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John W. Birks

December 07, 2023

John W. Birks (born 10 December 1946, in Vinita, Oklahoma, USA) is an American atmospheric chemist and entrepreneur who is best known for co-discovery with Paul Crutzen of the potential atmospheric effects of nuclear war known as nuclear winter.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] His most recent awards include the 2019 Haagen-Smit Clean Air Award for his contributions to atmospheric chemistry and the 2022 Future of Life Award for discovery of the nuclear winter effect.

John W. Birks
John W. Birks
Born
John W. Birks

(1946-12-10)10 December 1946
Vinita, Oklahoma, United States
Alma materUniversity of California, Berkeley
University of Arkansas
Known forResearch in atmospheric chemistry, co-developer of the nuclear winter theory and development of air pollution monitors
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Thesis[escholarship.org/uc/item/9nk8c936 Theory of the Dissociation of Diatomic Molecules and a Study of the Emission Spectra of IF] (1974)
Doctoral advisorHarold S. Johnston
Websitetwobtech.com/john-birks.html

As an entrepreneur, Birks co-founded the two technology companies, 2B Technologies and InDevR. At 2B Technologies he served as president during 2005-2020 and currently serves as Chief Scientist.[8][9]

Early life and education edit

Birks received his BS (1968) degree in chemistry with high honors from the University of Arkansas.[9] He carried out his graduate work at the University of California, Berkeley where he completed his MS (1970) and PhD (1974) in physical chemistry under the direction of Professor Harold S. Johnston, being co-directed by Henry F. Schaeffer III and William H. Miller during his final year of graduate studies.[9] During a 1970-72 break between his MS and PhD studies at Berkeley, he performed alternative service as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War as a research assistant at the Kansas University Medical Center.

Research and career edit

Birks began his academic career in 1974 when he joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry.[10]

In 1977, he accepted the positions of associate professor of Chemistry and Fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at the University of Colorado Boulder where he could collaborate more closely with scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Center for Atmospheric Research.[9] He was promoted to full Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at CU Boulder in 1984 and served as chair of the department during 1995–1998.[9]

Birks received the Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship in 1979 and John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1986.

Birks co-founded 2B Technologies, a company specializing in the development of instruments for environmental and atmospheric measurements, with Dr. Mark Bollinger in 1998.[9][11] After twenty-five years of service, he retired from the University of Colorado Boulder in 2002 and joined 2B Technologies as vice president.[9] In 2005, he assumed leadership of 2B Technologies as president.

Since 2002, he has been Professor Emeritus of the Department of Chemistry[7] and Fellow Emeritus of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences.[12]

In 2003, Birks received the ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology from the American Chemical Society "for his measurements of the rate coefficients of chemical reactions key to understanding stratospheric ozone depletion, co-development of the nuclear winter theory, and invention of new analytical instruments for environmental analysis."[13]

In 2009, he founded the Global Ozone (GO3) Project, a non-profit middle and high school outreach program for ground-level ozone measurements.[10] The AQTreks educational outreach program, an outgrowth of the GO3 Project that allows students to perform mobile monitoring of air pollutants along treks of their own design, was founded by Birks and his colleagues in 2017.[10]

In 2019, Birks received the Haagen-Smit Clean Air Award, also known as the "Nobel prize of air pollution and climate science", from the California Air Resources Board (CARB).[14] The award was given for having "advanced our understanding of Earth's atmosphere through more than 40 years of research, teaching and technological innovation."[14]

In 2022, John Birks received the Future of Life Award from the Future of Life Institute "for reducing the risk of nuclear war by developing and popularizing the science of nuclear winter."[15]

Kinetics studies of atmospheric reactions edit

Birks' early research focused on discovering new reactions that are important in controlling ozone levels in the stratosphere. He and his research team at the University of Illinois and later at the University of Colorado Boulder published some of the first measurements of the temperature-dependent rate coefficients and product distributions for important stratospheric reactions. Some notable works were introductions of the species chlorine nitrate (ClONO2)[16] and hypochlorous acid (HOCl)[17] to stratospheric chemistry via measurements of the rates of reactions forming those species.

In 1977, the rate coefficient for the reaction ClO + NO2 + M → ClONO2 + M was first reported by the Birks research group.[16] Although the formation of chlorine nitrate reduces the effect of chlorine on stratospheric ozone at mid latitudes, it was later discovered by Susan Solomon that chlorine nitrate plays a key role in the formation of the Antarctic "ozone hole", reacting in the Austral spring with HCl on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds to produce catalytic forms of chlorine.[18] The Birks group also was among the first to report temperature-dependent rate coefficients and branching ratios for catalytic reactions involving bromine (BrO+ClO and BrO+BrO reactions), which were found to contribute ~20% of ozone depletion in the Antarctic ozone hole.[19][20][21][22]

Discovery of nuclear winter effect edit

During his 1981/82 academic sabbatical at the Max Planck Institute in Mainz, Germany, Birks worked with Paul J. Crutzen (Nobel Laurette, 1995)[23] and wrote the first publication introducing the subject of what became known as nuclear winter: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon (1982).[24] Their calculations showed that fires in cities, forests and oil production and storage facilities resulting from a major nuclear war would produce enough smoke to block as much as 99 percent of sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface throughout the northern hemisphere.[25] This work, published in 1982 in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio as part of a larger study of the environmental effects of nuclear warfare commissioned by the Swedish Academy of Sciences, was followed by a paper by Richard Turco, Brian Toon, Thomas Ackerman,[26] James Pollack and Carl Sagan (TTAPS) in the journal Science in 1983.[27] These two papers resulted in multi-year studies involving numerous government agencies and laboratories and evaluation reports by the National Academy of Sciences (1985),[28] the World Health Organization (WHO),[29] and the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU/SCOPE)[30][31] on the environmental effects of nuclear war.

Highly portable instruments for air quality measurements edit

In 1998 Birks co-founded 2B Technologies with Dr. Mark Bollinger to develop and commercialize a new generation of miniature air monitoring instruments. At 2B Technologies, Birks led the development of more than 20 different models of highly portable and highly accurate instruments for trace-level monitoring of the air pollutants O3, NO, NO2, NOx, mercury and black carbon, and portable calibrators for O3, NO and NO2.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Seven of the instruments, including the pocket-sized Personal Ozone Monitor (POM),[33] have been designated as EPA Federal Equivalent Methods (FEM).[40] In 2020, 2B Technologies received a Tibbetts Award from the Small Business Administration for development of many of these air monitoring technologies through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) federal research grants program.[41] Birks served as Principal Investigator on the 15 SBIR grants awarded to 2B Technologies by the Department of Energy (DOE), National Science Foundation (NSF), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIEHS/NIH).[42]

K-12 Educational Outreach edit

In 2009 Dr. Birks founded the Global Ozone Project or "GO3" Project, a middle and high school outreach program where students at more than 100 schools around the world measure ozone using a FEM ozone monitor (2B Tech Model 106-L) along with meteorological parameters using a Davis weather station.[43] In that project, data were continuously uploaded to a database for display on Google Earth and online graphing along with participation from schools around the world, including 30 international schools. More than 12 million ozone measurements and associated meteorological parameters were uploaded by these student-run monitoring stations.[44] This fixed-base monitoring program was replaced by a mobile monitoring project, AQTreks, in which students explore the concentrations of air pollutants (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO, CO2) in their communities along "treks" of their own design. Approximately 20,000 students at more than 250 U.S. schools have participated in the GO3 Project and AQTreks over the past 10 years.[44]

Awards and honors edit

Some of Birks's honors include the below:

Bibliography edit

Books edited edit

  • Birks, John W. (1989). Chemiluminescence and Photochemical Reaction Detection in Chromatography[45]
  • Ehrlich, Anne H.; Birks, John W. (1990). Hidden Dangers: The Environmental Consequences of Preparing for War[46]
  • Birks, John W.; Calvert, Jack G.; Sievers, Robert E. (1992). The Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Its Impact on Global Change[47]

Selected publications edit

  • Activation energies for the dissociation of diatomic molecules are less than the bond dissociation energies (1972)[48]
  • Effect of nuclear explosions on stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone (1973)[1]
  • Chemiluminescence of IF in the gas phase reaction of I2 with F2[49]
  • Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. I. Reaction of nitric oxide with ozone (1976)[50]
  • Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. II. Reactions involving chlorine nitrate and chlorine dioxide (1980)[16]
  • Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. III. Rate constant and products of the reaction between ClO and HO2 radicals at 298 K (1980)[17]
  • Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. IV. Rate constant for the reaction Cl + HOCl → HCl + ClO over the temperature range 243-365 K (1981)[51]
  • The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon (1982)[2][52]
  • High precision measurements of activation energies over small temperature intervals: Curvature in the Arrhenius plot for the reaction NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 (1982)[53]
  • Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. V. Rate constants for the reactions O + NO2 → NO + O2 and O + ClO → Cl + O2 at 298 K (1984)[54]
  • Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. VI. Temperature dependence of the reactions O + NO2 → NO + O2 and O + ClO → Cl + O2 (1986)[55]
  • Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid chromatography (1983)[56]
  • Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic amines in liquid chromatography (1984)[57]
  • The effects on the atmosphere of a major nuclear exchange (1985)[58]
  • Luminol/H2O2 chemiluminescence detector for the analysis of nitric oxide in exhaled breath (1999)[59]
  • Using polymeric materials to generate an amplified response to molecular recognition events (2008)[60]
  • Mechanism and elimination of a water vapor interference in the measurement of ozone by UV absorbance (2006)[32]
  • Miniature personal ozone monitor based on UV absorbance (2010)[33]
  • Use of a heated graphite scrubber as a means of reducing interferences in UV-absorbance measurements of atmospheric ozone (2017)[34]
  • Folded tubular photometer for atmospheric measurements of NO2 and NO (2018)[35]
  • Portable ozone calibration source independent of changes in temperature, pressure and humidity for research and regulatory applications (2018)[37]
  • Global Ozone (GO3) Project and AQTreks: Use of evolving technologies by students and citizen scientists to monitor air pollutants (2019)[44]
  • Portable calibrator for NO based on photolysis of N2O and a combined NO/NO2/O3 source for field calibrations of air pollution monitors (2020)[38]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Johnston, Harold; Whitten, Gary; Birks, John (November 27, 1973). "Effect of nuclear explosions on stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (27): 6107–6135. Bibcode:1973JGR....78.6107J. doi:10.1029/JC078i027p06107 – via Wiley Online Library.
  2. ^ a b Crutzen, Paul, Birks, John (1982). "The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon". Ambio. 11: 114–125.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Atmospheric effects of nuclear war". Research Gate. November 1983. Retrieved 16 Dec 2021.
  4. ^ Birks, John (May–June 1983). "Darkness at Noon: The Environmental Effects of Nuclear War". Sierra. 68 (3): 58–61.
  5. ^ Stephens, Sherry L.; Birks, John W. (1985). "After Nuclear War: Perturbations in Atmospheric Chemistry". BioScience. 35 (9): 557–562. doi:10.2307/1309963. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1309963.
  6. ^ "Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War," J. W. Birks and S. L. Stephens, In The Medical Implications of Nuclear War, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, pp. 155-166 (1986). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219160/
  7. ^ a b "John Birks". University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry. October 1, 2020.
  8. ^ "Air quality monitoring innovations merit small business recognition (Environmental Factor, February 2021)". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "John Birks".
  10. ^ a b c "R&D". John Birks.
  11. ^ "2B Technologies".
  12. ^ "John W. Birks, CIRES Fellow Emeritus".
  13. ^ "Boulder chemist wins national award for studies of atmosphere". EurekAlert!.
  14. ^ a b "CARB awards seven science luminaries with California's premier air quality award | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov.
  15. ^ "Future Of Life Award". Future of Life Institute. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  16. ^ a b c Birks, John W.; Shoemaker, Brian; Leck, Thomas J.; Borders, Richard A.; Hart, Larry J. (1977-05-15). "Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. II. Reactions involving chlorine nitrate and chlorine dioxide". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 66 (10): 4591–4599. Bibcode:1977JChPh..66.4591B. doi:10.1063/1.433716. ISSN 0021-9606.
  17. ^ a b Leck, Thomas J.; Cook, Jac-E L.; Birks, John W. (1980-02-15). "Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. III. Rate constant and products of the reaction between ClO and HO2 radicals at 298 K". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 72 (4): 2364–2373. Bibcode:1980JChPh..72.2364L. doi:10.1063/1.439484. ISSN 0021-9606.
  18. ^ Solomon, Susan; Garcia, Rolando R.; Rowland, F. Sherwood; Wuebbles, Donald J. (June 1986). "On the depletion of Antarctic ozone". Nature. 321 (6072): 755–758. Bibcode:1986Natur.321..755S. doi:10.1038/321755a0. hdl:2060/19910073958. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4304874.
  19. ^ Hills, Alan J.; Cicerone, Ralph J.; Calvert, Jack G.; Birks, John W. (July 1987). "Kinetics of the BrO + ClO reaction and implications for stratospheric ozone". Nature. 328 (6129): 405–408. doi:10.1038/328405a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 33022195.
  20. ^ Hills, Alan J.; Cicerone, Ralph J.; Calvert, Jack G.; Birks, John W. (April 1988). "Temperature dependence of the rate constant and product channels for the bromine oxide + chlorine oxide reaction". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 92 (7): 1853–1858. doi:10.1021/j100318a032. ISSN 0022-3654. S2CID 73567378.
  21. ^ Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Birks, John W.; Calvert, Jack G. (September 1990). "Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 94 (19): 7477–7482. doi:10.1021/j100382a032. ISSN 0022-3654.
  22. ^ Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Birks, John W.; Calvert, Jack G. (May 1991). "Kinetics and temperature dependence of the bromine monoxide + chlorine monoxide reaction". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 95 (11): 4356–4364. doi:10.1021/j100164a035. ISSN 0022-3654.
  23. ^ "Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize in Chemistry". nobelprize.org. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  24. ^ Paul J. Crutzen and John W. Birks: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon Ambio, 1982 (abstract)
  25. ^ Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War. National Academies Press (US). 1986.
  26. ^ "Thomas Ackerman". College of the Environment. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  27. ^ "When Carl Sagan Warned the World About Nuclear Winter".
  28. ^ The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 1985-01-01. doi:10.17226/540. ISBN 978-0-309-03528-6.
  29. ^ WHO Management Group on Follow-Up of Resolution WHA36.28; Organization, World Health (1987). "Effects of nuclear war on health and health services : report of the WHO Management Group on Follow-up of Resolution WHA36.28: "The role of physicians and other health workers in the preservation and promotion of peace ..."" (in Swedish). hdl:10665/39199. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Environmental consequences of nuclear war (scope 28): Volume 1, physical and atmospheric effects, A. B. Pittock, T. P. Ackerman, P. J. Crutzen, M. C. MacCracken, C. S. Shapiro and R. P. Turco. Volume 2, Ecological and Agricultural Effects M. A. Harwell an". Journal of Climatology. 7 (1): 100. January 1987. doi:10.1002/joc.3370070112.
  31. ^ Harwell, M. A.; Hutchinson, T. C.; Cropper, Jr; Harwell, C. C.; Grover, H. D. (1985-01-01). "Scope 28: Environmental consequences of nuclear war. Volume II. Ecological and agricultural effects". OSTI 6714529. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ^ a b Wilson, Kevin L.; Birks, John W. (2006-10-01). "Mechanism and Elimination of a Water Vapor Interference in the Measurement of Ozone by UV Absorbance". Environmental Science & Technology. 40 (20): 6361–6367. Bibcode:2006EnST...40.6361W. doi:10.1021/es052590c. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 17120566.
  33. ^ a b c Andersen, Peter C.; Williford, Craig J.; Birks, John W. (2010-10-01). "Miniature Personal Ozone Monitor Based on UV Absorbance". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (19): 7924–7928. doi:10.1021/ac1013578. ISSN 0003-2700. PMC 3065063. PMID 21461365.
  34. ^ a b Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Andersen, Peter C.; Williford, Craig J.; Ennis, Christine A.; Birks, John W. (2017-06-15). "Use of a heated graphite scrubber as a means of reducing interferences in UV-absorbance measurements of atmospheric ozone". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 10 (6): 2253–2269. Bibcode:2017AMT....10.2253T. doi:10.5194/amt-10-2253-2017. ISSN 1867-8548.
  35. ^ a b Birks, John W.; Andersen, Peter C.; Williford, Craig J.; Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Strunk, Stanley E.; Ennis, Christine A.; Mattson, Erick (2018-05-14). "Folded tubular photometer for atmospheric measurements of NO2 and NO". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 11 (5): 2821–2835. Bibcode:2018AMT....11.2821B. doi:10.5194/amt-11-2821-2018. ISSN 1867-8548.
  36. ^ Allen, Caroline; Carrico, Christian M.; Gomez, Samantha L.; Andersen, Peter C.; Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Williford, Craig J.; Birks, John W.; Salisbury, Dwayne; Carrion, Richard; Gates, Dan; Macias, Fabian (2018-11-02). "NOx instrument intercomparison for laboratory biomass burning source studies and urban ambient measurements in Albuquerque, New Mexico". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 68 (11): 1175–1189. doi:10.1080/10962247.2018.1487347. ISSN 1096-2247. PMID 29889623. S2CID 48353195.
  37. ^ a b Birks, John W.; Williford, Craig J.; Andersen, Peter C.; Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Strunk, Stanley; Ennis, Christine A. (2018-08-16). "Portable ozone calibration source independent of changes in temperature, pressure and humidity for research and regulatory applications". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 11 (8): 4797–4807. Bibcode:2018AMT....11.4797B. doi:10.5194/amt-11-4797-2018. ISSN 1867-8548. S2CID 217162584.
  38. ^ a b Birks, John W.; Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Andersen, Peter C.; Williford, Craig J.; Strunk, Stanley; Carpenter, Brian; Ennis, Christine A. (2020-03-03). "Portable calibrator for NO based on the photolysis of N2O and a combined NO2/NO/O3 source for field calibrations of air pollution monitors". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 13 (2): 1001–1018. Bibcode:2020AMT....13.1001B. doi:10.5194/amt-13-1001-2020. ISSN 1867-8548. S2CID 216159875.
  39. ^ "2B Tech Products". Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  40. ^ "EPA Federal Equivalent Method (FEM)". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved December 16, 2001.
  41. ^ "2020 Tibbetts Award Winner: 2B Technologies". 10 June 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  42. ^ "John W. Birks Curriculum Vita" (PDF). Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  43. ^ "AQTreks". AQTreks and Global Ozone Project. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  44. ^ a b c Ellenburg, Jessa A.; Williford, Craig J.; Rodriguez, Shannon L.; Andersen, Peter C.; Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Ennis, Christine A.; Basman, Kali A.; Hatz, Jessica M.; Prince, Jason C.; Meyers, Drew H.; Kopala, David J. (October 2019). "Global Ozone (GO3) Project and AQTreks: Use of evolving technologies by students and citizen scientists to monitor air pollutants". Atmospheric Environment: X. 4: 100048. doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100048. S2CID 204264294.
  45. ^ Chemiluminescence and photochemical reaction detection in chromatography. John W. Birks. New York: VCH Publishers. 1989. ISBN 3-527-26782-4. OCLC 19457306.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  46. ^ Hidden dangers : environmental consequences of preparing for war. Anne H. Ehrlich, John W. Birks. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 1990. ISBN 0-87156-670-2. OCLC 21373501.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  47. ^ The Chemistry of the atmosphere : its impact on global change. John W. Birks, Jack G. Calvert and Robert E. Sievers, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and American Chemical Society. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific. 1992. ISBN 0-632-03779-2. OCLC 28583563.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  48. ^ Johnston, Harold; Birks, John (1972). "Activation energies for the dissociation of diatomic molecules are less than the bond dissociation energies". Accounts of Chemical Research. 5 (10): 327–335. doi:10.1021/ar50058a002. ISSN 0001-4842.
  49. ^ Birks, John W.; Gabelnick, Steven D.; Johnston, Harold S. (July 1975). "Chemiluminescence of IF in the gas phase reaction of I2 with F2". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 57 (1): 23–46. Bibcode:1975JMoSp..57...23B. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(75)90041-7.
  50. ^ Birks, John W.; Shoemaker, Brian; Leck, Thomas J.; Hinton, Deborah M. (1976-12-15). "Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. I. Reaction of nitric oxide with ozone". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 65 (12): 5181–5185. Bibcode:1976JChPh..65.5181B. doi:10.1063/1.433059. ISSN 0021-9606.
  51. ^ Cook, Jac-E L.; Ennis, Christine A.; Leck, Thomas J.; Birks, John W. (January 1981). "Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. IV. Rate constant for the reaction Cl+HOCl→HCl+ClO over the temperature range 243–365 K". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 74 (1): 545–549. Bibcode:1981JChPh..74..545C. doi:10.1063/1.440807. ISSN 0021-9606.
  52. ^ Crutzen, Paul J.; Birks, John W. (November 27, 2016). Crutzen, Paul J.; Brauch, Hans Günter (eds.). Paul J. Crutzen: A Pioneer on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change in the Anthropocene. Springer International Publishing. pp. 125–152. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27460-7_5 – via Springer Link.
  53. ^ Borders, Richard A.; Birks, John W. (August 1982). "High-precision measurements of activation energies over small temperature intervals: curvature in the Arrhenius plot for the reaction nitric oxide + ozone .fwdarw. nitrogen dioxide + oxygen". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 86 (17): 3295–3302. doi:10.1021/j100214a007. ISSN 0022-3654.
  54. ^ Ongstad, Andrew P.; Birks, John W. (November 1984). "Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. V. Rate constants for the reactions O+NO 2 →NO+O 2 and O+ClO→Cl+O 2 at 298 K". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 81 (9): 3922–3930. doi:10.1063/1.448185. ISSN 0021-9606.
  55. ^ Ongstad, Andrew P.; Birks, John W. (September 15, 1986). "Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere. VI. Temperature dependence of the reactions O+NO 2 →NO+O 2 and O+ClO→Cl+O 2". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 85 (6): 3359–3368. doi:10.1063/1.450957. ISSN 0021-9606.
  56. ^ Sigvardson, Kenneth W.; Birks, John W. (March 1, 1983). "Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid chromatography". Analytical Chemistry. 55 (3): 432–435. doi:10.1021/ac00254a006 – via ACS Publications.
  57. ^ Sigvardson, Kenneth W.; Kennish, John M.; Birks, John W. (June 1, 1984). "Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic amines in liquid chromatography". Analytical Chemistry. 56 (7): 1096–1102. doi:10.1021/ac00271a011 – via ACS Publications.
  58. ^ Borders, Richard A.; Birks, John W. (August 1982). "High-precision measurements of activation energies over small temperature intervals: curvature in the Arrhenius plot for the reaction nitric oxide + ozone .fwdarw. nitrogen dioxide + oxygen". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 86 (17): 3295–3302. doi:10.1021/j100214a007. ISSN 0022-3654.
  59. ^ Robinson, Jill K.; Bollinger, Mark J.; Birks, John W. (November 1, 1999). "Luminol/H2O2 Chemiluminescence Detector for the Analysis of Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Breath". Analytical Chemistry. 71 (22): 5131–5136. doi:10.1021/ac990646d. PMID 10575964 – via ACS Publications.
  60. ^ Sikes, Hadley D.; Hansen, Ryan R.; Johnson, Leah M.; Jenison, Robert; Birks, John W.; Rowlen, Kathy L.; Bowman, Christopher N. (January 27, 2008). "Using polymeric materials to generate an amplified response to molecular recognition events". Nature Materials. 7 (1): 52–56. Bibcode:2008NatMa...7...52S. doi:10.1038/nmat2042. PMC 4299824. PMID 17965717.

December 07, 2023
john, birks, born, december, 1946, vinita, oklahoma, american, atmospheric, chemist, entrepreneur, best, known, discovery, with, paul, crutzen, potential, atmospheric, effects, nuclear, known, nuclear, winter, most, recent, awards, include, 2019, haagen, smit,. John W Birks born 10 December 1946 in Vinita Oklahoma USA is an American atmospheric chemist and entrepreneur who is best known for co discovery with Paul Crutzen of the potential atmospheric effects of nuclear war known as nuclear winter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 His most recent awards include the 2019 Haagen Smit Clean Air Award for his contributions to atmospheric chemistry and the 2022 Future of Life Award for discovery of the nuclear winter effect John W BirksJohn W BirksBornJohn W Birks 1946 12 10 10 December 1946Vinita Oklahoma United StatesAlma materUniversity of California Berkeley University of ArkansasKnown forResearch in atmospheric chemistry co developer of the nuclear winter theory and development of air pollution monitorsAwardsAlfred P Sloan Fellowship 1979 81 Leo Szilard Award for Physics in the Public Interest 1985 John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship 1986 Witherspoon Peace and Justice Award 1986 Thomas Jefferson Award University of Colorado 1989 Hazel Barnes Prize University of Colorado 2000 ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology 2003 Haagen Smit Clean Air Award 2019 Future of Life Award Future of Life Institute 2022 Scientific careerFieldsAtmospheric chemistryPhysical ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryInstitutionsUniversity of Illinois Urbana ChampaignUniversity of Colorado Boulder2B TechnologiesThesis escholarship wbr org wbr uc wbr item wbr 9nk8c936 Theory of the Dissociation of Diatomic Molecules and a Study of the Emission Spectra of IF 1974 Doctoral advisorHarold S JohnstonWebsitetwobtech wbr com wbr john birks wbr htmlAs an entrepreneur Birks co founded the two technology companies 2B Technologies and InDevR At 2B Technologies he served as president during 2005 2020 and currently serves as Chief Scientist 8 9 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Research and career 2 1 Kinetics studies of atmospheric reactions 2 2 Discovery of nuclear winter effect 2 3 Highly portable instruments for air quality measurements 2 4 K 12 Educational Outreach 3 Awards and honors 4 Bibliography 4 1 Books edited 4 2 Selected publications 5 ReferencesEarly life and education editBirks received his BS 1968 degree in chemistry with high honors from the University of Arkansas 9 He carried out his graduate work at the University of California Berkeley where he completed his MS 1970 and PhD 1974 in physical chemistry under the direction of Professor Harold S Johnston being co directed by Henry F Schaeffer III and William H Miller during his final year of graduate studies 9 During a 1970 72 break between his MS and PhD studies at Berkeley he performed alternative service as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War as a research assistant at the Kansas University Medical Center Research and career editBirks began his academic career in 1974 when he joined the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry 10 In 1977 he accepted the positions of associate professor of Chemistry and Fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences CIRES at the University of Colorado Boulder where he could collaborate more closely with scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Center for Atmospheric Research 9 He was promoted to full Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at CU Boulder in 1984 and served as chair of the department during 1995 1998 9 Birks received the Alfred P Sloan Fellowship in 1979 and John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1986 Birks co founded 2B Technologies a company specializing in the development of instruments for environmental and atmospheric measurements with Dr Mark Bollinger in 1998 9 11 After twenty five years of service he retired from the University of Colorado Boulder in 2002 and joined 2B Technologies as vice president 9 In 2005 he assumed leadership of 2B Technologies as president Since 2002 he has been Professor Emeritus of the Department of Chemistry 7 and Fellow Emeritus of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences 12 In 2003 Birks received the ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology from the American Chemical Society for his measurements of the rate coefficients of chemical reactions key to understanding stratospheric ozone depletion co development of the nuclear winter theory and invention of new analytical instruments for environmental analysis 13 In 2009 he founded the Global Ozone GO3 Project a non profit middle and high school outreach program for ground level ozone measurements 10 The AQTreks educational outreach program an outgrowth of the GO3 Project that allows students to perform mobile monitoring of air pollutants along treks of their own design was founded by Birks and his colleagues in 2017 10 In 2019 Birks received the Haagen Smit Clean Air Award also known as the Nobel prize of air pollution and climate science from the California Air Resources Board CARB 14 The award was given for having advanced our understanding of Earth s atmosphere through more than 40 years of research teaching and technological innovation 14 In 2022 John Birks received the Future of Life Award from the Future of Life Institute for reducing the risk of nuclear war by developing and popularizing the science of nuclear winter 15 Kinetics studies of atmospheric reactions edit Birks early research focused on discovering new reactions that are important in controlling ozone levels in the stratosphere He and his research team at the University of Illinois and later at the University of Colorado Boulder published some of the first measurements of the temperature dependent rate coefficients and product distributions for important stratospheric reactions Some notable works were introductions of the species chlorine nitrate ClONO2 16 and hypochlorous acid HOCl 17 to stratospheric chemistry via measurements of the rates of reactions forming those species In 1977 the rate coefficient for the reaction ClO NO2 M ClONO2 M was first reported by the Birks research group 16 Although the formation of chlorine nitrate reduces the effect of chlorine on stratospheric ozone at mid latitudes it was later discovered by Susan Solomon that chlorine nitrate plays a key role in the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole reacting in the Austral spring with HCl on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds to produce catalytic forms of chlorine 18 The Birks group also was among the first to report temperature dependent rate coefficients and branching ratios for catalytic reactions involving bromine BrO ClO and BrO BrO reactions which were found to contribute 20 of ozone depletion in the Antarctic ozone hole 19 20 21 22 Discovery of nuclear winter effect edit During his 1981 82 academic sabbatical at the Max Planck Institute in Mainz Germany Birks worked with Paul J Crutzen Nobel Laurette 1995 23 and wrote the first publication introducing the subject of what became known as nuclear winter The atmosphere after a nuclear war Twilight at noon 1982 24 Their calculations showed that fires in cities forests and oil production and storage facilities resulting from a major nuclear war would produce enough smoke to block as much as 99 percent of sunlight from reaching the Earth s surface throughout the northern hemisphere 25 This work published in 1982 in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio as part of a larger study of the environmental effects of nuclear warfare commissioned by the Swedish Academy of Sciences was followed by a paper by Richard Turco Brian Toon Thomas Ackerman 26 James Pollack and Carl Sagan TTAPS in the journal Science in 1983 27 These two papers resulted in multi year studies involving numerous government agencies and laboratories and evaluation reports by the National Academy of Sciences 1985 28 the World Health Organization WHO 29 and the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the International Council of Scientific Unions ICSU SCOPE 30 31 on the environmental effects of nuclear war Highly portable instruments for air quality measurements edit In 1998 Birks co founded 2B Technologies with Dr Mark Bollinger to develop and commercialize a new generation of miniature air monitoring instruments At 2B Technologies Birks led the development of more than 20 different models of highly portable and highly accurate instruments for trace level monitoring of the air pollutants O3 NO NO2 NOx mercury and black carbon and portable calibrators for O3 NO and NO2 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Seven of the instruments including the pocket sized Personal Ozone Monitor POM 33 have been designated as EPA Federal Equivalent Methods FEM 40 In 2020 2B Technologies received a Tibbetts Award from the Small Business Administration for development of many of these air monitoring technologies through the Small Business Innovation Research SBIR federal research grants program 41 Birks served as Principal Investigator on the 15 SBIR grants awarded to 2B Technologies by the Department of Energy DOE National Science Foundation NSF Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health NIEHS NIH 42 K 12 Educational Outreach edit In 2009 Dr Birks founded the Global Ozone Project or GO3 Project a middle and high school outreach program where students at more than 100 schools around the world measure ozone using a FEM ozone monitor 2B Tech Model 106 L along with meteorological parameters using a Davis weather station 43 In that project data were continuously uploaded to a database for display on Google Earth and online graphing along with participation from schools around the world including 30 international schools More than 12 million ozone measurements and associated meteorological parameters were uploaded by these student run monitoring stations 44 This fixed base monitoring program was replaced by a mobile monitoring project AQTreks in which students explore the concentrations of air pollutants PM1 PM2 5 PM10 CO CO2 in their communities along treks of their own design Approximately 20 000 students at more than 250 U S schools have participated in the GO3 Project and AQTreks over the past 10 years 44 Awards and honors editSome of Birks s honors include the below 1979 81 Alfred P Sloan Fellowship 1985 Leo Szilard Award for Physics in the Public Interest American Physical Society 1986 John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship 1986 Witherspoon Peace and Justice Award Witherspoon Society 1989 Thomas Jefferson Award University of Colorado 1990 Colorado Section Award American Chemical Society 1990 Teaching Fellowship University of Colorado Council on Teaching 2000 Hazel Barnes Prize Highest University of Colorado Faculty Award 2003 ACS Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology American Chemical Society 2019 Haagen Smit Clean Air Award Science and Technology Category California Air Resources Board 2022 Future of Life Award Future of Life InstituteBibliography editBooks edited edit Birks John W 1989 Chemiluminescence and Photochemical Reaction Detection in Chromatography 45 Ehrlich Anne H Birks John W 1990 Hidden Dangers The Environmental Consequences of Preparing for War 46 Birks John W Calvert Jack G Sievers Robert E 1992 The Chemistry of the Atmosphere Its Impact on Global Change 47 Selected publications edit Activation energies for the dissociation of diatomic molecules are less than the bond dissociation energies 1972 48 Effect of nuclear explosions on stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone 1973 1 Chemiluminescence of IF in the gas phase reaction of I2 with F2 49 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere I Reaction of nitric oxide with ozone 1976 50 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere II Reactions involving chlorine nitrate and chlorine dioxide 1980 16 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere III Rate constant and products of the reaction between ClO and HO2 radicals at 298 K 1980 17 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere IV Rate constant for the reaction Cl HOCl HCl ClO over the temperature range 243 365 K 1981 51 The atmosphere after a nuclear war Twilight at noon 1982 2 52 High precision measurements of activation energies over small temperature intervals Curvature in the Arrhenius plot for the reaction NO O3 NO2 O2 1982 53 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere V Rate constants for the reactions O NO2 NO O2 and O ClO Cl O2 at 298 K 1984 54 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere VI Temperature dependence of the reactions O NO2 NO O2 and O ClO Cl O2 1986 55 Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid chromatography 1983 56 Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic amines in liquid chromatography 1984 57 The effects on the atmosphere of a major nuclear exchange 1985 58 Luminol H2O2 chemiluminescence detector for the analysis of nitric oxide in exhaled breath 1999 59 Using polymeric materials to generate an amplified response to molecular recognition events 2008 60 Mechanism and elimination of a water vapor interference in the measurement of ozone by UV absorbance 2006 32 Miniature personal ozone monitor based on UV absorbance 2010 33 Use of a heated graphite scrubber as a means of reducing interferences in UV absorbance measurements of atmospheric ozone 2017 34 Folded tubular photometer for atmospheric measurements of NO2 and NO 2018 35 Portable ozone calibration source independent of changes in temperature pressure and humidity for research and regulatory applications 2018 37 Global Ozone GO3 Project and AQTreks Use of evolving technologies by students and citizen scientists to monitor air pollutants 2019 44 Portable calibrator for NO based on photolysis of N2O and a combined NO NO2 O3 source for field calibrations of air pollution monitors 2020 38 References edit a b Johnston Harold Whitten Gary Birks John November 27 1973 Effect of nuclear explosions on stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone Journal of Geophysical Research 78 27 6107 6135 Bibcode 1973JGR 78 6107J doi 10 1029 JC078i027p06107 via Wiley Online Library a b Crutzen Paul Birks John 1982 The atmosphere after a nuclear war Twilight at noon Ambio 11 114 125 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Atmospheric effects of nuclear war Research Gate November 1983 Retrieved 16 Dec 2021 Birks John May June 1983 Darkness at Noon The Environmental Effects of Nuclear War Sierra 68 3 58 61 Stephens Sherry L Birks John W 1985 After Nuclear War Perturbations in Atmospheric Chemistry BioScience 35 9 557 562 doi 10 2307 1309963 ISSN 0006 3568 JSTOR 1309963 Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War J W Birks and S L Stephens In The Medical Implications of Nuclear War Institute of Medicine National Academy Press pp 155 166 1986 https www ncbi nlm nih gov books NBK219160 a b John Birks University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry October 1 2020 Air quality monitoring innovations merit small business recognition Environmental Factor February 2021 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences a b c d e f g John Birks a b c R amp D John Birks 2B Technologies John W Birks CIRES Fellow Emeritus Boulder chemist wins national award for studies of atmosphere EurekAlert a b CARB awards seven science luminaries with California s premier air quality award California Air Resources Board ww2 arb ca gov Future Of Life Award Future of Life Institute Retrieved 2022 08 23 a b c Birks John W Shoemaker Brian Leck Thomas J Borders Richard A Hart Larry J 1977 05 15 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere II Reactions involving chlorine nitrate and chlorine dioxide The Journal of Chemical Physics 66 10 4591 4599 Bibcode 1977JChPh 66 4591B doi 10 1063 1 433716 ISSN 0021 9606 a b Leck Thomas J Cook Jac E L Birks John W 1980 02 15 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere III Rate constant and products of the reaction between ClO and HO2 radicals at 298 K The Journal of Chemical Physics 72 4 2364 2373 Bibcode 1980JChPh 72 2364L doi 10 1063 1 439484 ISSN 0021 9606 Solomon Susan Garcia Rolando R Rowland F Sherwood Wuebbles Donald J June 1986 On the depletion of Antarctic ozone Nature 321 6072 755 758 Bibcode 1986Natur 321 755S doi 10 1038 321755a0 hdl 2060 19910073958 ISSN 1476 4687 S2CID 4304874 Hills Alan J Cicerone Ralph J Calvert Jack G Birks John W July 1987 Kinetics of the BrO ClO reaction and implications for stratospheric ozone Nature 328 6129 405 408 doi 10 1038 328405a0 ISSN 0028 0836 S2CID 33022195 Hills Alan J Cicerone Ralph J Calvert Jack G Birks John W April 1988 Temperature dependence of the rate constant and product channels for the bromine oxide chlorine oxide reaction The Journal of Physical Chemistry 92 7 1853 1858 doi 10 1021 j100318a032 ISSN 0022 3654 S2CID 73567378 Turnipseed Andrew A Birks John W Calvert Jack G September 1990 Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical bromine monoxide radical reaction The Journal of Physical Chemistry 94 19 7477 7482 doi 10 1021 j100382a032 ISSN 0022 3654 Turnipseed Andrew A Birks John W Calvert Jack G May 1991 Kinetics and temperature dependence of the bromine monoxide chlorine monoxide reaction The Journal of Physical Chemistry 95 11 4356 4364 doi 10 1021 j100164a035 ISSN 0022 3654 Paul Crutzen Nobel Prize in Chemistry nobelprize org Retrieved December 16 2021 Paul J Crutzen and John W Birks The atmosphere after a nuclear war Twilight at noon Ambio 1982 abstract Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War National Academies Press US 1986 Thomas Ackerman College of the Environment Retrieved 2021 12 16 When Carl Sagan Warned the World About Nuclear Winter The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange Washington D C National Academies Press 1985 01 01 doi 10 17226 540 ISBN 978 0 309 03528 6 WHO Management Group on Follow Up of Resolution WHA36 28 Organization World Health 1987 Effects of nuclear war on health and health services report of the WHO Management Group on Follow up of Resolution WHA36 28 The role of physicians and other health workers in the preservation and promotion of peace in Swedish hdl 10665 39199 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Environmental consequences of nuclear war scope 28 Volume 1 physical and atmospheric effects A B Pittock T P Ackerman P J Crutzen M C MacCracken C S Shapiro and R P Turco Volume 2 Ecological and Agricultural Effects M A Harwell an Journal of Climatology 7 1 100 January 1987 doi 10 1002 joc 3370070112 Harwell M A Hutchinson T C Cropper Jr Harwell C C Grover H D 1985 01 01 Scope 28 Environmental consequences of nuclear war Volume II Ecological and agricultural effects OSTI 6714529 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Wilson Kevin L Birks John W 2006 10 01 Mechanism and Elimination of a Water Vapor Interference in the Measurement of Ozone by UV Absorbance Environmental Science amp Technology 40 20 6361 6367 Bibcode 2006EnST 40 6361W doi 10 1021 es052590c ISSN 0013 936X PMID 17120566 a b c Andersen Peter C Williford Craig J Birks John W 2010 10 01 Miniature Personal Ozone Monitor Based on UV Absorbance Analytical Chemistry 82 19 7924 7928 doi 10 1021 ac1013578 ISSN 0003 2700 PMC 3065063 PMID 21461365 a b Turnipseed Andrew A Andersen Peter C Williford Craig J Ennis Christine A Birks John W 2017 06 15 Use of a heated graphite scrubber as a means of reducing interferences in UV absorbance measurements of atmospheric ozone Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10 6 2253 2269 Bibcode 2017AMT 10 2253T doi 10 5194 amt 10 2253 2017 ISSN 1867 8548 a b Birks John W Andersen Peter C Williford Craig J Turnipseed Andrew A Strunk Stanley E Ennis Christine A Mattson Erick 2018 05 14 Folded tubular photometer for atmospheric measurements of NO2 and NO Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11 5 2821 2835 Bibcode 2018AMT 11 2821B doi 10 5194 amt 11 2821 2018 ISSN 1867 8548 Allen Caroline Carrico Christian M Gomez Samantha L Andersen Peter C Turnipseed Andrew A Williford Craig J Birks John W Salisbury Dwayne Carrion Richard Gates Dan Macias Fabian 2018 11 02 NOx instrument intercomparison for laboratory biomass burning source studies and urban ambient measurements in Albuquerque New Mexico Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 68 11 1175 1189 doi 10 1080 10962247 2018 1487347 ISSN 1096 2247 PMID 29889623 S2CID 48353195 a b Birks John W Williford Craig J Andersen Peter C Turnipseed Andrew A Strunk Stanley Ennis Christine A 2018 08 16 Portable ozone calibration source independent of changes in temperature pressure and humidity for research and regulatory applications Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11 8 4797 4807 Bibcode 2018AMT 11 4797B doi 10 5194 amt 11 4797 2018 ISSN 1867 8548 S2CID 217162584 a b Birks John W Turnipseed Andrew A Andersen Peter C Williford Craig J Strunk Stanley Carpenter Brian Ennis Christine A 2020 03 03 Portable calibrator for NO based on the photolysis of N2O and a combined NO2 NO O3 source for field calibrations of air pollution monitors Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13 2 1001 1018 Bibcode 2020AMT 13 1001B doi 10 5194 amt 13 1001 2020 ISSN 1867 8548 S2CID 216159875 2B Tech Products Retrieved December 16 2021 EPA Federal Equivalent Method FEM Legal Information Institute Retrieved December 16 2001 2020 Tibbetts Award Winner 2B Technologies 10 June 2020 Retrieved December 16 2021 John W Birks Curriculum Vita PDF Retrieved December 16 2021 AQTreks AQTreks and Global Ozone Project Retrieved 2021 12 16 a b c Ellenburg Jessa A Williford Craig J Rodriguez Shannon L Andersen Peter C Turnipseed Andrew A Ennis Christine A Basman Kali A Hatz Jessica M Prince Jason C Meyers Drew H Kopala David J October 2019 Global Ozone GO3 Project and AQTreks Use of evolving technologies by students and citizen scientists to monitor air pollutants Atmospheric Environment X 4 100048 doi 10 1016 j aeaoa 2019 100048 S2CID 204264294 Chemiluminescence and photochemical reaction detection in chromatography John W Birks New York VCH Publishers 1989 ISBN 3 527 26782 4 OCLC 19457306 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Hidden dangers environmental consequences of preparing for war Anne H Ehrlich John W Birks San Francisco Sierra Club Books 1990 ISBN 0 87156 670 2 OCLC 21373501 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link The Chemistry of the atmosphere its impact on global change John W Birks Jack G Calvert and Robert E Sievers International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and American Chemical Society Oxford England Blackwell Scientific 1992 ISBN 0 632 03779 2 OCLC 28583563 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Johnston Harold Birks John 1972 Activation energies for the dissociation of diatomic molecules are less than the bond dissociation energies Accounts of Chemical Research 5 10 327 335 doi 10 1021 ar50058a002 ISSN 0001 4842 Birks John W Gabelnick Steven D Johnston Harold S July 1975 Chemiluminescence of IF in the gas phase reaction of I2 with F2 Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 57 1 23 46 Bibcode 1975JMoSp 57 23B doi 10 1016 0022 2852 75 90041 7 Birks John W Shoemaker Brian Leck Thomas J Hinton Deborah M 1976 12 15 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere I Reaction of nitric oxide with ozone The Journal of Chemical Physics 65 12 5181 5185 Bibcode 1976JChPh 65 5181B doi 10 1063 1 433059 ISSN 0021 9606 Cook Jac E L Ennis Christine A Leck Thomas J Birks John W January 1981 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere IV Rate constant for the reaction Cl HOCl HCl ClO over the temperature range 243 365 K The Journal of Chemical Physics 74 1 545 549 Bibcode 1981JChPh 74 545C doi 10 1063 1 440807 ISSN 0021 9606 Crutzen Paul J Birks John W November 27 2016 Crutzen Paul J Brauch Hans Gunter eds Paul J Crutzen A Pioneer on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change in the Anthropocene Springer International Publishing pp 125 152 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 27460 7 5 via Springer Link Borders Richard A Birks John W August 1982 High precision measurements of activation energies over small temperature intervals curvature in the Arrhenius plot for the reaction nitric oxide ozone fwdarw nitrogen dioxide oxygen The Journal of Physical Chemistry 86 17 3295 3302 doi 10 1021 j100214a007 ISSN 0022 3654 Ongstad Andrew P Birks John W November 1984 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere V Rate constants for the reactions O NO 2 NO O 2 and O ClO Cl O 2 at 298 K The Journal of Chemical Physics 81 9 3922 3930 doi 10 1063 1 448185 ISSN 0021 9606 Ongstad Andrew P Birks John W September 15 1986 Studies of reactions of importance in the stratosphere VI Temperature dependence of the reactions O NO 2 NO O 2 and O ClO Cl O 2 The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 6 3359 3368 doi 10 1063 1 450957 ISSN 0021 9606 Sigvardson Kenneth W Birks John W March 1 1983 Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid chromatography Analytical Chemistry 55 3 432 435 doi 10 1021 ac00254a006 via ACS Publications Sigvardson Kenneth W Kennish John M Birks John W June 1 1984 Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection of polycyclic aromatic amines in liquid chromatography Analytical Chemistry 56 7 1096 1102 doi 10 1021 ac00271a011 via ACS Publications Borders Richard A Birks John W August 1982 High precision measurements of activation energies over small temperature intervals curvature in the Arrhenius plot for the reaction nitric oxide ozone fwdarw nitrogen dioxide oxygen The Journal of Physical Chemistry 86 17 3295 3302 doi 10 1021 j100214a007 ISSN 0022 3654 Robinson Jill K Bollinger Mark J Birks John W November 1 1999 Luminol H2O2 Chemiluminescence Detector for the Analysis of Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Breath Analytical Chemistry 71 22 5131 5136 doi 10 1021 ac990646d PMID 10575964 via ACS Publications Sikes Hadley D Hansen Ryan R Johnson Leah M Jenison Robert Birks John W Rowlen Kathy L Bowman Christopher N January 27 2008 Using polymeric materials to generate an amplified response to molecular recognition events Nature Materials 7 1 52 56 Bibcode 2008NatMa 7 52S doi 10 1038 nmat2042 PMC 4299824 PMID 17965717 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John W Birks amp oldid 1179387975, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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