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Journalism in Australia

April 24, 2023

Journalism in Australia is an industry with an extensive history. Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 26th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom in 2020, ahead of both the United Kingdom and United States.[1] Most print media in the country is owned by either News Corp Australia or Nine Entertainment.

The Age Headquarters in Melbourne

History

 
The front page of the Sydney Gazette.

Most of the published material in the first twenty years of the New South Wales colony was to inform residents of the rules and laws of the time. These were printed with a portable wooden and iron printing press. Since half of the convicts of the time were not able to read, it was compulsory for these notices to be read at Sunday church services.[2]

On 22 November 1800, George Howe arrived in Australia. Nicknamed "Happy", Howe was born in the West Indies, although his father had been a native of Ireland.[3] In London, Howe had worked in the print industry for several newspapers including The Times, but was sent to New South Wales after being charged with shoplifting, a crime which was also punishable by hanging.

In 1803, Howe started production on Australia's first newspaper, the Sydney Gazette. While much of its content was government notices, there was also an abundance of news to report in the burgeoning colony. An extract from the paper about the first Koala to be captured told of the "graveness of the visage", which "would seem to indicate a more than ordinary portion of animal sagacity".[4]

One news gathering technique that Howe used for local content was to place a slip box outside of the store where the Gazette was published, to let the public suggest stories. Because of the country's geographic isolation, international news arriving via arriving ships was usually printed 10 to 14 weeks out of date.

The Sydney Gazette was the only paper published until 1824, when William Wentworth began publishing the colony's first uncensored newspaper, The Australian (no connection with the current paper of the same name, which was established by Rupert Murdoch in 1964).[5]

The Australian Journalist's Association (AJA) was formed in 1910 and registered federally in 1911.[6] In 1921, the University of Queensland became the first Australian institution to offer a diploma of journalism.[7] The AJA was amalgamated in 1992 into the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance.[8]

In 1956, Ampol Petroleum founder Sir William Gaston Walkley established Australia's most prestigious Journalism Awards, the Walkleys.[9]

On 16 October 1975, five Australian journalists, now known as the Balibo Five, reporting on the invasion of East Timor (then Portuguese Timor) by Indonesia were murdered at a house in Balibo. The journalists, from both the Nine Network and the Seven Network, were killed by Indonesian soldiers after recording footage which proved Indonesia was behind the conflict, as opposed to the claim it was an internal Timorese coup.[10]

Paul Moran, an ABC cameraman from Adelaide became the first Australian journalist to die while covering the Iraq war in March 2003. He was killed while working when a car bomb near him exploded.[11] The ABC foreign correspondent working with Moran, Eric Campbell, survived the explosion and went on to write about the incident in his book Absurdistan.[12]

Legal protection

 
The ABC headquarters in Sydney

Australian journalists are more vulnerable to defamation action than many of their international counterparts.[citation needed] Australia lacks both a bill of rights and an explicit rights to freedom of speech in the Australian constitution.[13] Writing in 2021, the BBC stated that "Australian media outlets have been overwhelmingly united in their criticism of strict local defamation laws".[14]

The 2006 Reporters Without Borders survey ranking the countries of the world in relative press freedom listed Australia as number 35 behind Ghana and Mauritius. Australia's score of nine had increased greatly since scoring a much better three in 2002. According to the Australia's Right to Know campaign, a collaborative effort between all major Australian media publishers and outlets, major causes in the decline of press freedom include anti-terrorism legislation (Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004 and Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005), sedition laws, suppression orders and Freedom of Information requests.[15][16]

Implied freedom

In 1992, the High Court of Australia saw the case of Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth, concerning a decision the previous year which inserted Part IIID into the Broadcasting Act 1942. The resulting regulations banned political advertising during Federal, State or Local elections. There was some free time provided for political messages, but 90 percent of this was allocated to parties in the previous government. A majority decision found in favour of Australian Capital Television, ruling there was an implied right to freedom of political communication in the constitution.

The 4–3 decision of the Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times Ltd case two years later enforced the previous ruling to the extent of validating the constitution's implied freedom of speech as a defamation defense, however this would not last.[17]

Lange v ABC

In 1997, the High Court heard the case of former New Zealand Prime Minister Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation on the rulings of the Theophanous and Stephens v West Australian Newspapers. "While the judges unanimously confirmed the existence of an implied constitutional freedom of political speech, they did not cite it as a defense against defamation action by politicians."[18]

Since Australian law does not currently accept the implied freedoms as a defamation defense, Australian journalists facing slander or libel must use common law defense. This involves the defendant proving that they:[18]

  • did believe defamatory imputations were true
  • undertook reasonable steps to confirm the accuracy of defamatory information
  • had reasonable grounds for a belief that defamatory imputations were true
  • included a response from the defamed person, except where this was seen as not practical or was unnecessary

Education in journalism

Many Australian universities provide journalism and communication courses. The majority of new Australian journalists have a tertiary education in the field. In 2000, seven of eight cadetships given by the Age were given to those with a journalism degree.[18] In the same year, however, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance estimated Australian universities produced approximately 600 students graduating with either a Bachelor of Journalism or an undergraduate degree majoring in Journalism, with another (approx.) 50 graduates with a Masters qualification. The alliance estimated these graduates were competing for fewer than 150 jobs. Since that time the situation has worsened considerably, with a record 4750 journalism students enrolled in 2010 for fewer than 1000 jobs. Additionally, depending on their own personal preference, many editors prefer to employ graduates with qualifications in other fields in the belief that they (as working journalists) are better equipped to pass on journalistic skills than academics (who have left the profession).[19]

The following Australian tertiary educational institutions provide journalism courses:

See also

References

  1. ^ "2020 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders". RSF. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  2. ^ . Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  3. ^ "Birth of the Book in Australia". Booktown.com.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  4. ^ "Pig Bites Baby!: Stories from Australia's First Newspaper". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 April 2003. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  5. ^ "Wentworth, William Charles - Biographical entry - Encyclopedia of Australian Science". Asap.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  6. ^ "Australian Journalists Association (i) - Trade Union entry". Australian Trade Union Archives. Atua.org.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  7. ^ "Bachelor of Journalism - Courses and Programs - The University of Queensland, Australia". Uq.edu.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  8. ^ . Alliance.org.au. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ "The day the military murdered our boys". News.com.au. 9 December 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2011.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ "ABC Pays Tribute to Cameraman killed in Iraq". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  12. ^ Campbell, Eric (2005). Absurdistan. Sydney: HarperCollins. pp. 317–334. ISBN 0-7322-7980-1.
  13. ^ "Would a Bill of Rights improve the quality of Australian journalism? - On Line Opinion - 15/11/2000". On Line Opinion. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  14. ^ "Chau Chak Wing: Chinese-Australian businessman wins media defamation case". BBC News. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  15. ^ . Blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au. 28 August 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ . Aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2 July 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  18. ^ a b c Conley, David (2002). The Daily Miracle. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-19-551374-6.
  19. ^ "Reference at www.theaustralian.com.au".

Further reading

  • Bruns, Axel. "A Chance for Diversity? Australian online journalism." in by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis, eds. The Handbook of Global Online Journalism (2012) pp: 412+
  • Carter, David. "Magazine Culture: notes Towards a History of Australian Periodical Publication 1920-1970." Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature (2013): 69–79.
  • Collins, Ross F.; Palmegiano, E. M. Rise of Western Journalism, 1815-1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain & the United States (2008)
  • Deitz, Milissa. Watch this space: The future of Australian journalism (2011), argues that online journals, blogs, social networking, twitter and smart phones will return journalism to its democratic roots, recreating the feisty, informed speech extinguished by the concentration of ownership
  • Hanusch, Folker, Peter English, and Jane Fynes-Clinton. "Assessing the discipline: an analysis of Australian Journalism Review articles 2000-2010." Australian Journalism Review 33#.2 (2011): 85.
  • Harrington, Stephen. Australian TV News: New Forms, Functions, and Futures (2014) excerpt
  • Harrington, Stephen. "Australian journalism studies after'journalism': Breaking down the disciplinary boundaries (for good)." Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy, (2012) pp. 156–162. online
  • Ricketson, M. Australian Journalism Today (Palgrave Macmillan, Melbourne, 2012)
  • Turner, Graeme. "Post‐Journalism: News and Current Affairs Programming from the Late '80s to the Present", Media International Australia, (1996) no. 82, pp. 78‐91.
  • Turner, Graeme. Media Wars': Journalism, Cultural and Media Studies in Australia', Journalism (2000) 1#3 pp. 353–365.
  • Walker, Robin Berwick. The Newspaper Press in New South Wales, 1803–1920 (Intl Specialized Book Service Inc, 1976)
    • Walker, Robin Berwick. Yesterday's news: history of the newspaper press in New South Wales from 1920 to 1945 (Intl Specialized Book Service Inc, 1980)
  • Webby, Elizabeth. "Australia" in J. Don Vann, and Rosemary T. VanArsdel, eds. Periodicals of Queen Victoria's Empire: An Exploration (1996) pp. 19–59 in JSTOR

External links

  • Official Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance Website 27 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine

April 24, 2023
journalism, australia, industry, with, extensive, history, reporters, without, borders, placed, australia, 26th, list, countries, ranked, press, freedom, 2020, ahead, both, united, kingdom, united, states, most, print, media, country, owned, either, news, corp. Journalism in Australia is an industry with an extensive history Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 26th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom in 2020 ahead of both the United Kingdom and United States 1 Most print media in the country is owned by either News Corp Australia or Nine Entertainment The Age Headquarters in Melbourne Contents 1 History 2 Legal protection 2 1 Implied freedom 2 2 Lange v ABC 3 Education in journalism 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory Edit The front page of the Sydney Gazette Most of the published material in the first twenty years of the New South Wales colony was to inform residents of the rules and laws of the time These were printed with a portable wooden and iron printing press Since half of the convicts of the time were not able to read it was compulsory for these notices to be read at Sunday church services 2 On 22 November 1800 George Howe arrived in Australia Nicknamed Happy Howe was born in the West Indies although his father had been a native of Ireland 3 In London Howe had worked in the print industry for several newspapers including The Times but was sent to New South Wales after being charged with shoplifting a crime which was also punishable by hanging In 1803 Howe started production on Australia s first newspaper the Sydney Gazette While much of its content was government notices there was also an abundance of news to report in the burgeoning colony An extract from the paper about the first Koala to be captured told of the graveness of the visage which would seem to indicate a more than ordinary portion of animal sagacity 4 One news gathering technique that Howe used for local content was to place a slip box outside of the store where the Gazette was published to let the public suggest stories Because of the country s geographic isolation international news arriving via arriving ships was usually printed 10 to 14 weeks out of date The Sydney Gazette was the only paper published until 1824 when William Wentworth began publishing the colony s first uncensored newspaper The Australian no connection with the current paper of the same name which was established by Rupert Murdoch in 1964 5 The Australian Journalist s Association AJA was formed in 1910 and registered federally in 1911 6 In 1921 the University of Queensland became the first Australian institution to offer a diploma of journalism 7 The AJA was amalgamated in 1992 into the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance 8 In 1956 Ampol Petroleum founder Sir William Gaston Walkley established Australia s most prestigious Journalism Awards the Walkleys 9 On 16 October 1975 five Australian journalists now known as the Balibo Five reporting on the invasion of East Timor then Portuguese Timor by Indonesia were murdered at a house in Balibo The journalists from both the Nine Network and the Seven Network were killed by Indonesian soldiers after recording footage which proved Indonesia was behind the conflict as opposed to the claim it was an internal Timorese coup 10 Paul Moran an ABC cameraman from Adelaide became the first Australian journalist to die while covering the Iraq war in March 2003 He was killed while working when a car bomb near him exploded 11 The ABC foreign correspondent working with Moran Eric Campbell survived the explosion and went on to write about the incident in his book Absurdistan 12 Legal protection Edit The ABC headquarters in Sydney Australian journalists are more vulnerable to defamation action than many of their international counterparts citation needed Australia lacks both a bill of rights and an explicit rights to freedom of speech in the Australian constitution 13 Writing in 2021 the BBC stated that Australian media outlets have been overwhelmingly united in their criticism of strict local defamation laws 14 The 2006 Reporters Without Borders survey ranking the countries of the world in relative press freedom listed Australia as number 35 behind Ghana and Mauritius Australia s score of nine had increased greatly since scoring a much better three in 2002 According to the Australia s Right to Know campaign a collaborative effort between all major Australian media publishers and outlets major causes in the decline of press freedom include anti terrorism legislation Australian anti terrorism legislation 2004 and Australian Anti Terrorism Act 2005 sedition laws suppression orders and Freedom of Information requests 15 16 Implied freedom Edit In 1992 the High Court of Australia saw the case of Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth concerning a decision the previous year which inserted Part IIID into the Broadcasting Act 1942 The resulting regulations banned political advertising during Federal State or Local elections There was some free time provided for political messages but 90 percent of this was allocated to parties in the previous government A majority decision found in favour of Australian Capital Television ruling there was an implied right to freedom of political communication in the constitution The 4 3 decision of the Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times Ltd case two years later enforced the previous ruling to the extent of validating the constitution s implied freedom of speech as a defamation defense however this would not last 17 Lange v ABC Edit In 1997 the High Court heard the case of former New Zealand Prime Minister Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation on the rulings of the Theophanous and Stephens v West Australian Newspapers While the judges unanimously confirmed the existence of an implied constitutional freedom of political speech they did not cite it as a defense against defamation action by politicians 18 Since Australian law does not currently accept the implied freedoms as a defamation defense Australian journalists facing slander or libel must use common law defense This involves the defendant proving that they 18 did believe defamatory imputations were true undertook reasonable steps to confirm the accuracy of defamatory information had reasonable grounds for a belief that defamatory imputations were true included a response from the defamed person except where this was seen as not practical or was unnecessaryEducation in journalism EditMany Australian universities provide journalism and communication courses The majority of new Australian journalists have a tertiary education in the field In 2000 seven of eight cadetships given by the Age were given to those with a journalism degree 18 In the same year however the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance estimated Australian universities produced approximately 600 students graduating with either a Bachelor of Journalism or an undergraduate degree majoring in Journalism with another approx 50 graduates with a Masters qualification The alliance estimated these graduates were competing for fewer than 150 jobs Since that time the situation has worsened considerably with a record 4750 journalism students enrolled in 2010 for fewer than 1000 jobs Additionally depending on their own personal preference many editors prefer to employ graduates with qualifications in other fields in the belief that they as working journalists are better equipped to pass on journalistic skills than academics who have left the profession 19 The following Australian tertiary educational institutions provide journalism courses Curtin University of Technology Perth Western Australia Central Queensland University Edith Cowan University Perth Western Australia Bond University Gold Coast Queensland Charles Sturt University Deakin University Griffith University James Cook University Townsville Jschool Journalism Education amp Training Brisbane La Trobe University Melbourne Macleay College Sydney and Melbourne Macquarie University Sydney Monash University Melbourne Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Queensland University of Technology Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne University of Melbourne Melbourne University of Newcastle University of New South Wales University of Notre Dame University of Southern Queensland University of Queensland University of South Australia University of the Sunshine Coast Western Sydney University University of Wollongong University of Technology Sydney University of CanberraSee also Edit Journalism portalAustralian Broadcasting Corporation Media of Australia List of newspapers in Australia Journalism Journalism education Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance Media Watch Newspapers in Australia Walkley Awards National Women s Media Centre Television in Australia News and current affairs List of Australian television news services Australian Financial ReviewReferences Edit 2020 World Press Freedom Index Reporters Without Borders RSF Retrieved 6 July 2020 The birth of the newspaper in Australia Australia s Culture Portal Cultureandrecreation gov au Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 Retrieved 18 February 2011 Birth of the Book in Australia Booktown com au Retrieved 18 February 2011 Pig Bites Baby Stories from Australia s First Newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald 12 April 2003 Retrieved 18 February 2011 Wentworth William Charles Biographical entry Encyclopedia of Australian Science Asap unimelb edu au Retrieved 18 February 2011 Australian Journalists Association i Trade Union entry Australian Trade Union Archives Atua org au Retrieved 18 February 2011 Bachelor of Journalism Courses and Programs The University of Queensland Australia Uq edu au Retrieved 18 February 2011 Alliance Online Alliance org au Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 18 February 2011 https web archive org web 20060918171732 http www walkleys com the awards winners history html Archived from the original on 18 September 2006 Retrieved 7 October 2006 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help The day the military murdered our boys News com au 9 December 2006 Retrieved 18 February 2011 permanent dead link ABC Pays Tribute to Cameraman killed in Iraq Abc net au Retrieved 18 February 2011 Campbell Eric 2005 Absurdistan Sydney HarperCollins pp 317 334 ISBN 0 7322 7980 1 Would a Bill of Rights improve the quality of Australian journalism On Line Opinion 15 11 2000 On Line Opinion Retrieved 18 February 2011 Chau Chak Wing Chinese Australian businessman wins media defamation case BBC News 2 February 2021 Retrieved 4 February 2021 Gagging justice Gotcha with Gary Hughes Blog The Australian Blogs theaustralian news com au 28 August 2006 Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 18 February 2011 https web archive org web 20070614191017 http www news com au story 0 2C23599 2C21705229 2 2C00 html Archived from the original on 14 June 2007 Retrieved 13 October 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Australian Parliamentary Library 1996 97 Research Paper 10 Aph gov au Archived from the original on 2 July 2005 Retrieved 18 February 2011 a b c Conley David 2002 The Daily Miracle Melbourne Oxford University Press p 11 ISBN 0 19 551374 6 Reference at www theaustralian com au Further reading EditBruns Axel A Chance for Diversity Australian online journalism in by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis eds The Handbook of Global Online Journalism 2012 pp 412 Carter David Magazine Culture notes Towards a History of Australian Periodical Publication 1920 1970 Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature 2013 69 79 Collins Ross F Palmegiano E M Rise of Western Journalism 1815 1914 Essays on the Press in Australia Canada France Germany Great Britain amp the United States 2008 Deitz Milissa Watch this space The future of Australian journalism 2011 argues that online journals blogs social networking twitter and smart phones will return journalism to its democratic roots recreating the feisty informed speech extinguished by the concentration of ownership Hanusch Folker Peter English and Jane Fynes Clinton Assessing the discipline an analysis of Australian Journalism Review articles 2000 2010 Australian Journalism Review 33 2 2011 85 Harrington Stephen Australian TV News New Forms Functions and Futures 2014 excerpt Harrington Stephen Australian journalism studies after journalism Breaking down the disciplinary boundaries for good Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy 2012 pp 156 162 online Ricketson M Australian Journalism Today Palgrave Macmillan Melbourne 2012 Turner Graeme Post Journalism News and Current Affairs Programming from the Late 80s to the Present Media International Australia 1996 no 82 pp 78 91 Turner Graeme Media Wars Journalism Cultural and Media Studies in Australia Journalism 2000 1 3 pp 353 365 Walker Robin Berwick The Newspaper Press in New South Wales 1803 1920 Intl Specialized Book Service Inc 1976 Walker Robin Berwick Yesterday s news history of the newspaper press in New South Wales from 1920 to 1945 Intl Specialized Book Service Inc 1980 Webby Elizabeth Australia in J Don Vann and Rosemary T VanArsdel eds Periodicals of Queen Victoria s Empire An Exploration 1996 pp 19 59 in JSTORExternal links EditOfficial Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance Website Archived 27 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Journalism in Australia amp oldid 1150532973, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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