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José de Gálvez, 1st Marquess of Sonora

December 02, 2023

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gálvez and the second or maternal family name is Gallardo.

José de Gálvez y Gallardo, 1st Marquess of Sonora (2 January 1720, Macharaviaya, Spain – 17 June 1787, Aranjuez, Spain)[1] was a Spanish lawyer and Visitador general (inspector general) in New Spain (1764–1772); later appointed to the Council of the Indies (1775–1787).[2] He was one of the prime figures behind the Bourbon Reforms.[3] He belonged to an important political family that included his brother Matías de Gálvez and nephew Bernardo de Gálvez.

The Most Excellent
José Gálvez
Portrait of Gálvez, 1785
Personal details
Born2 January 1720
Macharaviaya,
Kingdom of Spain
Died17 June 1787
Aranjuez, Kingdom of Spain

Early career edit

Following the death of his noble but impoverished father, Gálvez became a shepherd, then studied at an elite Catholic seminary in Málaga.[4] After he realized he was not cut out for a priestly vocation, the local bishop sent him to study law at Salamanca. He received his law degree at the University of Alcalá.

Practicing law in Madrid, he handled many legal cases involving the Indies. He gained the attention of powerful people in Madrid, including the marqués de Equilache and the marqués de Grimaldi, ministers of Charles III.[5] Gálvez married María Magdalena de Grimaldo, who died a year later. He then married Lucía Romet y Pichelín, an elite woman of French origin, well connected at the royal court. Lucía's connections enabled Gálvez to work as legal adviser at the French embassy in Madrid. Climbing the social and political ladder, he secured a job as personal secretary to Jerónimo Grimaldi, minister to the newly ascended king Carlos III. In 1762, Gálvez secured a position as attorney to prince Carlos, the future king Carlos IV. In 1765, he was appointed visitador (inspector) of New Spain, where he both gathered information and implemented royal policy to increase crown revenues.[6]

Visitador (inspector general) in New Spain edit

In 1765 at the age of 45, Gálvez arrived in New Spain, which included all of Spanish North America. As visitador del virreinato de Nueva España (inspector general for the viceroyalty of New Spain) he exercised sweeping powers; the most in Spanish North America. The visitador served as the king's special deputy, with special powers overlapping and sometimes exceeding those of the viceroy. Gálvez was given the task of reforming the finances of New Spain to increase its revenues for the crown — part of the energetic attempts to reorganize king Carlos III's government after the costly Seven Years' War, which had in 1762 seen the British capture both Havana, Spain's main Caribbean port, and Manila, Spain's governmental and commercial center in the Philippines and also resulted in Spain ceding Florida to Britain.[7]

 
Engraving of Gálvez

As visitador, Gálvez instituted quick and decisive changes in tax collection, accounting, and jailed corrupt officials. He created a state monopoly of tobacco and imposed new taxes on pulque and flour. He also took measures to combat contraband and reformed the system of customs collection in Veracruz and Acapulco. (He ended the farming of customs.) He also established general accounting offices in the municipal governments. Government revenues rose from 6 million pesos in 1763 to 8 million in 1767 and 12 million in 1773. In 1765 Gálvez assisted in reorganizing the army, a project of viceroy Joaquín de Montserrat, marqués de Cruillas under the direction of general Juan de Villalva. When Cuillas opposed Gálvez's actions, he was soon replaced by a new viceroy, Carlos Francisco de Croix. Gálvez privileged peninsular-born Spanish merchants over American born, which had the effect of funneling capital into mining. He boosted the mining industry further by reducing the price of mercury, a crown monopoly, which allowed a greater volume of silver ore to be refined.[8]

In 1767, Spain's king Carlos III decreed expulsion for the Jesuits throughout his empire. In Mexico, this decree led to riots and other disturbances. Gálvez suppressed these by summary trials and sentences of life imprisonment, mainly in San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato and parts of Michoacán.

Management of Baja California missions edit

With the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Baja California peninsula, Gálvez engaged the Franciscan Order to take over the spiritual affairs of the missions there. Even after the arrival of Junípero Serra and his fellow Franciscan friars, the Spanish military — having evicted the Jesuits from the missions they had established — continued running the missions' practical business. In 1768, Gálvez toured the Baja chain of missions. Angered over the sloppy administration he found there, he reprimanded the soldier commissioners stationed at the missions. In August, he signed a decree turning all of Baja's missions — except mission Loreto — over fully to the Franciscan friars. He banned card-playing and gambling at mission settlements. Overruling the Franciscans' appeal for clemency for miscreant soldiers, Gálvez punished most of them by assigning them to the upcoming expedition to Alta California — and discharged the rest from military service.[9]

Continuing to manage Baja California affairs into 1769, Gálvez sought to balance scarce natural and human resources in the fragile chain of missions: Some missions lacked enough land and water to sustain all their Indian converts; other missions, endowed with ample land and water, lacked enough workers to cultivate their fields. Gálvez ordered Indians moved from one mission to another — despite the Indians' reluctance to leave their home villages — to correct such imbalances. He also had some young Indian orphans sent to Loreto for training in handling coastal boats and ships. Gálvez worked with the Franciscan president of the Baja missions, Junípero Serra, in his projects to improve the lives of the natives, whom he called "the poor Israelites." Yet he insisted that Baja Indians pay the royal tax, standing by his order despite Serra's efforts to persuade him that collecting such a tax would prove impractical.[10]

Plan to expand into upper California edit

Ambitious to reinvigorate the imperial fortunes of New Spain, Gálvez proposed consolidating and developing the far northwest under a huge governmental unit to embrace the regions of Sinaloa, Sonora, Chihuahua, and the Californias — including claimed but unsettled upper (Alta) California. Playing on long-standing fears in Spain's ruling circles that rival powers would muscle in on territories Spain claimed along the Pacific coast, Gálvez spread rumors of schemes by the British and Dutch rulers to add California to their own empires.[11] Then, when a report arrived from the Spanish ambassador in Russia that Catherine the Great planned to establish settlements down the California coast towards Monterey, Gálvez trumpeted the Russian threat. King Carlos gave the go-ahead, and Gálvez prepared a series of expeditions of soldiers, sailors, artisans, Christian Indians and missionaries to push north into unexplored upper California. In 1768, Gálvez sailed from San Blas to Loreto to finish planning the coming year's expeditions.

To free the Franciscan missionaries from their posts in Baja California, Gálvez called upon friars of the Dominican Order to take charge of the Baja missions. Gálvez assigned Junípero Serra to head the missionary team in the Alta California expedition — without bothering to ask padre Serra if he agreed to his new mission.[12] As it turned out, Serra, eager to pioneer in evangelizing Indians in Alta California, readily joined in. Gálvez established a naval base at San Blas and, in 1768–9, organized sea and land expeditions up the California coast to the projected Spanish outpost at the harbor named Monterrey (originally spelled with a double "r") by Sebastián Vizcaíno in 1603. Gaspar de Portolá, governor of Las Californias, commanded the second overland expedition. Closely attending to the logistical details of the expeditions, Gálvez issued thorough instructions to the key officers and technicians. He ordered Miguel Costansó, the young engineer and cartographer, to make observations of the ports of San Diego and Monterey, compare his findings with the older sailing charts, draw new maps, and examine the countryside around both ports. Gálvez issued further instructions for building a proper fortification at Monterey; reconnoitering the ports of Monterey and San Francisco; and preparing detailed accounts destined for top officials in Mexico and Spain.[13]

Expeditions from Baja to Alta California edit

On January 9, 1769, Gálvez, padre Serra and town dwellers gathered on the shore of La Paz to bless and send off the San Carlos, the expedition's flagship captained by Vicente Vila, a native of Andalusia. The hastily built galleon San Carlos, along with the two ships to follow — the San Antonio and San José — had arrived from San Blas leaking, requiring repairs at La Paz bay. Gálvez personally superintended the repairs and loading of the San Carlos, carrying some of the mission furniture aboard with his own hands.[14] In his speech on the shore, Gálvez proclaimed that the ship's crew, including Franciscan friar Fernando Parrón, had the mission of planting the holy cross among the Indians at Monterey. In the name of king Carlos and viceroy Carlos Francisco de Croix, Gálvez urged the explorers to keep peace among themselves and respect their chaplain, padre Parrón. When the San Carlos set sail, Gálvez followed in a launch to see the ship round Cabo San Lucas.[15]

On February 15, Gálvez dispatched the San Antonio, the second ship of the sea expedition, from Cabo San Lucas. Captain Juan Pérez, a native of Palma de Majorca, commanded the San Antonio. Franciscan friars Juan Vizcaíno and Francisco Gómez served as chaplains.[16] The third ship, the San José, disappeared at sea on the way to San Diego.[17]

While Gaspar de Portolá prepared his overland expedition to San Diego, Gálvez issued him strict instructions:

...To prevent difficulties and disaster in the outcome, the most prudent supervision must be exercised. Therefore, I charge you with zeal and vigilance to maintain the most exact discipline over the soldiers of the expedition as well as over the muleteers, especially from the frontier on, so that the Indians will be well treated. The soldiers are to be punished as in the case of an irremissible crime if they offer any affront or violence to the women because, besides being offenses against God, such excesses committed by them could also bring disaster to the entire expedition.[18]

Gálvez then cautioned Portolá to travel slowly, to reduce the chances of Indian resistance. He wanted the expedition members to demonstrate to the Indians the advantages they would gain by living under the sovereign protection of the Spanish king.

The commander of the first overland expedition, Fernando Rivera y Moncada, was waiting at Velicatá, 350 miles south of San Diego. Gálvez had ordered captain Rivera to requisition horses and mules from local Baja California missions without endangering their survival, giving the missionaries receipts for the exact number of animals taken. Those missions would later get restocked with animals shipped from Mexico across the Gulf of California. Franciscan friar Juan Crespí, chosen as chaplain and diarist for the Rivera party, left his post at Mission La Purísima to join Rivera at Velicatá.[19] On March 24, 1769, Rivera, Crespí, 25 leather-jacketed soldiers, 42 Baja Christian Indians, and 3 muleteers began their journey, driving a large herd of cattle, horses and mules. They arrived in San Diego on May 14, where the San Carlos and San Antonio awaited them.

Meanwhile, the second overland party, headed by Portolá, gathered in Loreto, around 900 miles south of San Diego — with instructions to follow the Rivera party to San Diego. The Portolá expedition included Franciscan missionaries headed by Junípero Serra. The expedition founded the Mission San Diego de Alcalá and the Royal Presidio of San Diego in July 1769 at San Diego. Portolá then continued north to explore the Alta California coast and re-establish the port of Monterey visited in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno.

In November 1769, the Portolá expedition discovered San Francisco Bay before returning to San Diego. A second trip in 1770 led to the establishment of the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (Mission Carmel). Although Gálvez — in arguing for his plan to expand into San Diego and Monterey — had projected that Alta California would eventually prove a great source of revenue for the Spanish crown, the region wound up running an annual deficit during most of its years under Spanish rule.[20]

Gálvez's personal imprint on California history edit

Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean call Gálvez the most effective visitador (inspector general) in the history of New Spain. They attribute Spain's expansion into Alta California to his intense personal ambitions. "…Although he was a brilliant, forceful, and generally successful administrator," write Rawls and Bean, "he was also unusually vain, selfish, ruthless, deceitful and unstable. It was, indeed, because of Gálvez's possession of this very combination of qualities that the occupation of San Diego and Monterey, long considered and periodically given up as hopeless, actually materialized."[21]

End of the Visita edit

Gálvez returned to Spain in 1771. In 1769 he collapsed mentally and physically, attributed to overwork and the conflict with the indigenous in Sonora; although he recovered, "the end of the visita was clouded." He returned to take up his position on the Council of the Indies to which he had been appointed in 1767.[22]

Bourbon Reforms in Spanish America edit

 
Archive of the Indies in Seville, founded by Gálvez in the reign of Charles III

José de Gálvez returned to Spain in 1772, where he was a member of the General Council on Commerce, Coinage and Mining, a governor in the Council of the Indies, and a councilor of state. Instead he was authorized to set up a Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas, which was to be independent of the viceroy of New Spain. The new political unit included the Provincias Internas of Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Santander, Sonora y Sinaloa, Las Californias, Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas), and Nuevo México. Chihuahua was the capital, and Teodoro de Croix, nephew of the former viceroy, was named the first Commandant General.

Gálvez's zeal to more effectively organize the overseas administration led him to also establish the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (1776) from territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and the Captaincy General of Venezuela (1777) from parts of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. He also created the Captaincy General of Venezuela[23] in order to promote the population and economy of the area; For this purpose, in 1776 he named his fellow Malaga native Luis de Unzaga for his diplomatic skills, Unzaga, known as "le Conciliateur" the next time he will leave his nephew, Bernardo de Gálvez as interim governor From Spanish Louisiana, replacing Unzaga, that same year he became brothers-in-law, when Bernardo married the little sister of Unzaga's wife; In this way, Minister José de Gálvez appointed Luis de Unzaga as the first Captain General of Venezuela in 1777 by bringing together various territories and creating a defense plan there that would also help achieve the birth of the United States.[24] Both these new governments were intended to expand areas of settlement and stimulate the economy. He also established the Real Compañía de Filipinas and in 1778 founded the Archivo General de Indias, bringing together documents about the Indies from Simancas, Seville and Cádiz. Also in 1778 he established limited free trade among the colonies. As Minister of the Indies he was able to secure the appointment of his brother Matías as governor-captain general of Guatemala. Matías went on to serve as viceroy of New Spain.

In 1780, he sent a royal dispatch to Teodoro de Croix, Commandant General of the Internal Provinces of New Spain, asking all subjects to donate money to help the American Revolution. Millions of pesos were given. In 1784 he established a uniform excise tax on the importation of African slaves into the Indies.[25]

In 1786 he undertook another major reorganizing of the Spanish American administration with the introduction of the intendencia (intendancy) administered by an Intendente (Intendant) throughout most of the Americas.

When in 1781 the Túpac Amaru rebellion broke out in Peru and the Comunero Revolt in New Granada (Colombia), Gálvez unleashed ruthless repression.[26]

Legacy edit

Gálvez was a heavy-handed administrator, implementing major reforms in Spanish America to strengthen royal power, promote efficiency, diminish the role of American-born elites, and increase revenues. One assessment of Gálvez is that "his legacy of a more rational administration was purchased with the political alienation of many Americans and not a few Spaniards, whom he pushed from their traditional places and powers."[27]

References edit

  1. ^ George M. Addy, "José de Gálvez" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture vo. 3, p. 11. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  2. ^ Priestley, H. I. (1916). José de Gálvez: Visitor-general of New Spain (1765–1771). Berkeley (Calif.): University of California press, page 311. Online at Google Books
  3. ^ Clara Elena Suárez Argüello, "José de Gálvez" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 552.
  4. ^ Suárez Argüello, "José de Gálvez", p. 552.
  5. ^ Addy, "José de Gálvez", p. 11.
  6. ^ Suárez Argüello, "José de Gálvez", p. 552.
  7. ^ James J. Rawls and Walton Bean. California: An Interpretive History, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 31.
  8. ^ Addy, "José de Gálvez", p. 11.
  9. ^ Maynard Geiger. The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra: The Man Who Never Turned Back. Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, pp. 202, 203.
  10. ^ Maynard Geiger. The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra. Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, pp. 202-203.
  11. ^ James J. Rawls & Walton Bean. California: An Interpretive History, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 32.
  12. ^ Herbert Ingram Priestly, José de Gálvez, Visitor-General of New Spain (1765-1771), University of California Press, 1916, pp. 253-4.
  13. ^ "Pedro Fages and Miguel Costansó: Two Early Letters From San Diego in 1769". Journal of San Diego History, vol. 21, no. 2, spring 1975. Translated and introduced by Iris Wilson Engstrand.
  14. ^ James J. Rawls & Walton Bean. California: An Interpretive History, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 35.
  15. ^ Don DeNevi & Noel Francis Moholy. Junípero Serra: The Illustrated Story of the Franciscan Founder of California's Missions. Harper & Row, 1985, pp. 70-1.
  16. ^ Maynard Geiger. The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra: The Man Who Never Turned Back. Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, p. 207.
  17. ^ James J. Rawls & Walton Bean. California: An Interpretive History, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 35.
  18. ^ Maynard Geiger. The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra. Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, p. 209.
  19. ^ Don DeNevi & Noel Francis Moholy. Junípero Serra: The Illustrated Story of the Franciscan Founder of California's Missions. Harper & Row, 1985, p. 73.
  20. ^ James J. Rawls & Walton Bean. California: An Interpretive History, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 32.
  21. ^ James J. Rawls & Walton Bean. California: An Interpretive History, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 31.
  22. ^ Addy, "José de Gálvez" p. 12.
  23. ^ Quintero Saravia, Gonzalo M (2015). Bernardo de Gálvez y América a finales del siglo XVIII (pdf) (PhD) (in Spanish). Universidad Complutense de Madrid. p. 111. OCLC 922080373.
  24. ^ Cazorla, Frank, G Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019) The Governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States and in the liberalism. Foundation. Malaga. pages 170-173, 183-184
  25. ^ Andrew, N. and Cleven, N. (May 1921) "Ministerial Order of José de Gálvez Establishing a Uniform Duty on the Importation of Negro Slaves into the Indies; and Convention between Spain and the United Provinces Regulating the Return of Deserters and Fugitives in Their American Colonies", The Hispanic American Historical Review 4(2): pp. 266-276
  26. ^ Addy, "José de Gálvez", p. 12.
  27. ^ Addy, "José de Gálvez", p. 12.

Further reading edit

  • (in Spanish) "Gálvez, José de," Enciclopedia de México, v. 6. Mexico City, 1996. ISBN 1-56409-016-7.
  • (in French) Castejon, Philippe. Réformer l'empire espagnol au XVIIIe siècle : le système de gouvernement de José de Gálvez (1765-1787).
  • (in Spanish) Navarro García, Luis. Don José de Gálvez y la comandancia general de las provincias internas del norte de Nueva España.
  • Priestley, Herbert Ingram. José de Gálvez, Visitor-General of New Spain, 1765-1771. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1916.

External links edit

  • The Spanish and Latin American Contribution to the American Revolutionary War

December 02, 2023
josé, gálvez, marquess, sonora, this, spanish, name, first, paternal, surname, gálvez, second, maternal, family, name, gallardo, josé, gálvez, gallardo, marquess, sonora, january, 1720, macharaviaya, spain, june, 1787, aranjuez, spain, spanish, lawyer, visitad. In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Galvez and the second or maternal family name is Gallardo Jose de Galvez y Gallardo 1st Marquess of Sonora 2 January 1720 Macharaviaya Spain 17 June 1787 Aranjuez Spain 1 was a Spanish lawyer and Visitador general inspector general in New Spain 1764 1772 later appointed to the Council of the Indies 1775 1787 2 He was one of the prime figures behind the Bourbon Reforms 3 He belonged to an important political family that included his brother Matias de Galvez and nephew Bernardo de Galvez The Most ExcellentJose GalvezPortrait of Galvez 1785Personal detailsBorn2 January 1720Macharaviaya Kingdom of SpainDied17 June 1787Aranjuez Kingdom of Spain Contents 1 Early career 2 Visitador inspector general in New Spain 2 1 Management of Baja California missions 2 2 Plan to expand into upper California 2 3 Expeditions from Baja to Alta California 2 4 Galvez s personal imprint on California history 2 5 End of the Visita 3 Bourbon Reforms in Spanish America 4 Legacy 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEarly career editFollowing the death of his noble but impoverished father Galvez became a shepherd then studied at an elite Catholic seminary in Malaga 4 After he realized he was not cut out for a priestly vocation the local bishop sent him to study law at Salamanca He received his law degree at the University of Alcala Practicing law in Madrid he handled many legal cases involving the Indies He gained the attention of powerful people in Madrid including the marques de Equilache and the marques de Grimaldi ministers of Charles III 5 Galvez married Maria Magdalena de Grimaldo who died a year later He then married Lucia Romet y Pichelin an elite woman of French origin well connected at the royal court Lucia s connections enabled Galvez to work as legal adviser at the French embassy in Madrid Climbing the social and political ladder he secured a job as personal secretary to Jeronimo Grimaldi minister to the newly ascended king Carlos III In 1762 Galvez secured a position as attorney to prince Carlos the future king Carlos IV In 1765 he was appointed visitador inspector of New Spain where he both gathered information and implemented royal policy to increase crown revenues 6 Visitador inspector general in New Spain editIn 1765 at the age of 45 Galvez arrived in New Spain which included all of Spanish North America As visitador del virreinato de Nueva Espana inspector general for the viceroyalty of New Spain he exercised sweeping powers the most in Spanish North America The visitador served as the king s special deputy with special powers overlapping and sometimes exceeding those of the viceroy Galvez was given the task of reforming the finances of New Spain to increase its revenues for the crown part of the energetic attempts to reorganize king Carlos III s government after the costly Seven Years War which had in 1762 seen the British capture both Havana Spain s main Caribbean port and Manila Spain s governmental and commercial center in the Philippines and also resulted in Spain ceding Florida to Britain 7 nbsp Engraving of GalvezAs visitador Galvez instituted quick and decisive changes in tax collection accounting and jailed corrupt officials He created a state monopoly of tobacco and imposed new taxes on pulque and flour He also took measures to combat contraband and reformed the system of customs collection in Veracruz and Acapulco He ended the farming of customs He also established general accounting offices in the municipal governments Government revenues rose from 6 million pesos in 1763 to 8 million in 1767 and 12 million in 1773 In 1765 Galvez assisted in reorganizing the army a project of viceroy Joaquin de Montserrat marques de Cruillas under the direction of general Juan de Villalva When Cuillas opposed Galvez s actions he was soon replaced by a new viceroy Carlos Francisco de Croix Galvez privileged peninsular born Spanish merchants over American born which had the effect of funneling capital into mining He boosted the mining industry further by reducing the price of mercury a crown monopoly which allowed a greater volume of silver ore to be refined 8 In 1767 Spain s king Carlos III decreed expulsion for the Jesuits throughout his empire In Mexico this decree led to riots and other disturbances Galvez suppressed these by summary trials and sentences of life imprisonment mainly in San Luis Potosi Guanajuato and parts of Michoacan Management of Baja California missions edit With the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Baja California peninsula Galvez engaged the Franciscan Order to take over the spiritual affairs of the missions there Even after the arrival of Junipero Serra and his fellow Franciscan friars the Spanish military having evicted the Jesuits from the missions they had established continued running the missions practical business In 1768 Galvez toured the Baja chain of missions Angered over the sloppy administration he found there he reprimanded the soldier commissioners stationed at the missions In August he signed a decree turning all of Baja s missions except mission Loreto over fully to the Franciscan friars He banned card playing and gambling at mission settlements Overruling the Franciscans appeal for clemency for miscreant soldiers Galvez punished most of them by assigning them to the upcoming expedition to Alta California and discharged the rest from military service 9 Continuing to manage Baja California affairs into 1769 Galvez sought to balance scarce natural and human resources in the fragile chain of missions Some missions lacked enough land and water to sustain all their Indian converts other missions endowed with ample land and water lacked enough workers to cultivate their fields Galvez ordered Indians moved from one mission to another despite the Indians reluctance to leave their home villages to correct such imbalances He also had some young Indian orphans sent to Loreto for training in handling coastal boats and ships Galvez worked with the Franciscan president of the Baja missions Junipero Serra in his projects to improve the lives of the natives whom he called the poor Israelites Yet he insisted that Baja Indians pay the royal tax standing by his order despite Serra s efforts to persuade him that collecting such a tax would prove impractical 10 Plan to expand into upper California edit Ambitious to reinvigorate the imperial fortunes of New Spain Galvez proposed consolidating and developing the far northwest under a huge governmental unit to embrace the regions of Sinaloa Sonora Chihuahua and the Californias including claimed but unsettled upper Alta California Playing on long standing fears in Spain s ruling circles that rival powers would muscle in on territories Spain claimed along the Pacific coast Galvez spread rumors of schemes by the British and Dutch rulers to add California to their own empires 11 Then when a report arrived from the Spanish ambassador in Russia that Catherine the Great planned to establish settlements down the California coast towards Monterey Galvez trumpeted the Russian threat King Carlos gave the go ahead and Galvez prepared a series of expeditions of soldiers sailors artisans Christian Indians and missionaries to push north into unexplored upper California In 1768 Galvez sailed from San Blas to Loreto to finish planning the coming year s expeditions To free the Franciscan missionaries from their posts in Baja California Galvez called upon friars of the Dominican Order to take charge of the Baja missions Galvez assigned Junipero Serra to head the missionary team in the Alta California expedition without bothering to ask padre Serra if he agreed to his new mission 12 As it turned out Serra eager to pioneer in evangelizing Indians in Alta California readily joined in Galvez established a naval base at San Blas and in 1768 9 organized sea and land expeditions up the California coast to the projected Spanish outpost at the harbor named Monterrey originally spelled with a double r by Sebastian Vizcaino in 1603 Gaspar de Portola governor of Las Californias commanded the second overland expedition Closely attending to the logistical details of the expeditions Galvez issued thorough instructions to the key officers and technicians He ordered Miguel Costanso the young engineer and cartographer to make observations of the ports of San Diego and Monterey compare his findings with the older sailing charts draw new maps and examine the countryside around both ports Galvez issued further instructions for building a proper fortification at Monterey reconnoitering the ports of Monterey and San Francisco and preparing detailed accounts destined for top officials in Mexico and Spain 13 Expeditions from Baja to Alta California edit On January 9 1769 Galvez padre Serra and town dwellers gathered on the shore of La Paz to bless and send off the San Carlos the expedition s flagship captained by Vicente Vila a native of Andalusia The hastily built galleon San Carlos along with the two ships to follow the San Antonio and San Jose had arrived from San Blas leaking requiring repairs at La Paz bay Galvez personally superintended the repairs and loading of the San Carlos carrying some of the mission furniture aboard with his own hands 14 In his speech on the shore Galvez proclaimed that the ship s crew including Franciscan friar Fernando Parron had the mission of planting the holy cross among the Indians at Monterey In the name of king Carlos and viceroy Carlos Francisco de Croix Galvez urged the explorers to keep peace among themselves and respect their chaplain padre Parron When the San Carlos set sail Galvez followed in a launch to see the ship round Cabo San Lucas 15 On February 15 Galvez dispatched the San Antonio the second ship of the sea expedition from Cabo San Lucas Captain Juan Perez a native of Palma de Majorca commanded the San Antonio Franciscan friars Juan Vizcaino and Francisco Gomez served as chaplains 16 The third ship the San Jose disappeared at sea on the way to San Diego 17 While Gaspar de Portola prepared his overland expedition to San Diego Galvez issued him strict instructions To prevent difficulties and disaster in the outcome the most prudent supervision must be exercised Therefore I charge you with zeal and vigilance to maintain the most exact discipline over the soldiers of the expedition as well as over the muleteers especially from the frontier on so that the Indians will be well treated The soldiers are to be punished as in the case of an irremissible crime if they offer any affront or violence to the women because besides being offenses against God such excesses committed by them could also bring disaster to the entire expedition 18 Galvez then cautioned Portola to travel slowly to reduce the chances of Indian resistance He wanted the expedition members to demonstrate to the Indians the advantages they would gain by living under the sovereign protection of the Spanish king The commander of the first overland expedition Fernando Rivera y Moncada was waiting at Velicata 350 miles south of San Diego Galvez had ordered captain Rivera to requisition horses and mules from local Baja California missions without endangering their survival giving the missionaries receipts for the exact number of animals taken Those missions would later get restocked with animals shipped from Mexico across the Gulf of California Franciscan friar Juan Crespi chosen as chaplain and diarist for the Rivera party left his post at Mission La Purisima to join Rivera at Velicata 19 On March 24 1769 Rivera Crespi 25 leather jacketed soldiers 42 Baja Christian Indians and 3 muleteers began their journey driving a large herd of cattle horses and mules They arrived in San Diego on May 14 where the San Carlos and San Antonio awaited them Meanwhile the second overland party headed by Portola gathered in Loreto around 900 miles south of San Diego with instructions to follow the Rivera party to San Diego The Portola expedition included Franciscan missionaries headed by Junipero Serra The expedition founded the Mission San Diego de Alcala and the Royal Presidio of San Diego in July 1769 at San Diego Portola then continued north to explore the Alta California coast and re establish the port of Monterey visited in 1602 by Sebastian Vizcaino In November 1769 the Portola expedition discovered San Francisco Bay before returning to San Diego A second trip in 1770 led to the establishment of the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo Mission Carmel Although Galvez in arguing for his plan to expand into San Diego and Monterey had projected that Alta California would eventually prove a great source of revenue for the Spanish crown the region wound up running an annual deficit during most of its years under Spanish rule 20 Galvez s personal imprint on California history edit Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean call Galvez the most effective visitador inspector general in the history of New Spain They attribute Spain s expansion into Alta California to his intense personal ambitions Although he was a brilliant forceful and generally successful administrator write Rawls and Bean he was also unusually vain selfish ruthless deceitful and unstable It was indeed because of Galvez s possession of this very combination of qualities that the occupation of San Diego and Monterey long considered and periodically given up as hopeless actually materialized 21 End of the Visita edit Galvez returned to Spain in 1771 In 1769 he collapsed mentally and physically attributed to overwork and the conflict with the indigenous in Sonora although he recovered the end of the visita was clouded He returned to take up his position on the Council of the Indies to which he had been appointed in 1767 22 Bourbon Reforms in Spanish America edit nbsp Archive of the Indies in Seville founded by Galvez in the reign of Charles IIIJose de Galvez returned to Spain in 1772 where he was a member of the General Council on Commerce Coinage and Mining a governor in the Council of the Indies and a councilor of state Instead he was authorized to set up a Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas which was to be independent of the viceroy of New Spain The new political unit included the Provincias Internas of Nueva Vizcaya Nuevo Santander Sonora y Sinaloa Las Californias Coahuila y Tejas Coahuila and Texas and Nuevo Mexico Chihuahua was the capital and Teodoro de Croix nephew of the former viceroy was named the first Commandant General Galvez s zeal to more effectively organize the overseas administration led him to also establish the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 from territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the Captaincy General of Venezuela 1777 from parts of the Viceroyalty of New Granada He also created the Captaincy General of Venezuela 23 in order to promote the population and economy of the area For this purpose in 1776 he named his fellow Malaga native Luis de Unzaga for his diplomatic skills Unzaga known as le Conciliateur the next time he will leave his nephew Bernardo de Galvez as interim governor From Spanish Louisiana replacing Unzaga that same year he became brothers in law when Bernardo married the little sister of Unzaga s wife In this way Minister Jose de Galvez appointed Luis de Unzaga as the first Captain General of Venezuela in 1777 by bringing together various territories and creating a defense plan there that would also help achieve the birth of the United States 24 Both these new governments were intended to expand areas of settlement and stimulate the economy He also established the Real Compania de Filipinas and in 1778 founded the Archivo General de Indias bringing together documents about the Indies from Simancas Seville and Cadiz Also in 1778 he established limited free trade among the colonies As Minister of the Indies he was able to secure the appointment of his brother Matias as governor captain general of Guatemala Matias went on to serve as viceroy of New Spain In 1780 he sent a royal dispatch to Teodoro de Croix Commandant General of the Internal Provinces of New Spain asking all subjects to donate money to help the American Revolution Millions of pesos were given In 1784 he established a uniform excise tax on the importation of African slaves into the Indies 25 In 1786 he undertook another major reorganizing of the Spanish American administration with the introduction of the intendencia intendancy administered by an Intendente Intendant throughout most of the Americas When in 1781 the Tupac Amaru rebellion broke out in Peru and the Comunero Revolt in New Granada Colombia Galvez unleashed ruthless repression 26 Legacy editGalvez was a heavy handed administrator implementing major reforms in Spanish America to strengthen royal power promote efficiency diminish the role of American born elites and increase revenues One assessment of Galvez is that his legacy of a more rational administration was purchased with the political alienation of many Americans and not a few Spaniards whom he pushed from their traditional places and powers 27 References edit George M Addy Jose de Galvez in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture vo 3 p 11 New York Charles Scribner s Sons 1996 Priestley H I 1916 Jose de Galvez Visitor general of New Spain 1765 1771 Berkeley Calif University of California press page 311 Online at Google Books Clara Elena Suarez Arguello Jose de Galvez in Encyclopedia of Mexico Chicago Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 p 552 Suarez Arguello Jose de Galvez p 552 Addy Jose de Galvez p 11 Suarez Arguello Jose de Galvez p 552 James J Rawls and Walton Bean California An Interpretive History 8th edition McGraw Hill 2003 p 31 Addy Jose de Galvez p 11 Maynard Geiger The Life and Times of Fray Junipero Serra The Man Who Never Turned Back Academy of American Franciscan History 1959 vol 1 pp 202 203 Maynard Geiger The Life and Times of Fray Junipero Serra Academy of American Franciscan History 1959 vol 1 pp 202 203 James J Rawls amp Walton Bean California An Interpretive History 8th edition McGraw Hill 2003 p 32 Herbert Ingram Priestly Jose de Galvez Visitor General of New Spain 1765 1771 University of California Press 1916 pp 253 4 Pedro Fages and Miguel Costanso Two Early Letters From San Diego in 1769 Journal of San Diego History vol 21 no 2 spring 1975 Translated and introduced by Iris Wilson Engstrand James J Rawls amp Walton Bean California An Interpretive History 8th edition McGraw Hill 2003 p 35 Don DeNevi amp Noel Francis Moholy Junipero Serra The Illustrated Story of the Franciscan Founder of California s Missions Harper amp Row 1985 pp 70 1 Maynard Geiger The Life and Times of Fray Junipero Serra The Man Who Never Turned Back Academy of American Franciscan History 1959 vol 1 p 207 James J Rawls amp Walton Bean California An Interpretive History 8th edition McGraw Hill 2003 p 35 Maynard Geiger The Life and Times of Fray Junipero Serra Academy of American Franciscan History 1959 vol 1 p 209 Don DeNevi amp Noel Francis Moholy Junipero Serra The Illustrated Story of the Franciscan Founder of California s Missions Harper amp Row 1985 p 73 James J Rawls amp Walton Bean California An Interpretive History 8th edition McGraw Hill 2003 p 32 James J Rawls amp Walton Bean California An Interpretive History 8th edition McGraw Hill 2003 p 31 Addy Jose de Galvez p 12 Quintero Saravia Gonzalo M 2015 Bernardo de Galvez y America a finales del siglo XVIII pdf PhD in Spanish Universidad Complutense de Madrid p 111 OCLC 922080373 Cazorla Frank G Baena Rose Polo David Reder Gadow Marion 2019 The Governor Louis de Unzaga 1717 1793 Pioneer in the birth of the United States and in the liberalism Foundation Malaga pages 170 173 183 184 Andrew N and Cleven N May 1921 Ministerial Order of Jose de Galvez Establishing a Uniform Duty on the Importation of Negro Slaves into the Indies and Convention between Spain and the United Provinces Regulating the Return of Deserters and Fugitives in Their American Colonies The Hispanic American Historical Review 4 2 pp 266 276 Addy Jose de Galvez p 12 Addy Jose de Galvez p 12 Further reading edit in Spanish Galvez Jose de Enciclopedia de Mexico v 6 Mexico City 1996 ISBN 1 56409 016 7 in French Castejon Philippe Reformer l empire espagnol au XVIIIe siecle le systeme de gouvernement de Jose de Galvez 1765 1787 in Spanish Navarro Garcia Luis Don Jose de Galvez y la comandancia general de las provincias internas del norte de Nueva Espana Priestley Herbert Ingram Jose de Galvez Visitor General of New Spain 1765 1771 Berkeley University of California Press 1916 External links editThe Spanish and Latin American Contribution to the American Revolutionary War Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jose de Galvez 1st Marquess of Sonora amp oldid 1174644177, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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