Jirgalang or Jirhalang (Manchu: 19 November 1599 – June 11, 1655) was a Manchu noble, regent, and political and military leader of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the Aisin Gioro clan, he was the sixth son of Šurhaci, a younger brother of Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing dynasty. From 1638 to 1643, he took part in many military campaigns that helped destroy the Ming dynasty. After the death of Huangtaiji (Nurhaci's successor) in September 1643, Jirgalang became one of the young Shunzhi Emperor's two co-regents, but he soon yielded most political power to co-regent Dorgon in October 1644. Dorgon eventually purged him of his regent title in 1647. After Dorgon died in 1650, Jirgalang led an effort to clean the government of Dorgon's supporters. Jirgalang was one of ten "princes of the first rank" (和碩親王) whose descendants were made "iron-cap" princes (鐵帽子王), who had the right to transmit their princely titles to their direct male descendants perpetually.
In 1627, Jirgalang took part in the first Manchu campaign against Korea under the command of his older brother Amin.[1] In 1630, when Amin was stripped of his titles for having failed to fight an army of the Ming dynasty, Huangtaiji gave Jirgalang control of the Bordered Blue Banner, which had been under Amin's command.[1] As one of "four senior beile" (the other three were Daišan, Manggūltai, and Huangtaiji himself), Jirgalang participated in many military campaigns against the Ming and the Chahar Mongols.[1] In 1636 he was granted the title "Prince Zheng of the First Rank", with rights of perpetual inheritance.[1] In 1642, Jirgalang led the siege of Jinzhou, an important Ming city in Liaodong that surrendered to Qing forces in April of that year after more than one year of resistance.[2]
Co-regency (1643-1647) and disgrace (1647-1650)
Flag of the Bordered Blue Banner, of which Jirgalang was given control in 1630.
While Dorgon was staying in Mukden, in November or December 1643 Jirgalang was sent to attack Shanhai Pass, a fortified Ming position that guarded access to the plain around Beijing.[3] In January or February 1644, Jirgalang requested that his name be placed after Dorgon's in all official communications.[3] On February 17, 1644, Jirgalang, who was a capable military leader but looked uninterested in managing state affairs, willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon.[4] He was not present when Qing forces entered Beijing in early June 1644. In 1647 he was removed from his post of regent and replaced by Dorgon's brother Dodo.[5] Despite his removal, Jirgalang continued to serve as a military leader. In March 1648, Dorgon ordered the arrest of Jirgalang on various charges and had Jirgalang degraded from a qinwang (first-rank prince) to a junwang (second-rank prince).[6] Later in the same year, however, Jirgalang was sent to southern China to fight troops loyal to the Southern Ming. In early 1649, Jirgalang, accompanied by Han Chinese soldiers under Han Chinese banner general Prince Kong Youde loyal to the Qing, ordered a six-day massacre of the inhabitants of the city of Xiangtan in present-day Hunan due to fierce resistance by Li Chixin's army who were former Chuang (Li Zicheng's) partisans. Southern Ming loyalist He Tengjiao was also killed at Xiangtan by Kong Youde.[7] He returned to Beijing in 1650 after having the capture of He Tengjiao against the forces of the Yongli Emperor, the last ruler of the Southern Ming regime.[8]
The "Jirgalang faction" (1651-1655)
The group led by Jirgalang that historian Robert Oxnam has called the "Jirgalang faction" was composed of Manchu princes and nobles who had opposed Dorgon and who returned to power after the latter died on December 31, 1650.[9] Concerned that Dorgon's brother Ajige may try to succeed Dorgon, Jirgalang and his group arrested Ajige in early 1651.[10] Jirgalang remained a powerful figure at the Qing imperial court until his death in 1655.[11] The four future regents of the Kangxi Emperor, Oboi, Ebilun, Sonin, and Suksaha, were among his supporters.[12]
Death and posterity
Soon after Jirgalang died of illness on June 11, 1655,[13] his second son Jidu (simplified Chinese: 济度; traditional Chinese: 濟度; pinyin: Jìdù; 1633–1660) inherited his princely title, but the name of the princehood was changed from "Zheng" (鄭) to "Jian" (簡). The title "Prince Zheng" was re-established in 1778 when the Qianlong Emperor praised Jirgalang for his role in the Qing defeat of Ming and granted Jirgalang a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.[14]
Jirgalang's second son Jidu and Jidu's second son Labu (Chinese: 喇布; pinyin: Lăbù; d. 1681) participated in military campaigns in the second half of the Shunzhi Emperor's reign and the early reign of the Kangxi Emperor, notably against Koxinga and Wu Sangui.[15]
Jirgalang's 13th generation descendants Duanhua (Prince Zheng) and Sushun (Duanhua's younger brother) were politically active during the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1851-1861). They were appointed as two of eight regents for the infant Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1862-1874), but were quickly overthrown in 1861 in the Xinyou Coup that brought Empress Dowager Cixi and the young emperor's uncle Prince Gong to power.
Primary consort, of the Niohuru clan (嫡福晋 钮祜禄氏), daughter of Eidu
Primary consort, of the Yehe-Nara clan (继福晋 叶赫那拉氏), daughter of prince De'erheli (德尔赫礼台吉), granddaughter of Yehe beile Gintaisi (金台石, pinyin:jintaishi), elder sister of Sutai.
Secondary consort, of the Gu'erhasu clan (侧福晋 钴尔哈苏氏)，daughter of tabunang Zhuoliketu (卓礼克图塔布囊)
Jidu (济度;1633-1660), second son, Prince Jianchun of the First Rank (简纯亲王)
Secondary consort, of the JarudBorjigin clan (扎鲁特博尔济吉特氏), daughter of beile Bage (巴格贝勒)
Fu'erdun (富尔敦;1633-1651), first son, heir apparent Quehou (悫厚世子)
Kennedy, George A (1943). "Daišan" . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. p. 214.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Kennedy, George A (1943). "Jidu" . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. p. 397.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Kennedy, George A (1943). "Labu" . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 439–440.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Li Zhiting 李治亭 (editor in chief). (2003). Qingchao tongshi: Shunzhi juan 清朝通史: 順治卷 ["General History of the Qing dynasty: Shunzhi volume"]. Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe.
Oxnam, Robert B. (1975). Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661-1669. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Wakeman, Frederic (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
January 06, 2023
jirgalang, this, manchu, name, given, name, accordance, with, manchu, custom, should, used, alone, with, titles, with, clan, name, aisin, gioro, jirhalang, manchu, november, 1599, june, 1655, manchu, noble, regent, political, military, leader, early, qing, dyn. In this Manchu name the given name is Jirgalang In accordance with Manchu custom it should be used alone or with titles but not with the clan name Aisin Gioro Jirgalang or Jirhalang Manchu 19 November 1599 June 11 1655 was a Manchu noble regent and political and military leader of the early Qing dynasty Born in the Aisin Gioro clan he was the sixth son of Surhaci a younger brother of Nurhaci the founder of the Qing dynasty From 1638 to 1643 he took part in many military campaigns that helped destroy the Ming dynasty After the death of Huangtaiji Nurhaci s successor in September 1643 Jirgalang became one of the young Shunzhi Emperor s two co regents but he soon yielded most political power to co regent Dorgon in October 1644 Dorgon eventually purged him of his regent title in 1647 After Dorgon died in 1650 Jirgalang led an effort to clean the government of Dorgon s supporters Jirgalang was one of ten princes of the first rank 和碩親王 whose descendants were made iron cap princes 鐵帽子王 who had the right to transmit their princely titles to their direct male descendants perpetually JirgalangPrince Zheng of the First RankPrince Zheng of the First RankReign1636 1655PredecessorNoneSuccessorJiduBorn19 November 1599 citation needed Died11 June 1655 aged 55 citation needed NamesAisin Gioro Jirgalang 愛新覺羅 濟爾哈朗 Posthumous namePrince Zhengxian of the First Rank 鄭獻親王 HouseAisin GioroFatherSurhaciMotherLady Ula Nara Sister of BujantaiJirgalangTraditional Chinese濟爾哈朗Simplified Chinese济尔哈朗TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJi erhalang Contents 1 Career before 1643 2 Co regency 1643 1647 and disgrace 1647 1650 3 The Jirgalang faction 1651 1655 4 Death and posterity 5 Family 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 ReferencesCareer before 1643 EditIn 1627 Jirgalang took part in the first Manchu campaign against Korea under the command of his older brother Amin 1 In 1630 when Amin was stripped of his titles for having failed to fight an army of the Ming dynasty Huangtaiji gave Jirgalang control of the Bordered Blue Banner which had been under Amin s command 1 As one of four senior beile the other three were Daisan Manggultai and Huangtaiji himself Jirgalang participated in many military campaigns against the Ming and the Chahar Mongols 1 In 1636 he was granted the title Prince Zheng of the First Rank with rights of perpetual inheritance 1 In 1642 Jirgalang led the siege of Jinzhou an important Ming city in Liaodong that surrendered to Qing forces in April of that year after more than one year of resistance 2 Co regency 1643 1647 and disgrace 1647 1650 Edit Flag of the Bordered Blue Banner of which Jirgalang was given control in 1630 While Dorgon was staying in Mukden in November or December 1643 Jirgalang was sent to attack Shanhai Pass a fortified Ming position that guarded access to the plain around Beijing 3 In January or February 1644 Jirgalang requested that his name be placed after Dorgon s in all official communications 3 On February 17 1644 Jirgalang who was a capable military leader but looked uninterested in managing state affairs willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon 4 He was not present when Qing forces entered Beijing in early June 1644 In 1647 he was removed from his post of regent and replaced by Dorgon s brother Dodo 5 Despite his removal Jirgalang continued to serve as a military leader In March 1648 Dorgon ordered the arrest of Jirgalang on various charges and had Jirgalang degraded from a qinwang first rank prince to a junwang second rank prince 6 Later in the same year however Jirgalang was sent to southern China to fight troops loyal to the Southern Ming In early 1649 Jirgalang accompanied by Han Chinese soldiers under Han Chinese banner general Prince Kong Youde loyal to the Qing ordered a six day massacre of the inhabitants of the city of Xiangtan in present day Hunan due to fierce resistance by Li Chixin s army who were former Chuang Li Zicheng s partisans Southern Ming loyalist He Tengjiao was also killed at Xiangtan by Kong Youde 7 He returned to Beijing in 1650 after having the capture of He Tengjiao against the forces of the Yongli Emperor the last ruler of the Southern Ming regime 8 The Jirgalang faction 1651 1655 EditThe group led by Jirgalang that historian Robert Oxnam has called the Jirgalang faction was composed of Manchu princes and nobles who had opposed Dorgon and who returned to power after the latter died on December 31 1650 9 Concerned that Dorgon s brother Ajige may try to succeed Dorgon Jirgalang and his group arrested Ajige in early 1651 10 Jirgalang remained a powerful figure at the Qing imperial court until his death in 1655 11 The four future regents of the Kangxi Emperor Oboi Ebilun Sonin and Suksaha were among his supporters 12 Death and posterity EditSoon after Jirgalang died of illness on June 11 1655 13 his second son Jidu simplified Chinese 济度 traditional Chinese 濟度 pinyin Jidu 1633 1660 inherited his princely title but the name of the princehood was changed from Zheng 鄭 to Jian 簡 The title Prince Zheng was re established in 1778 when the Qianlong Emperor praised Jirgalang for his role in the Qing defeat of Ming and granted Jirgalang a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple 14 Jirgalang s second son Jidu and Jidu s second son Labu Chinese 喇布 pinyin Lăbu d 1681 participated in military campaigns in the second half of the Shunzhi Emperor s reign and the early reign of the Kangxi Emperor notably against Koxinga and Wu Sangui 15 Jirgalang s 13th generation descendants Duanhua Prince Zheng and Sushun Duanhua s younger brother were politically active during the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor r 1851 1861 They were appointed as two of eight regents for the infant Tongzhi Emperor r 1862 1874 but were quickly overthrown in 1861 in the Xinyou Coup that brought Empress Dowager Cixi and the young emperor s uncle Prince Gong to power Family EditFather Surhaci Paternal Grandfather Taksi Emperor Xuan Paternal grandmother Hitara Emeci Empress Xuan 喜塔拉 额穆齐 宣皇后 Mother Ula Nara Hunai secondary consort 侧福晋 乌拉那拉 虎奈 Maternal grandfather Consorts and issue Primary consort of the Niohuru clan 嫡福晋 钮祜禄氏 daughter of Eidu Primary consort of the Yehe Nara clan 继福晋 叶赫那拉氏 daughter of prince De erheli 德尔赫礼台吉 granddaughter of Yehe beile Gintaisi 金台石 pinyin jintaishi elder sister of Sutai Secondary consort of the Gu erhasu clan 侧福晋 钴尔哈苏氏 daughter of tabunang Zhuoliketu 卓礼克图塔布囊 Jidu 济度 1633 1660 second son Prince Jianchun of the First Rank 简纯亲王 Secondary consort of the Jarud Borjigin clan 扎鲁特博尔济吉特氏 daughter of beile Bage 巴格贝勒 Fu erdun 富尔敦 1633 1651 first son heir apparent Quehou 悫厚世子 Ledu 勒度 1636 1655 third son Secondary consort Yehenara Sutai 叶赫那拉 苏泰 daughter of De erheli 德尔赫礼台吉 Mistress of the Guwalgiya clan 庶福晋 瓜尔佳氏 daughter of Chalalai 察喇赖 Xitujun 锡图军 1642 1651 sixth son Mistress of the Sardu clan 庶福晋 萨尔都氏 daughter of Master Commander of Cavalry Dahu 云骑尉达祜 Gumei 固美 Bulwark General 辅国将军 seventh son Mistress of the Guwalgiya clan 庶福晋 瓜尔佳氏 daughter of Zhata 扎塔 Ba erkan 巴尔堪 Prince Jianwu of the First Rank 简武亲王 fourth son Mistress of the An clan 庶福晋 安氏 daughter of Tielani 贴喇尼 Kunlan 裈兰 fifth son served as first rank military official 都统 Mistress of the Yun clan 庶福晋 云氏 daughter of Dekesuoni 德克素尼 Wuxi 武锡 1653 1707 Bulwark General 辅国将军 Mistress of the Daigiya clan 庶福晋 戴佳氏 daughter of Master Commander of Cavalry Nandahai 云骑尉品级南达海 Mistress of the Niohuru clan 庶福晋 钮祜禄氏 daughter of Bai erge 伯尔格 Liuxi 留锡 1648 1703 eighth son Wife of the Heseri clan 妾 赫舍里氏 daughter of Daidali 戴达礼 Hailun 海伦 1655 1683 tenth son Wife of the Ma clan 妾 马氏 daughter of Wulai 武赖 Wife of Dai clan 妾戴氏 daughter of Xiaoqijiao songkun 骁骑校松坤 Wife of the Jin clan 妾晋氏 daughter of Shanlong 山隆 Wife of the Mengguosu clan 妾蒙郭苏氏 daughter of Maimishan 迈密山 First daughter married E erkedaiqing 额尔克戴青 of the Borjigin clanIn popular culture EditPortrayed by Im Byung ki in the 1981 KBS1 TV Series Daemyeong Portrayed by Liu Haikuan in the 2017 TV Series Rule the World See also EditPrince Zheng Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Ranks of imperial consorts in China QingNotes Edit a b c d Kennedy 1943a 397 Wakeman 1985 221 222 a b Li Zhiting 2003 368 Wakeman 1985 vol 1 299 Wakeman 1985 874 Wakeman 1985 881 Wakeman 1985 767 Wakeman 1985 895 Oxnam 1975 47 49 Fang 1943 5 Wakeman 1985 895 Wakeman 1985 928 Oxnam 1975 38 Kennedy 1943a 398 Kennedy 1943a 398 Kennedy 1943b 214 Kennedy 1943c 397 Kennedy 1943d 439 References EditKennedy George A 1943 Jirgalang In Hummel Arthur W Sr ed Eminent Chinese of the Ch ing Period United States Government Printing Office pp 397 398 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint date and year link Kennedy George A 1943 Daisan In Hummel Arthur W Sr ed Eminent Chinese of the Ch ing Period United States Government Printing Office p 214 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint date and year link Kennedy George A 1943 Jidu In Hummel Arthur W Sr ed Eminent Chinese of the Ch ing Period United States Government Printing Office p 397 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint date and year link Kennedy George A 1943 Labu In Hummel Arthur W Sr ed Eminent Chinese of the Ch ing Period United States Government Printing Office pp 439 440 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint date and year link Li Zhiting 李治亭 editor in chief 2003 Qingchao tongshi Shunzhi juan 清朝通史 順治卷 General History of the Qing dynasty Shunzhi volume Beijing Zijincheng chubanshe Oxnam Robert B 1975 Ruling from Horseback Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency 1661 1669 Chicago and London University of Chicago Press Wakeman Frederic 1985 The Great Enterprise The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth Century China Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jirgalang amp oldid 1116017929, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
