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Caodong school

November 14, 2023

Caodong school (Chinese: 曹洞宗; pinyin: Cáodòng zōng; Wade–Giles: Ts'ao-tung-tsung) is a Chinese Chan Buddhist branch and one of the Five Houses of Chán.[1]

The school emphasised sitting meditation (Ch: zuochan, Jp: zazen), and the "five ranks" teaching. During the Song dynasty, Caodong masters like Hongzhi Zhengjue developed "silent illumination" (mozhao) meditation.[1]

Etymology edit

The key figure in the Caodong school was founder Dongshan Liangjie (807-869, 洞山良价, Jpn. Tozan Ryokai) and his heir Caoshan Benji (840-901, 曹山本寂, Ts'ao-shan Pen-chi, Jpn. Sōzan Honjaku).[1][web 1] Some attribute the name "Cáodòng" as a union of "Dongshan" and "Caoshan". The "Cao" may also be from Cáoxī (曹溪), the "mountain-name" of Huineng, the Sixth Ancestor of Chan, as Caoshan was of little importance unlike his contemporary and fellow Dharma-heir, Yunju Daoying.[citation needed]

History edit

The Caodong school was founded by Dongshan Liangjie and his Dharma-heir Caoshan Benji. Dongshan traced back his lineage to Shitou Xiqian (700-790), a contemporary of Mazu Daoyi (709–788). Sayings to the effect that Shitou and Mazu were the two great masters of their day date from decades after their respective deaths. Shítóu's retrospective prominence owes much to the importance of Dongshan Liangjie.[2] Shítóu does not appear to have been influential or famous during his lifetime:

He was a little-known teacher who led a reclusive life and had relatively few disciples. For decades after Shitou's death, his lineage remained an obscure provincial tradition.[3]

In the 11th century the Caodong-school nearly extinguished.[4] Dayang Jingxuan (942-1027), the last descendant of the Caodong-lineage passed on his dharma-transmission via Fushan Fayuan, a teacher from the Linji school, to Fayuan's student Touzi Yiqing (1032-1083),[5] who was born five years after Jingxuan's death.

During the Northern Song (960-1127) the Caodong was not successful in the social elite. The Linji school and Yunmen school dominated Chán.[4] It was Touzi Yiqing's student Furong Daokai (1043-1118) who was a successful monastic, and revived the Caodong school.[6]

His dharma "grandson" Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091-1157) became very successful among elite literati in the Southern Song (1127-1279), when the Imperial Court decreased their influence on society, and Chán schools became dependent on elite literati for support. Under Hongzhi and Zhengzie Qingliao, the Caodong school was revived and became one of the major traditions of Song dynasty Chan.[1]

These Song era teachers taught a practiced termed "silent illumination" or "serene reflection" (Ch: 默照禅) which relied on the doctrine of inherent enlightenment and buddha-nature. Since Buddha was seen as something already present in the mind, all that one needed to do was to let go of all striving and this was achieved by silently sitting in meditation.[1]

The success of the revived Caodong school drew opposition from Linji school figures like Dahui Zonggao, who promoted the Hua Tou method of koan practice, and attacked silent illumination as quietistic.[7]

In 1227 Dōgen Zenji, a former Tendai student, studied Caodong Buddhism under Tiantong Rujing, and returned to Japan to establish the Sōtō sect.[8] His lineage incorporates not only the dharma-transmission via Fushan Fayuan, but also Linji dharma-transmissions via Eisai and his student Myozen, a teacher of Dogen, and the Linji dharma-transmission of Dahui Zonggao via the Nōnin school.[9]

Lineage chart edit

via Shitou the Caodong traces back its origins to Huineng.

Six Patriarchs
Huineng (638-713)
(WG: Hui-neng. Jpn: Enō)
Qingyuan Xingsi (660-740)
(WG: TCh'ing yüan Hsing-ssu. Jpn: Seigen Gyōshi)
Shitou Xiqian (700-790)
(WG: Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien. Jpn: Sekitō Kisen)
Yaoshan Weiyan (ca.745-828)
(Yao-shan Wei-yen, Jpn. Yakusan Igen)
Yunyan Tansheng (780-841)
(Yün-yen T'an-shen, Jpn. Ungan Donjō) 		Linji lineage
Linji school
0 Dongshan Liangjie (807-869)
Tung-shan liang-chieh, Jpn. Tōzan Ryōkai) 		Linji Yixuan[10]
1 Caoshan Benji (840-901)
(Ts'ao-shan Pen-chi, Jpn. Sōzan Honjaku) 		Yunju Daoying (d.902)
(Yün-chü Tao-ying, Jpn. Ungo Dōyō) 		Xinghua Cunjiang[11]
2 Tongan Daopi (Daopi[12]) Nanyuan Huiyong[13]
3 Tongan Guanzhi (Tongan[12]) Fengxue Yanzhao[14]
4 Liangshan Yuanguan Shoushan Xingnian[15]
5 Dayang Jingxuan (942-1027)[5] (Dayang)[12] Shexian Guixing[16]
Fushan Fayuan (Rinzai-master) [9])
6 Touzi Yiqing (1032-1083)[4] (Touzi)[12]
7 Furong Daokai (1043-1118) (Daokai)[12]
8 Danxia Zichun (1064-1117) (Danxia)[12]
9 Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091-1157)[17] Zhenxie Qingliao (Wukong[12])
10 Tiantong Zongjue (Zongjue[12])
11 Xuedou Zhijian (Zhijian[12])
12 Tiantong Rujing (Rujing[12])
13 Dōgen

Soto-lineage
Soto school

See also edit

References edit

Written references edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Buswell & Lopez 2014, p. 166.
  2. ^ Poceski 2007, p. 97–98.
  3. ^ Poceski 2007.
  4. ^ a b c Schlütter 2008, p. 79.
  5. ^ a b Schlütter 2008, p. 80.
  6. ^ Schlütter 2008, p. 79-81.
  7. ^ Schlütter 2008.
  8. ^ (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2014-02-14.
  9. ^ a b Bodiford 1991, p. 428.
  10. ^ Ferguson 2009, p. 223.
  11. ^ Ferguson 2009, p. 273.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cleary 1990, p. [page needed].
  13. ^ Ferguson 2009, p. 313.
  14. ^ Ferguson 2009, p. 335.
  15. ^ Ferguson 2009, p. 359.
  16. ^ Ferguson 2009, p. 386.
  17. ^ Ferguson 2011, p. 454.

Web references edit

  1. ^ "Origin of Caodong School" (in Chinese). ifeng.com. June 3, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2012.

Sources edit

  • Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2014), The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism, Honolulu: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781299951082
  • Cleary, Thomas (1990), Transmission of Light, Zen in the Art of Enlightenment by Zen Master Keizan. Translated and introduction by Thomas Cleary, San Francisco: North Point Press, ISBN 0-86547-433-8
  • Bodiford, William M. (Winter 1991). "Dharma Transmission in Soto Zen: Manzan Dohaku's Reform Movement". Monumenta Nipponica. Sophia University. 46 (4): 423–451. doi:10.2307/2385187. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2385187.
  • Ferguson, Andrew E. (2009). Zen's Chinese heritage : the masters and their teachings (Illustrated ed.). Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-163-7.
  • Ferguson, Andy (2011), Zen's Chinese Heritage. The Masters and their Teachings, Wisdom publications
  • Poceski, Mario (2007), Ordinary Mind as the Way: the Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-531996-5
  • Schlütter, Morten (2008), How Zen became Zen. The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3508-8

External links edit

  • Matthew Gindin (2008), The Bright Field of Spirit: The Life and Teachings of Chan Master Hongzhi Zhengjue

November 14, 2023
caodong, school, chinese, 曹洞宗, pinyin, cáodòng, zōng, wade, giles, tung, tsung, chinese, chan, buddhist, branch, five, houses, chán, school, emphasised, sitting, meditation, zuochan, zazen, five, ranks, teaching, during, song, dynasty, caodong, masters, like, . Caodong school Chinese 曹洞宗 pinyin Caodong zōng Wade Giles Ts ao tung tsung is a Chinese Chan Buddhist branch and one of the Five Houses of Chan 1 The school emphasised sitting meditation Ch zuochan Jp zazen and the five ranks teaching During the Song dynasty Caodong masters like Hongzhi Zhengjue developed silent illumination mozhao meditation 1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Lineage chart 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Written references 5 2 Web references 6 Sources 7 External linksEtymology editThe key figure in the Caodong school was founder Dongshan Liangjie 807 869 洞山良价 Jpn Tozan Ryokai and his heir Caoshan Benji 840 901 曹山本寂 Ts ao shan Pen chi Jpn Sōzan Honjaku 1 web 1 Some attribute the name Caodong as a union of Dongshan and Caoshan The Cao may also be from Caoxi 曹溪 the mountain name of Huineng the Sixth Ancestor of Chan as Caoshan was of little importance unlike his contemporary and fellow Dharma heir Yunju Daoying citation needed History editThe Caodong school was founded by Dongshan Liangjie and his Dharma heir Caoshan Benji Dongshan traced back his lineage to Shitou Xiqian 700 790 a contemporary of Mazu Daoyi 709 788 Sayings to the effect that Shitou and Mazu were the two great masters of their day date from decades after their respective deaths Shitou s retrospective prominence owes much to the importance of Dongshan Liangjie 2 Shitou does not appear to have been influential or famous during his lifetime He was a little known teacher who led a reclusive life and had relatively few disciples For decades after Shitou s death his lineage remained an obscure provincial tradition 3 In the 11th century the Caodong school nearly extinguished 4 Dayang Jingxuan 942 1027 the last descendant of the Caodong lineage passed on his dharma transmission via Fushan Fayuan a teacher from the Linji school to Fayuan s student Touzi Yiqing 1032 1083 5 who was born five years after Jingxuan s death During the Northern Song 960 1127 the Caodong was not successful in the social elite The Linji school and Yunmen school dominated Chan 4 It was Touzi Yiqing s student Furong Daokai 1043 1118 who was a successful monastic and revived the Caodong school 6 His dharma grandson Hongzhi Zhengjue 1091 1157 became very successful among elite literati in the Southern Song 1127 1279 when the Imperial Court decreased their influence on society and Chan schools became dependent on elite literati for support Under Hongzhi and Zhengzie Qingliao the Caodong school was revived and became one of the major traditions of Song dynasty Chan 1 These Song era teachers taught a practiced termed silent illumination or serene reflection Ch 默照禅 which relied on the doctrine of inherent enlightenment and buddha nature Since Buddha was seen as something already present in the mind all that one needed to do was to let go of all striving and this was achieved by silently sitting in meditation 1 The success of the revived Caodong school drew opposition from Linji school figures like Dahui Zonggao who promoted the Hua Tou method of koan practice and attacked silent illumination as quietistic 7 In 1227 Dōgen Zenji a former Tendai student studied Caodong Buddhism under Tiantong Rujing and returned to Japan to establish the Sōtō sect 8 His lineage incorporates not only the dharma transmission via Fushan Fayuan but also Linji dharma transmissions via Eisai and his student Myozen a teacher of Dogen and the Linji dharma transmission of Dahui Zonggao via the Nōnin school 9 Lineage chart editvia Shitou the Caodong traces back its origins to Huineng Six PatriarchsHuineng 638 713 WG Hui neng Jpn Enō Qingyuan Xingsi 660 740 WG TCh ing yuan Hsing ssu Jpn Seigen Gyōshi Shitou Xiqian 700 790 WG Shih t ou Hsi ch ien Jpn Sekitō Kisen Yaoshan Weiyan ca 745 828 Yao shan Wei yen Jpn Yakusan Igen Yunyan Tansheng 780 841 Yun yen T an shen Jpn Ungan Donjō Linji lineageLinji school0 Dongshan Liangjie 807 869 Tung shan liang chieh Jpn Tōzan Ryōkai Linji Yixuan 10 1 Caoshan Benji 840 901 Ts ao shan Pen chi Jpn Sōzan Honjaku Yunju Daoying d 902 Yun chu Tao ying Jpn Ungo Dōyō Xinghua Cunjiang 11 2 Tongan Daopi Daopi 12 Nanyuan Huiyong 13 3 Tongan Guanzhi Tongan 12 Fengxue Yanzhao 14 4 Liangshan Yuanguan Shoushan Xingnian 15 5 Dayang Jingxuan 942 1027 5 Dayang 12 Shexian Guixing 16 Fushan Fayuan Rinzai master 9 6 Touzi Yiqing 1032 1083 4 Touzi 12 7 Furong Daokai 1043 1118 Daokai 12 8 Danxia Zichun 1064 1117 Danxia 12 9 Hongzhi Zhengjue 1091 1157 17 Zhenxie Qingliao Wukong 12 10 Tiantong Zongjue Zongjue 12 11 Xuedou Zhijian Zhijian 12 12 Tiantong Rujing Rujing 12 13 DōgenSoto lineageSoto schoolSee also edit nbsp Religion portalDongshan Liangjie Index of Buddhism related articles Schools of Buddhism Five Houses of Chan Linji school Sōtō Zazen ShikantazaReferences editWritten references edit a b c d e Buswell amp Lopez 2014 p 166 Poceski 2007 p 97 98 Poceski 2007 a b c Schlutter 2008 p 79 a b Schlutter 2008 p 80 Schlutter 2008 p 79 81 Schlutter 2008 道元和日本曹洞宗 in Chinese Archived from the original on 2014 02 14 a b Bodiford 1991 p 428 Ferguson 2009 p 223 Ferguson 2009 p 273 a b c d e f g h i j Cleary 1990 p page needed Ferguson 2009 p 313 Ferguson 2009 p 335 Ferguson 2009 p 359 Ferguson 2009 p 386 Ferguson 2011 p 454 Web references edit Origin of Caodong School in Chinese ifeng com June 3 2009 Retrieved August 9 2012 Sources editBuswell Robert E Lopez Donald S 2014 The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism Honolulu Princeton University Press ISBN 9781299951082 Cleary Thomas 1990 Transmission of Light Zen in the Art of Enlightenment by Zen Master Keizan Translated and introduction by Thomas Cleary San Francisco North Point Press ISBN 0 86547 433 8 Bodiford William M Winter 1991 Dharma Transmission in Soto Zen Manzan Dohaku s Reform Movement Monumenta Nipponica Sophia University 46 4 423 451 doi 10 2307 2385187 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 2385187 Ferguson Andrew E 2009 Zen s Chinese heritage the masters and their teachings Illustrated ed Boston Wisdom Publications ISBN 0 86171 163 7 Ferguson Andy 2011 Zen s Chinese Heritage The Masters and their Teachings Wisdom publications Poceski Mario 2007 Ordinary Mind as the Way the Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 531996 5 Schlutter Morten 2008 How Zen became Zen The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song Dynasty China Honolulu University of Hawai i Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3508 8External links editSOTO ZEN ANCESTORS IN CHINA Matthew Gindin 2008 The Bright Field of Spirit The Life and Teachings of Chan Master Hongzhi Zhengjue Taigen Dan Leighton Sōtō Zen Caodong Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caodong school amp oldid 1182378548, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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