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Harold S. Johnston

Harold S. "Hal" Johnston[1] (October 11, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American scientist who studied chemical kinetics and atmospheric chemistry. After beginning his teaching career at Stanford University, he was a faculty member and administrator at the University of California, Berkeley for nearly 35 years. In 1971, Johnston authored a paper suggesting that environmental pollutants could erode the ozone layer.

Harold S. Johnston
Born(1920-10-11)October 11, 1920
DiedOctober 20, 2012(2012-10-20) (aged 92)
Alma materCaltech
Known forOzone depletion research
AwardsNational Medal of Science (1997)
Scientific career
FieldsAtmospheric chemistry
InstitutionsStanford University
UC Berkeley
InfluencedDudley R. Herschbach
Susan Solomon

Johnston was elected to several scholarly organizations, including the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He won the National Medal of Science in 1997.

Early life

Johnston was born in Woodstock, Georgia, to Florine and Smith Lemon Johnston. His family had been in the area since shortly after the Cherokee were forced out during the Trail of Tears. Johnston's paternal grandfather, who had the given name Doctor Medicine Johnston Jr, owned a general store but believed that education was a waste of time. Johnston's father wanted to become a minister, but he could only afford to attend college briefly before acceding to his family's demands to help them run the store.[2]

Johnston, who was one of four sons, lived on a Georgia farm when he was young. In the early 1930s, Johnston contracted rheumatic fever and the illness affected his heart. A physician uncle told Johnston's father not to send Johnston to college because the young man would not survive long enough to get much use out of the education.[2] Johnston said he later learned that the disease was associated with an average survival period of fifteen years at the time.[3] Florine and Smith Johnston valued education for their children, however, and they sent all of their sons to college.[2]

After going off to Emory University with aspirations of becoming a journalist, Johnston soon realized that the U.S. was headed toward World War II and that a science degree would serve him better.[4] Johnston completed an undergraduate degree in chemistry and a minor in English literature.[5] He received a Ph.D. in chemistry and physics from the California Institute of Technology.[6] As a doctoral student, Johnston focused on the interaction of ozone and the pollutant nitrogen dioxide.[7] While at Caltech, he joined in a secret defense project that involved protecting the country against the use of gas warfare.[8]

Career

From 1947 to 1956, Johnston taught at Stanford University.[9] While there, he was named to the editorial board of the Journal of the American Chemical Society.[10] In the early 1950s, Johnston furthered the air pollution work of Arie Jan Haagen-Smit by showing that free-radical reactions underlay the photochemical process leading to smog. Throughout his career, much of Johnston's work involved understanding the kinetics of nitrogen oxides.[11] He returned to Caltech as a faculty member for a year in 1956.[11]

From 1957 until his retirement in 1991, Johnston was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1966 to 1970, Johnston was the dean of Berkeley's College of Chemistry. Johnston mentored undergraduate and graduate students, including future Nobel Prize winner Dudley R. Herschbach and future National Medal of Science winner Susan Solomon.[9] He also made large contributions to the theory of elementary chemical reactions.[11] He wrote a popular textbook on reaction rate theory.[12]

Johnston became best known for his work related to ozone. In a 1971 paper, he posited that pollution from supersonic aircraft in the stratosphere could deplete the ozone layer.[7] Because it suggested for the first time that human activity could impact the integrity of the environment, Johnston's ozone research received some criticism and resistance.[7] However, two environmental regulatory programs were formed as a result of his findings – the Climatic Impact Assessment Program (CIAP) and the Stratosphere Protection Program.[7]

Honors and awards

Johnston was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1965.[13] He was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1981.[14] In 1972, Johnston was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[15] He won the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement in 1983.[16] He received the NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society in 1993.[13] Four years later, Bill Clinton awarded him the National Medal of Science.[7] In 1998, Johnston received the Roger Revelle Medal from the American Geophysical Union.[17]

Later life

Even in the late 1990s, Johnston said that he had lived most of his life with "a moving 10-year life expectancy" because of his early bout with rheumatic fever, but he remained in good health until he was more than 90 years old.[3] He died in 2012; he was 92. Johnston was survived by his wife of 64 years, Mary Ella, and their four children, as well as several grandchildren and great-grandchildren.[5]

Notes

  1. ^ The American Academy of Arts and Sciences lists Johnston's middle name as Sledge, while his National Academy of Sciences biographical memoir states that his middle name is Siddle.
  2. ^ a b c Somorjai 2016, pp. 2–4.
  3. ^ a b Nguyen, Andy (November 5, 2012). "UC Berkeley chemistry professor Harold Johnston dies at 92". The Daily Californian. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  4. ^ Loftus, Mary. "A pioneer of atmospheric chemistry". Emory Magazine. No. Spring 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Harold "Hal" Johnston, noted atmospheric chemist and winner of National Medal of Science, has died". UC Berkeley News Archive. November 2, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  6. ^ "Biographical notes of Harold Johnston". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (9): 1391. March 1, 2001. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105.1391.. doi:10.1021/jp004096v. ISSN 1089-5639.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Harold S. Johnston". National Science and Technology Medals Foundation. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  8. ^ Ainsworth, Susan J. (February 25, 2013). "Harold (Hal) Johnston". Chemical & Engineering News. 91 (8): 44. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  9. ^ a b "In Memoriam: Harold S. Johnston". University of California. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  10. ^ "Stanford chemists win ACS posts". The Stanford Daily. February 10, 1954. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  11. ^ a b c Wuebbles, Donald (February 26, 2013). "Harold S. Johnston (1920–2012)". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 94 (9): 88. Bibcode:2013EOSTr..94...88W. doi:10.1002/2013EO090006. ISSN 2324-9250.
  12. ^ Somorjai 2016, p. 9.
  13. ^ a b "Harold Johnston". www.nasonline.org. National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  14. ^ (System), University of California (March 16, 1981). "AAAS elects UC faculty members". University Bulletin: A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California. 29 (23): 92. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  15. ^ "Professor Harold Sledge Johnston". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  16. ^ "1983 Tyler Laureates". Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  17. ^ "Roger Revelle Medal". American Geophysical Union. 3 August 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2016.

References

harold, johnston, other, people, with, same, name, harold, johnston, harold, johnston, october, 1920, october, 2012, american, scientist, studied, chemical, kinetics, atmospheric, chemistry, after, beginning, teaching, career, stanford, university, faculty, me. For other people with the same name see Harold Johnston Harold S Hal Johnston 1 October 11 1920 October 20 2012 was an American scientist who studied chemical kinetics and atmospheric chemistry After beginning his teaching career at Stanford University he was a faculty member and administrator at the University of California Berkeley for nearly 35 years In 1971 Johnston authored a paper suggesting that environmental pollutants could erode the ozone layer Harold S JohnstonBorn 1920 10 11 October 11 1920Woodstock GeorgiaDiedOctober 20 2012 2012 10 20 aged 92 Kensington CaliforniaAlma materCaltechKnown forOzone depletion researchAwardsNational Medal of Science 1997 Scientific careerFieldsAtmospheric chemistryInstitutionsStanford UniversityUC BerkeleyInfluencedDudley R HerschbachSusan SolomonJohnston was elected to several scholarly organizations including the National Academy of Sciences the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science He won the National Medal of Science in 1997 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Honors and awards 4 Later life 5 Notes 6 ReferencesEarly life EditJohnston was born in Woodstock Georgia to Florine and Smith Lemon Johnston His family had been in the area since shortly after the Cherokee were forced out during the Trail of Tears Johnston s paternal grandfather who had the given name Doctor Medicine Johnston Jr owned a general store but believed that education was a waste of time Johnston s father wanted to become a minister but he could only afford to attend college briefly before acceding to his family s demands to help them run the store 2 Johnston who was one of four sons lived on a Georgia farm when he was young In the early 1930s Johnston contracted rheumatic fever and the illness affected his heart A physician uncle told Johnston s father not to send Johnston to college because the young man would not survive long enough to get much use out of the education 2 Johnston said he later learned that the disease was associated with an average survival period of fifteen years at the time 3 Florine and Smith Johnston valued education for their children however and they sent all of their sons to college 2 After going off to Emory University with aspirations of becoming a journalist Johnston soon realized that the U S was headed toward World War II and that a science degree would serve him better 4 Johnston completed an undergraduate degree in chemistry and a minor in English literature 5 He received a Ph D in chemistry and physics from the California Institute of Technology 6 As a doctoral student Johnston focused on the interaction of ozone and the pollutant nitrogen dioxide 7 While at Caltech he joined in a secret defense project that involved protecting the country against the use of gas warfare 8 Career EditFrom 1947 to 1956 Johnston taught at Stanford University 9 While there he was named to the editorial board of the Journal of the American Chemical Society 10 In the early 1950s Johnston furthered the air pollution work of Arie Jan Haagen Smit by showing that free radical reactions underlay the photochemical process leading to smog Throughout his career much of Johnston s work involved understanding the kinetics of nitrogen oxides 11 He returned to Caltech as a faculty member for a year in 1956 11 From 1957 until his retirement in 1991 Johnston was a professor at the University of California Berkeley From 1966 to 1970 Johnston was the dean of Berkeley s College of Chemistry Johnston mentored undergraduate and graduate students including future Nobel Prize winner Dudley R Herschbach and future National Medal of Science winner Susan Solomon 9 He also made large contributions to the theory of elementary chemical reactions 11 He wrote a popular textbook on reaction rate theory 12 Johnston became best known for his work related to ozone In a 1971 paper he posited that pollution from supersonic aircraft in the stratosphere could deplete the ozone layer 7 Because it suggested for the first time that human activity could impact the integrity of the environment Johnston s ozone research received some criticism and resistance 7 However two environmental regulatory programs were formed as a result of his findings the Climatic Impact Assessment Program CIAP and the Stratosphere Protection Program 7 Honors and awards EditJohnston was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences NAS in 1965 13 He was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1981 14 In 1972 Johnston was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 15 He won the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement in 1983 16 He received the NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society in 1993 13 Four years later Bill Clinton awarded him the National Medal of Science 7 In 1998 Johnston received the Roger Revelle Medal from the American Geophysical Union 17 Later life EditEven in the late 1990s Johnston said that he had lived most of his life with a moving 10 year life expectancy because of his early bout with rheumatic fever but he remained in good health until he was more than 90 years old 3 He died in 2012 he was 92 Johnston was survived by his wife of 64 years Mary Ella and their four children as well as several grandchildren and great grandchildren 5 Notes Edit The American Academy of Arts and Sciences lists Johnston s middle name as Sledge while his National Academy of Sciences biographical memoir states that his middle name is Siddle a b c Somorjai 2016 pp 2 4 a b Nguyen Andy November 5 2012 UC Berkeley chemistry professor Harold Johnston dies at 92 The Daily Californian Retrieved October 29 2016 Loftus Mary A pioneer of atmospheric chemistry Emory Magazine No Spring 2013 Retrieved October 29 2016 a b Harold Hal Johnston noted atmospheric chemist and winner of National Medal of Science has died UC Berkeley News Archive November 2 2012 Retrieved October 29 2016 Biographical notes of Harold Johnston Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105 9 1391 March 1 2001 Bibcode 2001JPCA 105 1391 doi 10 1021 jp004096v ISSN 1089 5639 a b c d e Harold S Johnston National Science and Technology Medals Foundation Retrieved October 28 2016 Ainsworth Susan J February 25 2013 Harold Hal Johnston Chemical amp Engineering News 91 8 44 Retrieved October 29 2016 a b In Memoriam Harold S Johnston University of California Retrieved October 28 2016 Stanford chemists win ACS posts The Stanford Daily February 10 1954 Retrieved October 28 2016 a b c Wuebbles Donald February 26 2013 Harold S Johnston 1920 2012 Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 94 9 88 Bibcode 2013EOSTr 94 88W doi 10 1002 2013EO090006 ISSN 2324 9250 Somorjai 2016 p 9 a b Harold Johnston www nasonline org National Academy of Sciences Retrieved October 28 2016 System University of California March 16 1981 AAAS elects UC faculty members University Bulletin A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California 29 23 92 Retrieved October 28 2016 Professor Harold Sledge Johnston American Academy of Arts and Sciences Retrieved October 28 2016 1983 Tyler Laureates Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement Retrieved October 28 2016 Roger Revelle Medal American Geophysical Union 3 August 2011 Retrieved October 28 2016 References EditSomorjai Gabor A 2016 Biographical Memoirs Harold S Johnston 1920 2012 PDF National Academy of Sciences Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Harold S Johnston amp oldid 1127612701, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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