintained strategic relations with the Siad Barre government airlifted some 90 000 people from the devastated regions of Hobyo and Caynaba New small settlements referred to as Danwadaagaha Collective Settlements were then created in the Jubbada Hoose Lower Jubba and Jubbada Dhexe Middle Jubba regions The transplanted families were also introduced to farming and fishing techniques a change from their traditional pastoralist lifestyle of livestock herding Somali Civil War Main articles Somali Civil War Juba Valley Alliance Rise of the Islamic Courts Union 2006 and Somalia War 2006 2009 By the late 1980s the moral authority of Barre s government had collapsed Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship The government became increasingly totalitarian and resistance movements encouraged by Ethiopia sprang up across the country eventually leading to the Somali Civil War and Barre s ouster Following the ensuing breakdown of central authority General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan Barre s son in law and former Minister of Defence briefly declared Jubaland independent on 3 September 1998 11 Political opponents of General Morgan subsequently united as the Allied Somali Forces ASF seizing control of Kismayo by June of the following year 12 Led by Colonel Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale the ASF administration renamed itself the Juba Valley Alliance in 2001 13 On 18 June of that year an 11 member inter clan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly forming Transitional Federal Government 14 In 2006 the Islamic Courts Union ICU an Islamist organization assumed control of much of Jubaland and other parts of southern Somalia and promptly imposed Sharia law The Transitional Federal Government sought to re establish its authority and with the assistance of Ethiopian troops African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule 15 The Battle of Ras Kamboni took place on 8 January 2007 Afterwards the TFG then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country 16 Following this defeat the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions Some of the more radical elements including Al Shabaab regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian National Defence Force s presence in Somalia Throughout 2007 and 2008 Al Shabaab scored military victories seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia At the end of 2008 the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu By January 2009 Al Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat leaving behind an under equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government s troops 17 Revival of the Jubaland administration On 3 April 2011 it was announced that the new autonomous Jubaland administration would be referred to as Azania and would be led by Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Gandhi the former national Minister of Defense as president 18 19 According to President Gandhi a trained anthropologist and historian Azania was selected as the name for the new administration because of its historical importance as Azania was a name given to Somalia more than 2 500 years ago and it was given by Egyptian sailors who used to get a lot of food reserves from the Somali Coast Its origin is an Arabic word meaning the land of plenty 20 21 Following the Kenyan military entry into Somalia in 2011 President of Somalia Sharif Ahmed initially expressed reservations about the deployment of Kenyan troops for what a BBC correspondent suggested was his opposition to the notion of Kenya s involvement in the Jubaland initiative 22 However the Somalian and Kenyan governments later jointly issued a communique formally pledging coordinated military political and diplomatic support for the mission 23 and specifying that the operation would officially be Somalia led 24 The new president of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud and his government declared the formation of Jubaland and its process unconstitutional and urged the process to be delayed until the parliament establishes laws and territorial boundaries of proposed regional states within Federal Somalia This was rejected by the organisers of the Jubaland conference 25 Talks aimed at brokering an agreement between the Ogaden Marehan and Harti clans as well as many smaller clans began after Operation Linda Nchi started in October 2011 ICG 2013 On 28 February 2013 more than 500 delegates convened in Kismayo to attend the opening of a conference which would discuss and plan the proposed formation of Jubaland 26 A 32 strong technical committee chaired by Ma alin Mohamed Ibrahim the deputy of the Raskamboni movement was established along with several sub committees whose purpose was to oversee the process 27 The conference was attended by several high profile politicians including Professor Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Gandhi and former TFG Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke 28 On 2 April 2013 delegates at Kismayo conference were presented with a draft provisional constitution which they overwhelming approved 29 On 15 May 2013 an overwhelming majority of 500 delegates elected Ahmed Mohamed Islam Madobe as the President of Jubaland 30 On 28 August 2013 the autonomous Jubaland administration signed a national reconciliation agreement in Addis Ababa with the Somali federal government Endorsed by the federal State Minister for the Presidency Farah Abdulkadir on behalf of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud the pact was brokered by the Foreign Ministry of Ethiopia and came after protracted bilateral talks Under the terms of the agreement Jubaland will be administered for a two year period by a Juba Interim Administration and led by the region s incumbent president Ahmed Mohamed Islam The regional president will serve as the chairperson of a new Executive Council to which he will appoint three deputies Management of Kismayo s seaport and airport will also be transferred to the Federal Government after a period of six months and revenues and resources generated from these infrastructures will be earmarked for Jubaland s service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development Additionally the agreement includes the integration of Jubaland s military forces under the central command of the Somali National Army SNA and stipulates that the Juba Interim Administration will command the regional police 31 32 UN Special Envoy to Somalia Nicholas Kay hailed the pact as a breakthrough that unlocks the door for a better future for Somalia 33 with AUC UN EU and IGAD representatives also present at the signing 32 On 16 September 2014 President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud officially opened a reconciliation conference in Kismayo The summit was aimed at Jubaland s Lower Juba Middle Juba and Gedo constituencies and was attended by delegates from across the nation and abroad 34 On 30 December 2014 Jubaland President Ahmed Mohamed Islam Madobe and South West State President Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan signed a 4 point Memorandum of Understanding on federalization security the 2016 general elections trade and the constitution The bilateral accord was signed in the presence of representatives from the two regional states including politicians traditional leaders and civil society activists Among the clauses of the accord were equitable allocation of international assistance by the federal authorities agreeing on pre civil war boundaries and regional demarcations established by the military government and recommending that the federal authorities both delegate powers to regional bodies and adopt a No Objection Policy Additionally the memorandum stipulates that the two regional states will form a security committee consisting of representatives from both administrations which will facilitate launching joint counterinsurgency operations extradition and expertise and intelligence sharing The two administrations also proposed the creation of an interstate commission to liaise between the federal government and constituent regional states They likewise indicated that their respective Chambers of Commerce would buttress commercial exchanges and cross border trade 35 In February 2015 the Interim Juba Administration began a selection process for the members of the new regional parliament Following consultations with local stakeholders the lawmakers were slated to be nominated by intellectuals in conjunction with traditional elders 36 The legislative selection process was drawn from all of the regional state s constituent districts 37 On 15 April 2015 a new 75 seat chamber of Jubaland parliament was inaugurated at an official ceremony at the presidential palace in Kismayo Federal lawmaker Sheikh Abdi Yusuf was therein elected as interim speaker and 75 MPs were sworn into the new regional legislature 38 On 7 May 2015 an inauguration ceremony was held in Kismayo for the Jubaland administration s first regional parliament The event was attended by President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Vice President of Puntland Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar Foreign Minister of Kenya Amina Mohamed Foreign Minister of Ethiopia Tedros Adhanom IGAD Executive Secretary Mahboub Maalim IGAD Envoy to Somalia Ambassador Mohamed Abdi Afey and other international representatives 39 On 20 May 2015 Jubaland s newly formed regional cabinet had its first reshuffle with Minister for Water and Mineral Resources Abdinoor Adan transferred to Minister for Information and former Minister for Finance Mohamed Aw Yussuf filling his previous docket Former Minister for Information Ibrahim Bajuun was also appointed as the Minister for Finance 40 DemographicsJubaland has a total population of around 2 5 million inhabitants with the majority hailing from the Darood clan also there is Rahanweyn and others 5 41 TransportationAir transportation in Jubaland is served by a number of airports These include the Bardera Airport Garbaharey Airport and Kismayo Airport Administrative divisionsJubaland s three constituent administrative regions are Gedo Lower Juba Jubbada Hoose Middle Juba Jubbada Dhexe remains under the control of Al ShabaabSociety and cultureCommunities Solidarity Group of Jubbaland SGJ is a local grassroots development organisation in Jubaland 42 Local dances of Jubaland include the Saar 43 Death from hunger is a recurrent issue in Jubaland including in 2017 44 and 2021 45 In 2020 Kenya s the Daily Nation described Jubaland along with Puntland as Darod clan states 46 Borders In February 2019 Kenyan officials have alleged that Somalia is engaged in an inappropriate auctioning of drilling rights along the African coast of the Ocean off Jubaland The International Court of Arbitration has scheduled procedures for September 2019 concerning maritime territorial waters which Somali sources indicate is being pre empted by the Kenyan officials Kenya demanded Somalia to abandon its ICJ case for bilateral discussion Somalia sees this as delaying tactics as discussion did not produce results between 2009 and 2014 Kenya gave mining rights to France and Italian companies in 2009 however accused Somalia of doing the same Somalia denied the accusation Somalia won the majority of their case off the Jubaland coast on the maritime dispute in 2020 at the ICJ International Court of Justice 47 See alsoJubaland DarawiishReferences Jubaland Constitution Bu ale is the Capital for Jubaland Dhanaan com 6 April 2013 Archived from the original on 9 April 2013 Retrieved 6 April 2013 Somalia World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency 14 May 2009 Retrieved 31 May 2009 Paul Dickson Labels for locals what to call people from Abilene to Zimbabwe Merriam Webster 1997 p 175 ISBN 006088164X a b Osman Mohamed Amin AH 1993 Somalia proposals for the future SPM pp 1 10 a b Regions districts and their populations Somalia 2005 draft PDF UNDP Archived from the original PDF on 28 July 2017 Retrieved 21 September 2013 Area Calculator Outline a property on a google map and find its area mapdevelopers com Retrieved 28 November 2017 Luling 2002 p 272 Oliver Roland Anthony 1976 History of East Africa Volume 2 Clarendon Press p 7 and Hornsby Kenya A History Since Independence 2012 21 Steiner Zara 2005 The lights that failed European international history 1919 1933 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 151881 2 OCLC 86068902 King L N 1928 The Work of the Jubaland Boundary Commission The Geographical Journal 72 5 420 435 Footnotes to History G to J Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Footnotes to History Somalia Assessment September 1999 Country Information and Policy Unit Immigration amp Nationality Directorate Home Office UK Somalia World Statesmen Retrieved 9 March 2006 also shows Italian colonial flag amp links to map Report of the Secretary General on the situation in Somalia 11 Oct 2001 Document S 2001 963 United Nations Security Council Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia Globalpolicy org 14 August 2007 Retrieved 27 June 2010 Somalia President Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term garoweonline com 12 January 2011 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1 May 2009 USCIRF Annual Report 2009 The Commission s Watch List Somalia Unhcr org Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 Retrieved 27 June 2010 Muhumed Malkhadir M Associated Press 3 April 2011 Somalia creates new state Azania latest of at least 10 new administrations recently added Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine startribune com McGregor Sarah and Omar Hamsa 4 April 2011 Former Somali Defence Minister Named President of Jubaland Businessweek Ibrahim Abdifitah 4 June 2011 Azania President Vows To Defeat Al Shabaab Archived 13 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Somaliareport com Retrieved 22 April 2013 Biyokulule Online biyokulule com Retrieved 28 November 2017 France to support Kenya s incursion into Somalia BBC News 25 October 2011 Retrieved 25 October 2011 Somalia government supports Kenyan forces mission Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Standardmedia co ke 31 October 2011 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Joint Communique Operation Linda Nchi Mfa go ke 31 October 2011 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Political disconnect breeding discontent in Somalia Archived 2 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Garowe Online 30 March 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Somalia Jubaland state conference convenes Mogadishu officials absent Archived 4 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Garowe Online 28 February 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Somalia Five committees to prepare Jubaland convention established Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine Garowe Online 30 November 2012 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Somali Prime Minister on first trip abroad AMISOM Daily Media Monitoring Somaliamediamonitoring org 3 April 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Somalia Jubaland conference continues with provisional constitution Archived 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Garowe Online 2 April 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Former Islamist warlord elected president of Somali region Reuters 15 May 2013 Retrieved 15 May 2013 Somalia Jubaland gains recognition after intense bilateral talks in Ethiopia Garowe Online 28 August 2013 Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 Retrieved 11 September 2013 a b Wendoson Abera Somalia gives recognition to Jubaland interim administration Ethiopian Herald Archived from the original on 11 September 2013 Retrieved 11 September 2013 Sisay Andualem 29 August 2013 Somali government and Jubaland strike a peace deal Africa Review Archived from the original on 15 April 2020 Retrieved 11 September 2013 SOMALIA President Mohamed opens the reconciliation conference in Kismayo Raxanreeb 16 September 2014 Archived from the original on 17 September 2014 Retrieved 16 September 2014 Somalia Jubaland Southwest State sign MoU Garowe Online 30 December 2014 Archived from the original on 30 December 2014 Retrieved 31 December 2014 IJA authorities kicks off selection of regional parliamenterians in Gedo region Goobjoog 14 February 2015 Retrieved 14 February 2015 Selection of IJA regional lawmakers Kicks off in Kismayo Goobjoog 9 March 2015 Retrieved 10 March 2015 Somalia Jubaland MPs unveiled after two years Garowe Online 15 April 2015 Archived from the original on 11 August 2015 Retrieved 16 April 2015 Somalia Jubaland Parliament inaugurated in Kismayo port city Garowe Online 7 May 2015 Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 Retrieved 8 May 2015 Interim Jubba Administration s leader makes reshuffle Goobjoog 20 May 2015 Retrieved 20 May 2015 Kenya s Intervention in Somalia Center for Strategic and International Studies csis org Retrieved 28 November 2017 Solidarity Group of Jubaland arab org 25 April 2017 Retrieved 28 January 2022 Simonds Liana When Culture s Soft Power Confronts Hard Limits Pacific Standard Retrieved 28 January 2022 Hunger Kills at Least 26 in Somalia s Jubaland Region VOA Retrieved 28 January 2022 Three children starve to death in Gedo region Goobjoog News English 8 March 2021 Retrieved 28 January 2022 Save Somalia from Farmajo rogue MPS Daily Nation nation co ke Archived from the original on 31 July 2020 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Berg Stephanie van den 13 October 2021 World Court sides mostly with Somalia in border dispute with Kenya Reuters Reuters Further readingMwangi Oscar Jubaland Somalia s new security dilemma and state building efforts Africa Review 2016 Vol 8 2 p 120 Colin D Robinson amp Jahara Matisek 2020 Assistance to Locally Appropriate Military Forces in Southern Somalia The RUSI Journal 165 4 United Nations Reports of the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group S 2010 91 and S 2011 433 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jubaland amp oldid 1163377520, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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