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Joan Vollmer

January 14, 2023

Joan Vollmer (February 4, 1923 – September 6, 1951)[2] was an influential participant in the early Beat Generation circle. While a student at Barnard College, she became the roommate of Edie Parker (later married to Jack Kerouac). Their apartment became a gathering place for the Beats during the 1940s, where Vollmer was often at the center of marathon, all-night discussions. In 1946, she began a relationship with William S. Burroughs, later becoming his common-law wife. In 1951, Burroughs killed Vollmer. He claimed, and shortly thereafter denied, the killing was a drunken attempt at playing William Tell.

Joan Vollmer
Vollmer, early 1940s
Born(1923-02-04)February 4, 1923
Loudonville, New York, U.S.
DiedSeptember 6, 1951(1951-09-06) (aged 28)
Mexico City, Mexico
Cause of deathGunshot wound
Other namesJoan Vollmer Adams
Joan Vollmer Burroughs
EducationDoane Stuart School
Alma materBarnard College[1]
SpouseWilliam S. Burroughs
ChildrenJulie Adams
William S. Burroughs Jr.

Biography

Joan Vollmer was born in Ossining, New York and raised in Loudonville, New York. She graduated from St. Agnes School in 1939 and attended Barnard College in New York City on a scholarship, also studying journalism at Colombia University.[3][4] Vollmer met Edie Parker at the West End Bar and the two moved in together in the first of a series of apartments in New York's Upper West Side that they shared with the writers, hustlers, alcoholics and drug addicts that later became known as the Beats. These included: William S. Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, Herbert Huncke, Vickie Russell (a prostitute and addict who appears as "Mary" in Burroughs' novel Junkie), and Hal Chase, a Columbia University graduate student from Denver.[5] In The Women of the Beat Generation, Brenda Knight wrote:

Joan Vollmer Adams Burroughs was seminal in the creation of the Beat revolution; indeed the fires that stoked the Beat engine were started with Joan as patron and muse. Her apartment in New York was a nucleus that attracted many of the characters who played a vital role in the formation of the Beat; ... Brilliant and well versed in philosophy and literature, Joan was the whetstone against which the main Beat writers — Allen, Jack, and Bill — sharpened their intellect. Widely considered one of the most perceptive people in the group, her strong mind and independent nature helped bulldoze the Beats toward a new sensibility.[6]

Vollmer married Paul Adams, a law student, in 1944, and had her first child, Julie, in August 1944. In 1945, Vollmer asked Adams, who was in the military at the time, to consent to divorce.[7] Paul Adams divorced Vollmer upon returning from military service, reportedly appalled by her drug use and group of friends.[8] In 1945, Kerouac introduced her to Benzedrine, which she used heavily for a few years. Early in 1946, she began a long-term relationship with Burroughs. The match was initially set up and encouraged by Ginsberg, who much admired Burroughs' intellect and considered Vollmer his female counterpart. Once, Vollmer and Burroughs were arrested for having sex in a parked vehicle.

In 1946, Vollmer was admitted to Bellevue Hospital in New York City due to psychotic episodes as a result of excessive amphetamine use. After being released, she began calling herself Mrs. William Burroughs despite the fact that Vollmer and Burroughs were never formally married. Vollmer and Burroughs had a son, William Burroughs, Jr., in 1947. Due to charges of drug abuse, drug distribution and lewd behavior, they relocated several times, moving first to New Waverly, Texas, then to New Orleans, and eventually to Mexico City. While living in New Orleans, Burroughs was arrested for heroin possession, during which time police searched Vollmer's home, unearthing letters from Ginsberg discussing a possible shipment of marijuana. The resulting criminal charges were grave; upon conviction, Burroughs would have served two to five years in Louisiana's infamous Angola State Prison. To avoid prosecution, Burroughs fled to Mexico City.[9][10] Once he was settled, Vollmer joined him, along with her children.

Vollmer was reportedly unhappy in Mexico City. Benzedrine, her usual drug of choice, was unavailable, and she wrote to Ginsberg that she was "somewhat drunk from 8:00am on... Bill is fine in himself, and so are we jointly. The boys are lovely, easy and cheap (3 pesos = 40 cents) but my patience is infinite."[8] Ted Morgan describes her in Literary Outlaw as a woman suffering from serious drug and alcohol addictions which had aged her noticeably. Her face was swollen; she limped due to a recent bout of polio.[11] Herbert Huncke, who had stayed with the couple in Texas, was struck by Burroughs' indifference to Vollmer, stating that Burroughs "didn't like to be annoyed with her too much".[12] In a 1980s interview with Ted Morgan, Burroughs described a domestic violence incident which occurred shortly after his arrival in Mexico in January 1950, stating that he "slapped" Vollmer after she threw his heroin in the toilet and recalled how he immediately went out to buy more, stating "What could she do? [Go back to Upstate] New York?"[13] The same scene was recounted in Burroughs' semi-autobiographical Junkie.[14]

In August 1950, a petition for divorce was initiated in Mexico by Burroughs, Vollmer, or both.[13] (Although their marriage was a common-law marriage, in Mexico it was considered legal.[11]) However, the application was later withdrawn by their Mexican attorney. The divorce was likely required due to Burroughs' stated desire to take custody of their son upon dissolution.[15]

Death

On September 6, 1951, shortly after his return from holiday in Ecuador with a boyfriend,[16] Burroughs shot Vollmer in the head, allegedly while trying to shoot a glass he had asked her to balance on her head during a drunken William Tell act the couple were performing at a drinking party held at a friends house in New Mexico.[3][16] Vollmer died several hours later at the age of 28.[17] Numerous newspapers incorrectly reported her age as 27.[17] Burroughs said he had 8–10 drinks and could not remember much of that night, while witnesses claimed they had two small glasses.[18][19] The couple's four-year-old son, William Burroughs Jr., was in the room when the incident occurred, as were the party's host John Healey, and American students Edwin John Woods and Lewis Marker, both residents of the apartment building where the shooting occurred.[3][18][20] Burroughs gave different accounts of the shooting, denying his original William Tell story after intervention by his attorney, Bernabé Jurado.[11] Vollmer's parents heard news of their daughter's death from friends while on holiday in Montreal.[21] Her father told the Albany Times Union "I have no reason to believe the shooting was otherwise than accidental."[21]

Burroughs' brother Mortimer arrived from St. Louis to help his brother, providing thousands of dollars for legal costs to Jurado. Jurado used part of the money to bribe the judge, ballistics experts, and others involved in the case.[22] Burroughs was held on murder charges for thirteen days before being released on bail.[8]

Burroughs claimed that he dropped the gun and it misfired, then changed his account again to say that he accidentally misfired the gun while trying to sell the weapon to an acquaintance, an account which was corroborated by two witnesses who had been coached by Jurado.[18] Burroughs testified that he had not known that the gun was loaded because he had not used it in three months, and that while he had been checking the gun, the carriage had slipped and it had misfired at Vollmer. [19] As a result, he was charged with criminal negligence, which carried a maximum sentence of five years.[23]

For a year, Burroughs reported every Monday morning to the jail in Mexico City while Jurado worked to resolve the case. However, Jurado fled to Brazil after shooting a youth who had accidentally damaged his Cadillac.[24] Burroughs decided to follow Jurado's example and fled back to the United States, where he was fortunate that Louisiana had not issued a warrant for his arrest on the previous narcotics charge. In absentia, Burroughs was convicted of manslaughter in Vollmer's death. He received a two-year suspended sentence.[8]

Vollmer was buried in Mexico City, and her parents took her two children back to the United States. Her daughter Julie went to live with her maternal grandparents in Loudonville and assumed the surname Vollmer, while Vollmer's son was raised by her in-laws.[8]

Reactions to Vollmer's death

Friends of the couple were divided in opinion on the case. Ginsberg and Carr defended Burroughs and believed that Vollmer might have encouraged the William Tell incident, stating she had seemed suicidal when they visited her in 1951.[13] In interviews with Ted Morgan from 1983–1986, Burroughs said "Allen was always making it out as a suicide on her part, and I do not accept that cop-out."[13] Haldon Chase, who had also visited Burroughs and Vollmer in 1951 in Mexico City, distanced himself from Burroughs after Vollmer's death.[25] Chase believed that Vollmer "had wanted to die", but that Burroughs story was "a sham, a put-up thing to release Bill, to let him commit the ultimate crime."[12]

In a 1954 letter to Ginsberg, Burroughs wrote about his fears that he had subconsciously wanted to kill Vollmer: "May yet attempt a story or some account of Joan's death. I think I am afraid. Not exactly to discover unconscious intent, it's more complex, more basic, and more horrible, as if the brain drew the bullet toward it."[24] In the introduction to Queer, Burroughs describes how Vollmer's death exposed him to the risk of possession by a malevolent entity he called "the Ugly Spirit".[26] Later in life, Burroughs described the Ugly Spirit as "Monopolistic, acquisitive evil. Ugly evil. The ugly American", and took part in a shamanic ceremony with the explicit aim of exorcising the Ugly Spirit.[27]

Film

The film Beat (2000) is a biographical account of the relationship between Vollmer and Burroughs. Vollmer is portrayed by Courtney Love and Burroughs by Kiefer Sutherland. The film centers on Vollmer's death. Her death is also portrayed in the 1991 film Naked Lunch.

Television

An alternate, fictitious retelling of the circumstances of Vollmer’s death are recounted in a flashback during an episode of the animated television show [“Archer”], in which the character Arthur Woodhouse is shown seated at a table across from an unseen figure. With a tourniquet on his right arm and a revolver in his left hand, Woodhouse states “Let’s liven things up, Burroughs! 5 grams of junk says I can shoot a Piña Colada off your wife’s head!”

Notes

  1. ^ Leland, John (2004). Hip, the history. HarperCollins. p. 240. ISBN 0-06-052817-6.
  2. ^ Carmona, Christopher. "The Girl Who Kissed the Gun and the Bullet That Ate Her: The Life of Joan Vollmer", Beat Scene #58 (Spring 2009), p. 4
  3. ^ a b c "Ex-Loudonville Girl Shot to Death at Mexico City Party; Husband Accused". Albany Times Union. 1951-09-08. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  4. ^ ""Mexican Police Press Quiz of Ex-Albany Girl's Death"". RealityStudio. Knickerbocker News. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  5. ^ Wills, David S. (January 13, 2008). "The Women of the Beat Generation', in Beatdom Vol. 2 (Mauling Press: Dundee, 2008) pp. 14-18". Beatdom.com. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
  6. ^ Knight, Brenda (1996). Women Of The Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists, and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution. Conari Press. pp. 49.
  7. ^ Lawlor, William (2005). Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-85109-400-4.
  8. ^ a b c d e Morgan, Ted (2012-07-31). Literary Outlaw: The Life and Times of William S. Burroughs. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-393-34324-3.
  9. ^ . www.womenofthebeat.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  10. ^ Campbell, James (2001-11-19). This Is the Beat Generation: New York San Francisco Paris. University of California Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-520-23033-0.
  11. ^ a b c Morgan, Ted. Literary Outlaw; pp. 189. New York: Avon Books, 1988.
  12. ^ a b Campbell, James (2001-11-19). This Is the Beat Generation: New York San Francisco Paris. University of California Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-520-23033-0.
  13. ^ a b c d Grauerholz, James W.
  14. ^ Burroughs, William S. (2012-10-02). Junky: The Definitive Text of "Junk". Grove/Atlantic, Inc. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8021-9405-3.
  15. ^ Grauerholz, James. January 7, 2002. American Studies Department, University of Kansas.
  16. ^ a b William S. Burroughs: 100 Years, retrieved 2022-12-24
  17. ^ a b "Documents on the Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs | RealityStudio". Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  18. ^ a b c "Grandson of Inventor Burroughs Held in Fatal Shooting of Wife in Mexico". Schenectady Gazette. September 11, 1951.
  19. ^ a b "Burroughs, Held Without Bail, Tells New Death Story". Albany Times Union. September 9, 1951.
  20. ^ Burroughs, William S. (1993-10-01). Speed and Kentucky Ham. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4683-0212-7.
  21. ^ a b "1951.09.09 Albany Times Union – RealityStudio". Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  22. ^ Grauerholz, James (2007-06-16). "The Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs: What Really Happened?" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2007-06-16. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  23. ^ Campbell, James (2001-11-19). This Is the Beat Generation: New York San Francisco Paris. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23033-0.
  24. ^ a b Campbell, James (2001-11-19). This Is the Beat Generation: New York San Francisco Paris. University of California Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-520-23033-0.
  25. ^ Lawlor, William (2005). Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-85109-400-4.
  26. ^ Queer, Penguin, 1985, p. xxiii.
  27. ^ William S. Burroughs, interviewed by Allen Ginsberg (1992). Published as The Ugly Spirit in Burroughs Live: The Collected Interviews of William S. Burroughs 1960-1997. 2001.

Sources

  • Ted Morgan, Literary Outlaw, the Life and Times of William S. Burroughs (1988, Henry Holt, ISBN 0-380-70882-5)
  • Jack Kerouac, The Vanity of Duluoz (1967–1968, Coward-McCann, ISBN 0-14-023639-2)
  • Collins, Ronald & Skover, David, Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution (Top-Five Books, March 2013)

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Joan Vollmer.
  • Vollmer Literary Kicks.
  • Joan Vollmer site - includes a reprinted newspaper account of Vollmer's death as well as Allen Ginsberg's poem by the same name
  • Shooting Joan Burroughs - William Burroughs at home in 1997
  • Beat (2000)

January 14, 2023
joan, vollmer, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, june, 2009, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, febru. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations June 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Joan Vollmer February 4 1923 September 6 1951 2 was an influential participant in the early Beat Generation circle While a student at Barnard College she became the roommate of Edie Parker later married to Jack Kerouac Their apartment became a gathering place for the Beats during the 1940s where Vollmer was often at the center of marathon all night discussions In 1946 she began a relationship with William S Burroughs later becoming his common law wife In 1951 Burroughs killed Vollmer He claimed and shortly thereafter denied the killing was a drunken attempt at playing William Tell Joan VollmerVollmer early 1940sBorn 1923 02 04 February 4 1923Loudonville New York U S DiedSeptember 6 1951 1951 09 06 aged 28 Mexico City MexicoCause of deathGunshot woundOther namesJoan Vollmer AdamsJoan Vollmer BurroughsEducationDoane Stuart SchoolAlma materBarnard College 1 SpouseWilliam S BurroughsChildrenJulie AdamsWilliam S Burroughs Jr Contents 1 Biography 2 Death 2 1 Reactions to Vollmer s death 3 Film 4 Television 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 External linksBiography EditJoan Vollmer was born in Ossining New York and raised in Loudonville New York She graduated from St Agnes School in 1939 and attended Barnard College in New York City on a scholarship also studying journalism at Colombia University 3 4 Vollmer met Edie Parker at the West End Bar and the two moved in together in the first of a series of apartments in New York s Upper West Side that they shared with the writers hustlers alcoholics and drug addicts that later became known as the Beats These included William S Burroughs Jack Kerouac Allen Ginsberg Lucien Carr Herbert Huncke Vickie Russell a prostitute and addict who appears as Mary in Burroughs novel Junkie and Hal Chase a Columbia University graduate student from Denver 5 In The Women of the Beat Generation Brenda Knight wrote Joan Vollmer Adams Burroughs was seminal in the creation of the Beat revolution indeed the fires that stoked the Beat engine were started with Joan as patron and muse Her apartment in New York was a nucleus that attracted many of the characters who played a vital role in the formation of the Beat Brilliant and well versed in philosophy and literature Joan was the whetstone against which the main Beat writers Allen Jack and Bill sharpened their intellect Widely considered one of the most perceptive people in the group her strong mind and independent nature helped bulldoze the Beats toward a new sensibility 6 Vollmer married Paul Adams a law student in 1944 and had her first child Julie in August 1944 In 1945 Vollmer asked Adams who was in the military at the time to consent to divorce 7 Paul Adams divorced Vollmer upon returning from military service reportedly appalled by her drug use and group of friends 8 In 1945 Kerouac introduced her to Benzedrine which she used heavily for a few years Early in 1946 she began a long term relationship with Burroughs The match was initially set up and encouraged by Ginsberg who much admired Burroughs intellect and considered Vollmer his female counterpart Once Vollmer and Burroughs were arrested for having sex in a parked vehicle In 1946 Vollmer was admitted to Bellevue Hospital in New York City due to psychotic episodes as a result of excessive amphetamine use After being released she began calling herself Mrs William Burroughs despite the fact that Vollmer and Burroughs were never formally married Vollmer and Burroughs had a son William Burroughs Jr in 1947 Due to charges of drug abuse drug distribution and lewd behavior they relocated several times moving first to New Waverly Texas then to New Orleans and eventually to Mexico City While living in New Orleans Burroughs was arrested for heroin possession during which time police searched Vollmer s home unearthing letters from Ginsberg discussing a possible shipment of marijuana The resulting criminal charges were grave upon conviction Burroughs would have served two to five years in Louisiana s infamous Angola State Prison To avoid prosecution Burroughs fled to Mexico City 9 10 Once he was settled Vollmer joined him along with her children Vollmer was reportedly unhappy in Mexico City Benzedrine her usual drug of choice was unavailable and she wrote to Ginsberg that she was somewhat drunk from 8 00am on Bill is fine in himself and so are we jointly The boys are lovely easy and cheap 3 pesos 40 cents but my patience is infinite 8 Ted Morgan describes her in Literary Outlaw as a woman suffering from serious drug and alcohol addictions which had aged her noticeably Her face was swollen she limped due to a recent bout of polio 11 Herbert Huncke who had stayed with the couple in Texas was struck by Burroughs indifference to Vollmer stating that Burroughs didn t like to be annoyed with her too much 12 In a 1980s interview with Ted Morgan Burroughs described a domestic violence incident which occurred shortly after his arrival in Mexico in January 1950 stating that he slapped Vollmer after she threw his heroin in the toilet and recalled how he immediately went out to buy more stating What could she do Go back to Upstate New York 13 The same scene was recounted in Burroughs semi autobiographical Junkie 14 In August 1950 a petition for divorce was initiated in Mexico by Burroughs Vollmer or both 13 Although their marriage was a common law marriage in Mexico it was considered legal 11 However the application was later withdrawn by their Mexican attorney The divorce was likely required due to Burroughs stated desire to take custody of their son upon dissolution 15 Death EditOn September 6 1951 shortly after his return from holiday in Ecuador with a boyfriend 16 Burroughs shot Vollmer in the head allegedly while trying to shoot a glass he had asked her to balance on her head during a drunken William Tell act the couple were performing at a drinking party held at a friends house in New Mexico 3 16 Vollmer died several hours later at the age of 28 17 Numerous newspapers incorrectly reported her age as 27 17 Burroughs said he had 8 10 drinks and could not remember much of that night while witnesses claimed they had two small glasses 18 19 The couple s four year old son William Burroughs Jr was in the room when the incident occurred as were the party s host John Healey and American students Edwin John Woods and Lewis Marker both residents of the apartment building where the shooting occurred 3 18 20 Burroughs gave different accounts of the shooting denying his original William Tell story after intervention by his attorney Bernabe Jurado 11 Vollmer s parents heard news of their daughter s death from friends while on holiday in Montreal 21 Her father told the Albany Times Union I have no reason to believe the shooting was otherwise than accidental 21 Burroughs brother Mortimer arrived from St Louis to help his brother providing thousands of dollars for legal costs to Jurado Jurado used part of the money to bribe the judge ballistics experts and others involved in the case 22 Burroughs was held on murder charges for thirteen days before being released on bail 8 Burroughs claimed that he dropped the gun and it misfired then changed his account again to say that he accidentally misfired the gun while trying to sell the weapon to an acquaintance an account which was corroborated by two witnesses who had been coached by Jurado 18 Burroughs testified that he had not known that the gun was loaded because he had not used it in three months and that while he had been checking the gun the carriage had slipped and it had misfired at Vollmer 19 As a result he was charged with criminal negligence which carried a maximum sentence of five years 23 For a year Burroughs reported every Monday morning to the jail in Mexico City while Jurado worked to resolve the case However Jurado fled to Brazil after shooting a youth who had accidentally damaged his Cadillac 24 Burroughs decided to follow Jurado s example and fled back to the United States where he was fortunate that Louisiana had not issued a warrant for his arrest on the previous narcotics charge In absentia Burroughs was convicted of manslaughter in Vollmer s death He received a two year suspended sentence 8 Vollmer was buried in Mexico City and her parents took her two children back to the United States Her daughter Julie went to live with her maternal grandparents in Loudonville and assumed the surname Vollmer while Vollmer s son was raised by her in laws 8 Reactions to Vollmer s death Edit Friends of the couple were divided in opinion on the case Ginsberg and Carr defended Burroughs and believed that Vollmer might have encouraged the William Tell incident stating she had seemed suicidal when they visited her in 1951 13 In interviews with Ted Morgan from 1983 1986 Burroughs said Allen was always making it out as a suicide on her part and I do not accept that cop out 13 Haldon Chase who had also visited Burroughs and Vollmer in 1951 in Mexico City distanced himself from Burroughs after Vollmer s death 25 Chase believed that Vollmer had wanted to die but that Burroughs story was a sham a put up thing to release Bill to let him commit the ultimate crime 12 In a 1954 letter to Ginsberg Burroughs wrote about his fears that he had subconsciously wanted to kill Vollmer May yet attempt a story or some account of Joan s death I think I am afraid Not exactly to discover unconscious intent it s more complex more basic and more horrible as if the brain drew the bullet toward it 24 In the introduction to Queer Burroughs describes how Vollmer s death exposed him to the risk of possession by a malevolent entity he called the Ugly Spirit 26 Later in life Burroughs described the Ugly Spirit as Monopolistic acquisitive evil Ugly evil The ugly American and took part in a shamanic ceremony with the explicit aim of exorcising the Ugly Spirit 27 Film EditThe film Beat 2000 is a biographical account of the relationship between Vollmer and Burroughs Vollmer is portrayed by Courtney Love and Burroughs by Kiefer Sutherland The film centers on Vollmer s death Her death is also portrayed in the 1991 film Naked Lunch Television EditAn alternate fictitious retelling of the circumstances of Vollmer s death are recounted in a flashback during an episode of the animated television show Archer in which the character Arthur Woodhouse is shown seated at a table across from an unseen figure With a tourniquet on his right arm and a revolver in his left hand Woodhouse states Let s liven things up Burroughs 5 grams of junk says I can shoot a Pina Colada off your wife s head Notes Edit Leland John 2004 Hip the history HarperCollins p 240 ISBN 0 06 052817 6 Carmona Christopher The Girl Who Kissed the Gun and the Bullet That Ate Her The Life of Joan Vollmer Beat Scene 58 Spring 2009 p 4 a b c Ex Loudonville Girl Shot to Death at Mexico City Party Husband Accused Albany Times Union 1951 09 08 Retrieved 2021 10 26 Mexican Police Press Quiz of Ex Albany Girl s Death RealityStudio Knickerbocker News Retrieved 2022 12 24 Wills David S January 13 2008 The Women of the Beat Generation in Beatdom Vol 2 Mauling Press Dundee 2008 pp 14 18 Beatdom com Retrieved 2014 05 09 Knight Brenda 1996 Women Of The Beat Generation The Writers Artists and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution Conari Press pp 49 Lawlor William 2005 Beat Culture Lifestyles Icons and Impact ABC CLIO p 362 ISBN 978 1 85109 400 4 a b c d e Morgan Ted 2012 07 31 Literary Outlaw The Life and Times of William S Burroughs W W Norton amp Company p 125 ISBN 978 0 393 34324 3 womenofthebeat org www womenofthebeat org Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Campbell James 2001 11 19 This Is the Beat Generation New York San Francisco Paris University of California Press p 101 ISBN 978 0 520 23033 0 a b c Morgan Ted Literary Outlaw pp 189 New York Avon Books 1988 a b Campbell James 2001 11 19 This Is the Beat Generation New York San Francisco Paris University of California Press p 119 ISBN 978 0 520 23033 0 a b c d Grauerholz James W The Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs What Really Happened Burroughs William S 2012 10 02 Junky The Definitive Text of Junk Grove Atlantic Inc p 115 ISBN 978 0 8021 9405 3 Grauerholz James The Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs What Really Happened January 7 2002 American Studies Department University of Kansas a b William S Burroughs 100 Years retrieved 2022 12 24 a b Documents on the Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs RealityStudio Retrieved 2020 05 03 a b c Grandson of Inventor Burroughs Held in Fatal Shooting of Wife in Mexico Schenectady Gazette September 11 1951 a b Burroughs Held Without Bail Tells New Death Story Albany Times Union September 9 1951 Burroughs William S 1993 10 01 Speed and Kentucky Ham Abrams ISBN 978 1 4683 0212 7 a b 1951 09 09 Albany Times Union RealityStudio Retrieved 2022 12 24 Grauerholz James 2007 06 16 The Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs What Really Happened PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2007 06 16 Retrieved 2020 05 03 Campbell James 2001 11 19 This Is the Beat Generation New York San Francisco Paris University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 23033 0 a b Campbell James 2001 11 19 This Is the Beat Generation New York San Francisco Paris University of California Press p 122 ISBN 978 0 520 23033 0 Lawlor William 2005 Beat Culture Lifestyles Icons and Impact ABC CLIO p 57 ISBN 978 1 85109 400 4 Queer Penguin 1985 p xxiii William S Burroughs interviewed by Allen Ginsberg 1992 Published as The Ugly Spirit in Burroughs Live The Collected Interviews of William S Burroughs 1960 1997 2001 Sources EditTed Morgan Literary Outlaw the Life and Times of William S Burroughs 1988 Henry Holt ISBN 0 380 70882 5 Jack Kerouac The Vanity of Duluoz 1967 1968 Coward McCann ISBN 0 14 023639 2 Collins Ronald amp Skover David Mania The Story of the Outraged amp Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution Top Five Books March 2013 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Joan Vollmer Vollmer Literary Kicks Joan Vollmer site includes a reprinted newspaper account of Vollmer s death as well as Allen Ginsberg s poem by the same name Shooting Joan Burroughs William Burroughs at home in 1997 Beat 2000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Joan Vollmer amp oldid 1131655703, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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