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Azania

January 20, 2023

For other uses, see Azania (disambiguation).

Azania (Ancient Greek: Ἀζανία)[1] is a name that has been applied to various parts of southeastern tropical Africa.[2] In the Roman period and perhaps earlier, the toponym has been hypothesised to have referred to a portion of the Southeast Africa coast extending from northern Kenya to the border between Mozambique and South Africa.[3][4] If this is correct, then during classical antiquity Azania was mostly inhabited by Southern Cushitic peoples, whose groups would rule the area until the great Bantu Migration.[5][6]

Map of Africa, Description de l'univers (1683); Azania is circled.

Ancient Azania

Azania was a region in ancient Arcadia, which was according to Pausanias named after the mythical king Azan. According to Herodotus, the region contained the ancient town of Paus. The use of this name coincides with a reference in which Pliny the Elder mentions an "Azanian Sea" (N.H. 6.34) that began around the emporium of Adulis and stretched around the south coast of Africa. It may well be that the Greek usage resonated with a term already in use around the Horn of Africa especially in the light of the fact that the term with a different meaning to the Greek Arcadian meaning, was in use in South Asia, Southeast Asia and China. The Greek Travelogue is unlikely to reflect navigation of the African East Coast. The 1st century AD Greek travelogue the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea first describes Azania based on its author's intimate knowledge of the area. Chapter 15 of the Periplus suggests that Azania could be the littoral area south of present-day Somalia (the "Lesser and Greater Bluffs", the "Lesser and Greater Strands", and the "Seven Courses").[7] Chapter sixteen describes the emporium of Rhapta, located south of the Puralean Islands at the end of the Seven Courses of Azania, as the "southernmost market of Azania". The Periplus does not mention any dark-skinned "Ethiopians" among the area's inhabitants. They only later appear in Ptolemy's Geographia, but in a region far south, around the "Bantu nucleus" of northern Mozambique. According to John Donnelly Fage, these early Greek documents altogether suggest that the original inhabitants of the Azania coast, the "Azanians", were of the same ancestral stock as the Afro-Asiatic populations to the north of them along the Red Sea. Subsequently, by the 10th century AD, these original "Azanians" had been replaced by early waves of Bantu settlers.[8]

Later Western writers who mention Azania include Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 – c. 170 CE) and Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE).

Azania was known to the Chinese as 澤散 (Middle Chinese: /ɖˠæk̚.sɑnX/, Pinyin: zésàn) by the 3rd century AD.[9]

Revival

The term was briefly revived in the second half of the 20th century as the appellation given to South Africa by marxists such as the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) party. It was also considered as a possible name for South Sudan when it voted for independence in 2011, and has been applied to Jubbaland within Somalia.

Zanj Coast

Mofarite, Hadramite and Omani merchants established various trading posts on the Zanj Coast corresponding to Azania, the South Semitic etymology of A'Zania preceded the later Arabic Al-Zanjia. The roots of "land of the Zanj" - "Al-Zanjia" however is contested as not being related to the South Semitic etymology, nor to the Greek usage referring to an Arcadian territory and legend - and pronounced differently "e osania", but rather relates to Southeast Asia etymology. Zanj in Arabic means the "land of the blacks (slaves)". Zanj in Arabic means the "country of the blacks". Other transliteration include Zenj, Zinj, and Zang.[10][11] Anthony Christie argued that the word zanj or zang may not be Arabic in origin, a Chinese form (僧祇 sēngqí) is recorded as early as 607 AD. Christie argued that the word is South East Asian in origin.[12]: 33  The Javanese word jenggi means African people, precisely the people of Zanzibar.[13]: 740  It is known that the Indonesian Austronesian peoples reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 CE.[14][15] As for their route, one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesian came directly across the Indian Ocean from Java to Madagascar. It is likely that they went through the Maldives where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present.[16][12]: 32 

See also

References

  1. ^ Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 15
  2. ^ Collins & Pisarevsky (2004). "Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens". Earth-Science Reviews. 71 (3): 229–270. Bibcode:2005ESRv...71..229C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004.
  3. ^ Richard Pankhurst, An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia, (Lalibela House: 1961), p.21
  4. ^ The rise of Azania. Snippet w: David Dube. 1983. p. 17.
  5. ^ JournalInsert Hilton, John (1993-10). "Peoples of Azania". Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics. 1 (5). ISSN 1320-3606. Check date values in: |date= (help).
  6. ^ Azania. 1983.
  7. ^ George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p.29
  8. ^ Fage, John (23 October 2013). A History of Africa. Routledge. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1317797272. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  9. ^ "Weilue: The Peoples of the West. Draft translation by John Hill". Depts.washington.edu. 23 May 2004. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  10. ^ Bagley, F. R. C.; et al. (1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. Brill. p. 174. ISBN 1-55876-112-8.
  11. ^ Raunig, Walter (2005). Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. ISBN 3-447-05175-2. ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography.
  12. ^ a b Dick-Read, Robert (July 2006). "Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons". The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa. 2: 23–45. doi:10.4102/td.v2i1.307.
  13. ^ Zoetmulder, P. J. (1982). Old Javanese-English dictionary. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 9024761786.
  14. ^ Dewar RE, Wright HT (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi:10.1007/BF00997802. hdl:2027.42/45256. S2CID 21753825.
  15. ^ Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.
  16. ^ P. Y. Manguin. Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection. 'New Directions in Maritime History Conference' Fremantle. December 1993.

Bibliography

  • Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10.
  • Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies.[www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/ane/fullpapers.doc][dead link]
  • Collins, Alan S.; Pisarevsky, Sergei A. (2005). "Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens". Earth-Science Reviews. 71 (3–4): 229–270. Bibcode:2005ESRv...71..229C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004.
  • Huntingford, G.W.B. (trans. & ed.). Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Hakluyt Society. London, 1980.
  • Yu Huan, The Weilue in The Peoples of the West, translation by John E. Hill
    • "Weilue: The Peoples of the West". Depts.washington.edu. 23 May 2004. Retrieved 27 December 2016.

External links

January 20, 2023
azania, other, uses, disambiguation, ancient, greek, Ἀζανία, name, that, been, applied, various, parts, southeastern, tropical, africa, roman, period, perhaps, earlier, toponym, been, hypothesised, have, referred, portion, southeast, africa, coast, extending, . For other uses see Azania disambiguation Azania Ancient Greek Ἀzania 1 is a name that has been applied to various parts of southeastern tropical Africa 2 In the Roman period and perhaps earlier the toponym has been hypothesised to have referred to a portion of the Southeast Africa coast extending from northern Kenya to the border between Mozambique and South Africa 3 4 If this is correct then during classical antiquity Azania was mostly inhabited by Southern Cushitic peoples whose groups would rule the area until the great Bantu Migration 5 6 Map of Africa Description de l univers 1683 Azania is circled Contents 1 Ancient Azania 2 Revival 3 Zanj Coast 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksAncient Azania EditAzania was a region in ancient Arcadia which was according to Pausanias named after the mythical king Azan According to Herodotus the region contained the ancient town of Paus The use of this name coincides with a reference in which Pliny the Elder mentions an Azanian Sea N H 6 34 that began around the emporium of Adulis and stretched around the south coast of Africa It may well be that the Greek usage resonated with a term already in use around the Horn of Africa especially in the light of the fact that the term with a different meaning to the Greek Arcadian meaning was in use in South Asia Southeast Asia and China The Greek Travelogue is unlikely to reflect navigation of the African East Coast The 1st century AD Greek travelogue the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea first describes Azania based on its author s intimate knowledge of the area Chapter 15 of the Periplus suggests that Azania could be the littoral area south of present day Somalia the Lesser and Greater Bluffs the Lesser and Greater Strands and the Seven Courses 7 Chapter sixteen describes the emporium of Rhapta located south of the Puralean Islands at the end of the Seven Courses of Azania as the southernmost market of Azania The Periplus does not mention any dark skinned Ethiopians among the area s inhabitants They only later appear in Ptolemy s Geographia but in a region far south around the Bantu nucleus of northern Mozambique According to John Donnelly Fage these early Greek documents altogether suggest that the original inhabitants of the Azania coast the Azanians were of the same ancestral stock as the Afro Asiatic populations to the north of them along the Red Sea Subsequently by the 10th century AD these original Azanians had been replaced by early waves of Bantu settlers 8 Later Western writers who mention Azania include Claudius Ptolemy c 100 c 170 CE and Cosmas Indicopleustes 6th century CE Azania was known to the Chinese as 澤散 Middle Chinese ɖˠaek sɑnX Pinyin zesan by the 3rd century AD 9 Revival EditThe term was briefly revived in the second half of the 20th century as the appellation given to South Africa by marxists such as the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania PAC party It was also considered as a possible name for South Sudan when it voted for independence in 2011 and has been applied to Jubbaland within Somalia Zanj Coast EditMofarite Hadramite and Omani merchants established various trading posts on the Zanj Coast corresponding to Azania the South Semitic etymology of A Zania preceded the later Arabic Al Zanjia The roots of land of the Zanj Al Zanjia however is contested as not being related to the South Semitic etymology nor to the Greek usage referring to an Arcadian territory and legend and pronounced differently e osania but rather relates to Southeast Asia etymology Zanj in Arabic means the land of the blacks slaves Zanj in Arabic means the country of the blacks Other transliteration include Zenj Zinj and Zang 10 11 Anthony Christie argued that the word zanj or zang may not be Arabic in origin a Chinese form 僧祇 sengqi is recorded as early as 607 AD Christie argued that the word is South East Asian in origin 12 33 The Javanese word jenggi means African people precisely the people of Zanzibar 13 740 It is known that the Indonesian Austronesian peoples reached Madagascar by ca 50 500 CE 14 15 As for their route one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesian came directly across the Indian Ocean from Java to Madagascar It is likely that they went through the Maldives where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present 16 12 32 See also EditMenouthias Rhapta Zanj CoastReferences Edit Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 15 Collins amp Pisarevsky 2004 Amalgamating eastern Gondwana The evolution of the Circum Indian Orogens Earth Science Reviews 71 3 229 270 Bibcode 2005ESRv 71 229C doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2005 02 004 Richard Pankhurst An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia Lalibela House 1961 p 21 The rise of Azania Snippet w David Dube 1983 p 17 JournalInsert Hilton John 1993 10 Peoples of Azania Electronic Antiquity Communicating the Classics 1 5 ISSN 1320 3606 Check date values in date help Azania 1983 George Wynn Brereton Huntingford The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Hakluyt Society 1980 p 29 Fage John 23 October 2013 A History of Africa Routledge pp 25 26 ISBN 978 1317797272 Retrieved 20 January 2015 Weilue The Peoples of the West Draft translation by John Hill Depts washington edu 23 May 2004 Retrieved 27 December 2016 Bagley F R C et al 1997 The Last Great Muslim Empires Brill p 174 ISBN 1 55876 112 8 Raunig Walter 2005 Afrikas Horn Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann Konferenz 2 bis 5 Mai 2002 in Munchen Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 130 ISBN 3 447 05175 2 ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean These are al Misr Egypt al Muqurra or other designations for Nubian kingdoms Zanj Azania i e the country of the blacks Correspondingly almost all these terms or as I believe all of them also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography a b Dick Read Robert July 2006 Indonesia and Africa questioning the origins of some of Africa s most famous icons The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 2 23 45 doi 10 4102 td v2i1 307 Zoetmulder P J 1982 Old Javanese English dictionary The Hague Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 9024761786 Dewar RE Wright HT 1993 The culture history of Madagascar Journal of World Prehistory 7 4 417 466 doi 10 1007 BF00997802 hdl 2027 42 45256 S2CID 21753825 Burney DA Burney LP Godfrey LR Jungers WL Goodman SM Wright HT Jull AJ August 2004 A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar Journal of Human Evolution 47 1 2 25 63 doi 10 1016 j jhevol 2004 05 005 PMID 15288523 P Y Manguin Pre modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean The Maldive Connection New Directions in Maritime History Conference Fremantle December 1993 Bibliography EditCasson Lionel 1989 The Periplus Maris Erythraei Lionel Casson Translation by H Frisk 1927 with updates and improvements and detailed notes Princeton Princeton University Press Chami F A 1999 The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland Azania Vol XXXIV 1999 pp 1 10 Chami Felix A 2002 The Egypto Graeco Romans and Paanchea Azania sailing in the Erythraean Sea From Red Sea Trade and Travel The British Museum Sunday 6 October 2002 Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies www thebritishmuseum ac uk ane fullpapers doc dead link Collins Alan S Pisarevsky Sergei A 2005 Amalgamating eastern Gondwana The evolution of the Circum Indian Orogens Earth Science Reviews 71 3 4 229 270 Bibcode 2005ESRv 71 229C doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2005 02 004 Huntingford G W B trans amp ed Periplus of the Erythraean Sea Hakluyt Society London 1980 Yu Huan The Weilue in The Peoples of the West translation by John E Hill Weilue The Peoples of the West Depts washington edu 23 May 2004 Retrieved 27 December 2016 External links EditAzania at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Electronic Antiquity Journal Communicating the Classics Vol 1 no 5 research by John Hilton at the University of Natal Durban Azania Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa permanent dead link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Azania amp oldid 1131045302, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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