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Wikipedia

Jerome Powell

November 25, 2023

Jerome Hayden "Jay" Powell (born February 4, 1953) is an American attorney and investment banker who has served since 2018 as the 16th chair of the Federal Reserve.

Jerome Powell
Official portrait, 2022
16th Chair of the Federal Reserve
Assumed office
February 5, 2018
PresidentDonald Trump
Joe Biden
DeputyRichard Clarida
Lael Brainard
Philip Jefferson
Preceded byJanet Yellen
Member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Assumed office
May 25, 2012
Nominated byBarack Obama
Preceded byFrederic Mishkin
Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
In office
April 7, 1992 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byRobert R. Glauber
Succeeded byFrank N. Newman
Personal details
Born
Jerome Hayden Powell

(1953-02-04) February 4, 1953 (age 70)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyRepublican[1]
Spouse
Elissa Leonard
​
(m. 1985)​
Children3
EducationPrinceton University (BA)
Georgetown University (JD)
Signature
Jerome Powell's voice
Jerome Powell outlines the Fed's semiannual monetary policy report at a Senate Banking Committee hearing
Recorded February 26, 2019

After earning a degree in politics from Princeton University in 1975 and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979,[2] he moved to investment banking in 1984, and worked for several financial institutions, including as a partner of The Carlyle Group.[2] In 1992, Powell briefly served as under secretary of the Treasury for domestic finance under President George H. W. Bush. Powell left Carlyle Group in 2005 and founded Severn Capital Partners, a private investment firm. He was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center from 2010 to 2012, before returning to public service.[2]

He became a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors after being nominated to the post by President Barack Obama in 2012, he was subsequently elevated to chairman by President Donald Trump (succeeding Janet Yellen), and renominated to the position by President Joe Biden.[3][4][5][6] Powell built his reputation in Washington during the Obama administration as a consensus-builder and problem-solver.[2]

Powell received bipartisan praise for the actions taken by the Federal Reserve in early 2020 to combat the financial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[7] As the Federal Reserve continued to apply high levels of monetary stimulus to further raise asset prices and support growth, some observers perceived a disconnect between asset prices and the economy.[8][9][10] Powell has responded by arguing that supporting the Fed's dual mandate of stable prices and full employment outweighed concern over high asset prices.[11] Time said the scale and manner of Powell's actions had "changed the Fed forever"[12] and shared concerns that he had conditioned Wall Street to unsustainable levels of monetary stimulus to artificially support high asset prices.[9] In November 2020, Bloomberg News called Powell "Wall Street's Head of State," as a reflection of how dominant Powell's actions were on asset prices and how profitable his actions were for Wall Street.[13]

Nearing the end of his first year in the White House, President Biden nominated Powell for a second term as Federal Reserve Chair, and the Senate Banking Committee approved of his renomination with only one dissenting vote; he was confirmed to a second term in an 80–19 vote on May 12, 2022.[14] Following President Biden's renomination of Powell, the Fed Chairman retired his previous words "transitory inflation", and indicated a reduction in quantitative easing (QE) and mortgage-backed security (MBS) purchases due to high inflation, with the consumer price index (CPI) in November 2021 having reached 6.8% according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the highest level in 40 years.[15]

Early life and education edit

Powell was born on February 4, 1953, in Washington, D.C., as one of six children to Patricia (née Hayden; 1926–2010)[16] and Jerome Powell (1921–2007),[17][18] a lawyer in private practice.[19] His maternal grandfather, James J. Hayden, was Dean of the Columbus School of Law at Catholic University of America and later a lecturer at Georgetown Law School.[20] He has five siblings: Susan, Matthew, Tia, Libby, and Monica.[21]

In 1972, Powell graduated from Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit university-preparatory school. He received a Bachelor of Arts in politics from Princeton University in 1975, where his senior thesis was titled "South Africa: Forces for Change".[22] In 1975–76, he spent a year as a legislative assistant to U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania, a member of the Republican Party.[23][24]

Powell earned a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979, where he was editor-in-chief of the Georgetown Law Journal.[25]

Career edit

Legal and investment banking edit

In 1979, Powell moved to New York City and became a clerk to Judge Ellsworth Van Graafeiland of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. From 1981 to 1983, Powell was a lawyer with Davis Polk & Wardwell, and, from 1983 to 1984, he worked at the firm of Werbel & McMillen.[24]

From 1984 to 1990, Powell worked at Dillon, Read & Co., an investment bank, where he concentrated on financing, merchant banking, and mergers and acquisitions, rising to the position of vice president.[24][26]

Between 1990 and 1993, Powell worked in the United States Department of the Treasury, at which time Nicholas F. Brady, the former chairman of Dillon, Read & Co., was the United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1992, Powell became the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance after being nominated by George H. W. Bush.[24][26][23] During his stint at the Treasury, Powell oversaw the investigation and sanctioning of Salomon Brothers after one of its traders submitted false bids for a United States Treasury security.[27] Powell was also involved in the negotiations that made Warren Buffett the chairman of Salomon.[28]

In 1993, Powell began working as a managing director for Bankers Trust. He left in 1995 after the bank suffered irreparable reputational damage when some complex derivative transactions caused large losses for major corporate clients.[29][30] He then went back to work for Dillon, Read & Co.[26] From 1997 to 2005, Powell was a partner at The Carlyle Group, where he founded and led the Industrial Group within the Carlyle U.S. Buyout Fund.[25][31] After leaving Carlyle, Powell founded Severn Capital Partners, a private investment firm focused on specialty finance and opportunistic investments in the industrial sector.[32] In 2008, Powell became a managing partner of the Global Environment Fund, a private equity and venture capital firm that invests in sustainable energy.[32]

Between 2010 and 2012, Powell was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center, a think tank in Washington, D.C., where he worked on getting Congress to raise the United States debt ceiling during the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011. Powell presented the implications to the economy and interest rates of a default or a delay in raising the debt ceiling.[31] He worked for a salary of $1 per year.[33]

Federal Reserve Board of Governors (2012–2018) edit

 
Powell speaks at the Columbus School of Law in February 2015

In December 2011, along with Jeremy C. Stein, Powell was nominated to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors by President Barack Obama. The nomination included two people to help garner bipartisan support for both nominees since Stein's nomination had previously been filibustered. Powell's nomination was the first time that a president nominated a member of the opposition party for such a position since 1988.[1] He took office on May 25, 2012, to fill the unexpired term of Frederic Mishkin, who resigned. In January 2014, he was nominated for another term, and, in June 2014, he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 67–24 vote for a 14-year term ending January 31, 2028.[34]

Powell was a skeptic of round 3 of quantitative easing (or QE3), initiated in September 2012, although he eventually voted for it.[35]

In 2013 Powell endorsed financial regulation to end the problem of institutions that are too big to fail, while urging that it should be implemented carefully.[36] In April 2017, he was assigned to head the bank oversight committee [37]

In a July 2017 speech, Powell said that in regard to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac the status quo is "unacceptable" and that the current situation "may feel comfortable, but it is also unsustainable". He warned that "the next few years may present our last best chance" to "address the ultimate status of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" and avoid "repeating the mistakes of the past". Powell expressed concerns that, in the current situation, the government is responsible for mortgage defaults and that lending standards were too rigid, noting that these can be solved by encouraging "ample amounts of private capital to support housing finance activities".[38]

In an October 2017 speech, Powell stated that higher capital and liquidity requirements and stress tests from the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act have made the financial system safer and must be preserved. However, he also stated that the Volcker Rule should be re-written to exclude smaller banks.[35]

Federal Reserve Chairman (2018–present) edit

 
President Donald Trump nominates Powell in November 2017
 
Powell takes the oath of office, administered by Randal Quarles, as chair in February 2018
 
Powell testifies before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in 2018

On November 2, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Powell to serve as the chair of the Federal Reserve, replacing Janet Yellen at the helm of the central bank.[39] On December 5, the Senate Banking Committee approved Powell's nomination to be chair in a 22–1 vote, with Senator Elizabeth Warren casting the lone dissenting vote.[40] His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on January 23, 2018, by an 84–13 vote.[4] Powell assumed office as chair on February 5, 2018.[41]

Trump Administration (2018–2021) edit

One of Powell's first actions was to continue to raise US interest rates, as a response to the increasing strength of the US economy.[41][42] He also announced that the Fed would reduce its asset portfolio from US$4.5 trillion to a range of US$2.5–3 trillion over four years in a process called quantitative tightening.[43][44] This tight policy drew public criticism from President Trump, who expressed second thoughts about nominating Powell and said that the chair was too enthusiastic about raising rates.[45] Financial assets of all classes declined over 2018 and markets erupted in volatility in December. Powell abandoned quantitative tightening in early 2019, leading to a recovery in asset prices.[46] Trump continued to state, with increasing hostility, that Powell was not reacting quickly enough. As a trade war with China escalated over the summer of 2019, Trump called the Fed's policies "insane" and labelled Powell an "enemy."[47][48] He privately discussed with White House counsel the possibility of firing Powell, which Powell dismissed.[49] In an August interview, Trump said that he completely disagreed with Powell's approach and called for a sharp cut in interest rates.[50]

In October 2019, as asset prices waned, Powell announced the Fed would return to expanding its balance sheet, which led to a global rally in assets.[51] Powell said the Fed's actions were not quantitative easing, but some dubbed them as being QE4.[52] Where Bernanke-era quantitative was conducted through outright purchases of assets, Powell's expansion operates through overnight repurchase agreements (repos) where the seller has the option to reverse the transaction. The Fed's primary dealers and other banks use the repo facilities to sell Treasury and agency securities in exchange for credit to supplement their cash on hand.[53][54][55][56]

COVID-19 recession response edit
Main articles: COVID-19 recession, 2020 stock market crash, COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
 
Powell speaks with the Federal Open Market Committee via videotelephony in June 2020

In early 2020, Powell launched an unprecedented series of actions to counter the financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which included a dramatic expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and introduction of new tools, including the direct purchase of corporate bonds and direct lending programs.[12][57] Powell emphasized monetary policy alone without an equivalent fiscal policy response from Congress would widen income inequality.[58] Powell's actions earned him bi-partisan praise,[59][7] including from Trump, who told Fox News that he was "very happy with his performance" and that "over the last period of six months, he's really stepped up to the plate".[60]

 
CPI inflation reaching 7% as of 2021.

On November 19, 2020, after disagreeing with Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin, Powell agreed to return unused crisis funds to the United States Treasury.[61][62] Both he and Mnuchin then urged Congress to approve more stimulus.[63]

Asset price inflation edit
Main articles: Everything bubble and Corporate debt bubble

To mitigate the financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Powell accepted asset price inflation as a consequence of Fed policy actions.[11][64][65] Powell was criticized for using high levels of direct and indirect quantitative easing as valuations hit levels last seen at the peaks of previous bubbles.[54][66][67]

The Fed's acceptance of asset price inflation from 2019 onwards resulted in levels of wealth inequality not seen in the United States since the 1920s.[68][69][70] Fed asset purchases were also seen as contributing to the K-shaped recovery that emerged during the coronavirus pandemic, where the asset bubbles protected the wealthier segments of society from the financial effects of the pandemic,[71][72] at the expense of most other segments,[73][12] and particularly on the younger non-asset owning segments such as millennials.[74] In January 2021, Edward Luce of the Financial Times warned that the Fed's use of asset purchases, and the resultant widening of wealth inequality, could lead to political and social instability in the United States, saying: "The majority of people are suffering amid a Great Gatsby-style boom at the top".[75]

Powell's expansion of credit through repo contracts, seen as a new "Greenspan put,"[53][74] created large profits for Wall Street investment banks.[76] In June 2020, Jim Grant likened Powell's policy to drug dealing, calling him "the Fed's Dr. Feelgood."[76][77] In a September 2020 testimony, Powell said: "Our actions were in no way an attempt to relieve pain on Wall Street".[78] By the end of 2020, Wall Street investment banks recorded their best year in history,[79][80] and Bloomberg called 2020, ".. a great year for Wall Street, but a bear market for Humans".[81] Mohamed A. El-Erian called Powell "a follower, not a leader", of markets.[10]

Powell defended his actions saying: "I don't know that the connection between asset purchases and financial stability is a particularly tight one",[67] and that he wasn't worried that the Fed's actions were creating asset bubbles.[64][82][70]

In July 2020, CNBC host Jim Cramer said, "I'm sick and tired of hearing that we're in a bubble, that Powell's overinflating the price of stocks by printing money to keep the economy moving".[83] The Washington Post called the Fed "addicted to propping up markets, even when there is no need".[9] In August 2020, investors Leon Cooperman and Seth Klarman warned of a dangerous "speculative bubble",[84] with market psychology "unhinged from market fundamentals".[85]

In August 2020, Bloomberg News called Powell's policy "exuberantly asymmetric" (echoing Alan Greenspan's "irrational exuberance" quote from 1996),[8] and that the "Powell Put" had become more extreme than the "Greenspan Put".[8] Steven Pearlstein in The Washington Post said that Powell had "adopted a strategy that works like a one-way ratchet, providing a floor for stock and bond prices but never a ceiling", and that any attempt by Powell to abandon this strategy "will trigger a sharp sell-off by investors who have become addicted to monetary stimulus".[9]

By December 2020, Powell's monetary policy, measured by the Goldman Sachs US Financial Conditions Index (GSFCI), was the loosest in the history of the GSFCI (goes back to 1987), and had created simultaneous asset bubbles across most of the major asset classes in the United States:[86][87][88] For example, in equities,[89] in housing,[90][91] and in bonds.[92] Cryptocurrencies also saw dramatic increases in price during 2020, leading Powell to win the 2020 Forbes Person Of The Year In Crypto.[93]

High up on his list, and sooner rather than later, will be dealing with the consequences of the biggest financial bubble in U.S. history. Why the biggest? Because it encompasses not just stocks but pretty much every other financial asset too. And for that, you may thank the Federal Reserve.

— Richard Cookson, Bloomberg (4 February 2021)[94]

The asset price boom during the pandemic attracted a generation of young investors who explicitly credited Powell for promoting froth in financial markets. Gathering in online communities like Reddit's r/wallstreetbets board, they discussed high-risk trades and shared memes that depicted "J-Pow" using the Fed's money printer to flood the economy.[95][96]

In December 2020, Powell defended high asset prices by invoking the controversial Fed model, saying: "Admittedly P/Es are high but that's maybe not as relevant in a world where we think the 10-year Treasury is going to be lower than it's been historically from a return perspective".[97] The author of the Fed model, Edward Yardeni, said Powell's actions could form the greatest financial bubble in history,[98] while the Wall Street Journal described Powell's comparison as an attempt to "rewrite the laws of investing".[99]

Biden administration (2021–present) edit

Main article: 2022 stock market decline
 
President Joe Biden with Powell and Lael Brainard in November 2021

In April 2021, Powell reassured concerns over a potential housing bubble, similar to the one that preceded the Great Recession. He stated, "we don't see bad loans and unsustainable prices and that kind of thing."[100]

In August 2021, Powell expected the Fed to reduce economic support later in the year.[101][102][103][104] In the past Powell has considered inflation transitory, a term Powell states should now be "retired".[105][106] In response to widespread high inflation readings Jerome Powell has indicated an increase in the speed of tapering asset purchases, namely up to $30 billion per month.[107][108] In Jerome Powell's confirmation hearing in 2022 he described inflation as being a "severe threat" to the US economic recovery due to "higher costs of essentials like food, housing and transportation". Prices for American consumers are rising at their fastest annual rate since June 1982.[15] In response, the central bank aims to raise rates as soon as March 2022. The most recent December 2021 CPI reading hit 7%.[109][110][111]

 
Powell sworn in for his second term as chair by Lael Brainard in May 2022

In light of his term as chair expiring in February 2022, many Democrats began to express opposition to Powell's reappointment. In August 2021, progressive Democrats, including Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, called on President Joe Biden to replace Powell, criticizing him for failing to "mitigate the risk climate change poses to our financial system".[112][113] In September 2021, Senator Elizabeth Warren, Democrat of Massachusetts, criticized Powell for his financial regulation track record and called him a "dangerous man to head up the Fed."[114] Powell was renominated for a second term by President Joe Biden on November 22, 2021.[6] His initial nomination expired at the end of the year and was returned to President Biden on January 3, 2022.[115]

President Biden presented his nomination to the Senate the following day. Hearings were held on Powell's nomination before the Senate Banking Committee on January 11, 2022. The committee favorably reported Powell's nomination to the Senate floor on March 16, 2022, in a 22-1 vote; Senator Elizabeth Warren was the lone member to vote against his nomination.[116] His nomination for another term as chair was confirmed by the full U.S. Senate on May 12, 2022 in an 80–19 vote.[14] He was sworn in for his second term as chair on May 23, 2022.[117]

Personal life edit

Powell married Elissa Leonard in 1985 at the Episcopal Washington National Cathedral.[19] They have three children[25] and live in Chevy Chase Village, Maryland, where Elissa is chair of the board of managers of the village.[118] In 2010, Powell was on the board of governors of Chevy Chase Club, a country club.[119]

Based on public filings, as of 2019 Powell's net worth was estimated to be in a range between $20 and $55 million.[120] Powell has served on the boards of charitable and educational institutions including DC Prep, a public charter school, the Bendheim Center for Finance at Princeton University, and The Nature Conservancy. He was also a founder of the Center City Consortium, a group of 16 parochial schools in the poorest areas of Washington, D.C.[31]

Powell is a registered Republican and a longtime fan of American rock band the Grateful Dead.[1]

See also edit

 
Scholia has a profile for Jerome Powell (Q6182718).
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jerome Powell.

Notes edit

References edit

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External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jerome Powell.

Official edit

Other edit

  • Statements and Speeches of Jerome H. Powell (Saint Louis Federal Reserve Database)
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
Political offices
Preceded by Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
1992–1993 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2012–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by Chair of the Federal Reserve
2018–present
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Order of precedence of the United States
Chair of the Federal Reserve 		Succeeded by

November 25, 2023
jerome, powell, jerome, hayden, powell, born, february, 1953, american, attorney, investment, banker, served, since, 2018, 16th, chair, federal, reserve, official, portrait, 202216th, chair, federal, reserveincumbentassumed, office, february, 2018presidentdona. Jerome Hayden Jay Powell born February 4 1953 is an American attorney and investment banker who has served since 2018 as the 16th chair of the Federal Reserve Jerome PowellOfficial portrait 202216th Chair of the Federal ReserveIncumbentAssumed office February 5 2018PresidentDonald TrumpJoe BidenDeputyRichard ClaridaLael BrainardPhilip JeffersonPreceded byJanet YellenMember of the Federal Reserve Board of GovernorsIncumbentAssumed office May 25 2012Nominated byBarack ObamaPreceded byFrederic MishkinUnder Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic FinanceIn office April 7 1992 January 20 1993PresidentGeorge H W BushPreceded byRobert R GlauberSucceeded byFrank N NewmanPersonal detailsBornJerome Hayden Powell 1953 02 04 February 4 1953 age 70 Washington D C U S Political partyRepublican 1 SpouseElissa Leonard m 1985 wbr Children3EducationPrinceton University BA Georgetown University JD SignatureJerome Powell s voice source source Jerome Powell outlines the Fed s semiannual monetary policy report at a Senate Banking Committee hearingRecorded February 26 2019After earning a degree in politics from Princeton University in 1975 and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979 2 he moved to investment banking in 1984 and worked for several financial institutions including as a partner of The Carlyle Group 2 In 1992 Powell briefly served as under secretary of the Treasury for domestic finance under President George H W Bush Powell left Carlyle Group in 2005 and founded Severn Capital Partners a private investment firm He was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center from 2010 to 2012 before returning to public service 2 He became a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors after being nominated to the post by President Barack Obama in 2012 he was subsequently elevated to chairman by President Donald Trump succeeding Janet Yellen and renominated to the position by President Joe Biden 3 4 5 6 Powell built his reputation in Washington during the Obama administration as a consensus builder and problem solver 2 Powell received bipartisan praise for the actions taken by the Federal Reserve in early 2020 to combat the financial effects of the COVID 19 pandemic 7 As the Federal Reserve continued to apply high levels of monetary stimulus to further raise asset prices and support growth some observers perceived a disconnect between asset prices and the economy 8 9 10 Powell has responded by arguing that supporting the Fed s dual mandate of stable prices and full employment outweighed concern over high asset prices 11 Time said the scale and manner of Powell s actions had changed the Fed forever 12 and shared concerns that he had conditioned Wall Street to unsustainable levels of monetary stimulus to artificially support high asset prices 9 In November 2020 Bloomberg News called Powell Wall Street s Head of State as a reflection of how dominant Powell s actions were on asset prices and how profitable his actions were for Wall Street 13 Nearing the end of his first year in the White House President Biden nominated Powell for a second term as Federal Reserve Chair and the Senate Banking Committee approved of his renomination with only one dissenting vote he was confirmed to a second term in an 80 19 vote on May 12 2022 14 Following President Biden s renomination of Powell the Fed Chairman retired his previous words transitory inflation and indicated a reduction in quantitative easing QE and mortgage backed security MBS purchases due to high inflation with the consumer price index CPI in November 2021 having reached 6 8 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the highest level in 40 years 15 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Legal and investment banking 2 2 Federal Reserve Board of Governors 2012 2018 2 3 Federal Reserve Chairman 2018 present 2 3 1 Trump Administration 2018 2021 2 3 1 1 COVID 19 recession response 2 3 1 2 Asset price inflation 2 3 2 Biden administration 2021 present 3 Personal life 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links 7 1 Official 7 2 OtherEarly life and education editPowell was born on February 4 1953 in Washington D C as one of six children to Patricia nee Hayden 1926 2010 16 and Jerome Powell 1921 2007 17 18 a lawyer in private practice 19 His maternal grandfather James J Hayden was Dean of the Columbus School of Law at Catholic University of America and later a lecturer at Georgetown Law School 20 He has five siblings Susan Matthew Tia Libby and Monica 21 In 1972 Powell graduated from Georgetown Preparatory School a Jesuit university preparatory school He received a Bachelor of Arts in politics from Princeton University in 1975 where his senior thesis was titled South Africa Forces for Change 22 In 1975 76 he spent a year as a legislative assistant to U S Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania a member of the Republican Party 23 24 Powell earned a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979 where he was editor in chief of the Georgetown Law Journal 25 Career editLegal and investment banking edit In 1979 Powell moved to New York City and became a clerk to Judge Ellsworth Van Graafeiland of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit From 1981 to 1983 Powell was a lawyer with Davis Polk amp Wardwell and from 1983 to 1984 he worked at the firm of Werbel amp McMillen 24 From 1984 to 1990 Powell worked at Dillon Read amp Co an investment bank where he concentrated on financing merchant banking and mergers and acquisitions rising to the position of vice president 24 26 Between 1990 and 1993 Powell worked in the United States Department of the Treasury at which time Nicholas F Brady the former chairman of Dillon Read amp Co was the United States Secretary of the Treasury In 1992 Powell became the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance after being nominated by George H W Bush 24 26 23 During his stint at the Treasury Powell oversaw the investigation and sanctioning of Salomon Brothers after one of its traders submitted false bids for a United States Treasury security 27 Powell was also involved in the negotiations that made Warren Buffett the chairman of Salomon 28 In 1993 Powell began working as a managing director for Bankers Trust He left in 1995 after the bank suffered irreparable reputational damage when some complex derivative transactions caused large losses for major corporate clients 29 30 He then went back to work for Dillon Read amp Co 26 From 1997 to 2005 Powell was a partner at The Carlyle Group where he founded and led the Industrial Group within the Carlyle U S Buyout Fund 25 31 After leaving Carlyle Powell founded Severn Capital Partners a private investment firm focused on specialty finance and opportunistic investments in the industrial sector 32 In 2008 Powell became a managing partner of the Global Environment Fund a private equity and venture capital firm that invests in sustainable energy 32 Between 2010 and 2012 Powell was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center a think tank in Washington D C where he worked on getting Congress to raise the United States debt ceiling during the United States debt ceiling crisis of 2011 Powell presented the implications to the economy and interest rates of a default or a delay in raising the debt ceiling 31 He worked for a salary of 1 per year 33 Federal Reserve Board of Governors 2012 2018 edit nbsp Powell speaks at the Columbus School of Law in February 2015In December 2011 along with Jeremy C Stein Powell was nominated to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors by President Barack Obama The nomination included two people to help garner bipartisan support for both nominees since Stein s nomination had previously been filibustered Powell s nomination was the first time that a president nominated a member of the opposition party for such a position since 1988 1 He took office on May 25 2012 to fill the unexpired term of Frederic Mishkin who resigned In January 2014 he was nominated for another term and in June 2014 he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 67 24 vote for a 14 year term ending January 31 2028 34 Powell was a skeptic of round 3 of quantitative easing or QE3 initiated in September 2012 although he eventually voted for it 35 In 2013 Powell endorsed financial regulation to end the problem of institutions that are too big to fail while urging that it should be implemented carefully 36 In April 2017 he was assigned to head the bank oversight committee 37 In a July 2017 speech Powell said that in regard to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac the status quo is unacceptable and that the current situation may feel comfortable but it is also unsustainable He warned that the next few years may present our last best chance to address the ultimate status of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and avoid repeating the mistakes of the past Powell expressed concerns that in the current situation the government is responsible for mortgage defaults and that lending standards were too rigid noting that these can be solved by encouraging ample amounts of private capital to support housing finance activities 38 In an October 2017 speech Powell stated that higher capital and liquidity requirements and stress tests from the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act have made the financial system safer and must be preserved However he also stated that the Volcker Rule should be re written to exclude smaller banks 35 Federal Reserve Chairman 2018 present edit nbsp President Donald Trump nominates Powell in November 2017 nbsp Powell takes the oath of office administered by Randal Quarles as chair in February 2018 nbsp Powell testifies before the U S Senate Committee on Banking Housing and Urban Affairs in 2018On November 2 2017 President Donald Trump nominated Powell to serve as the chair of the Federal Reserve replacing Janet Yellen at the helm of the central bank 39 On December 5 the Senate Banking Committee approved Powell s nomination to be chair in a 22 1 vote with Senator Elizabeth Warren casting the lone dissenting vote 40 His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on January 23 2018 by an 84 13 vote 4 Powell assumed office as chair on February 5 2018 41 Trump Administration 2018 2021 edit One of Powell s first actions was to continue to raise US interest rates as a response to the increasing strength of the US economy 41 42 He also announced that the Fed would reduce its asset portfolio from US 4 5 trillion to a range of US 2 5 3 trillion over four years in a process called quantitative tightening 43 44 This tight policy drew public criticism from President Trump who expressed second thoughts about nominating Powell and said that the chair was too enthusiastic about raising rates 45 Financial assets of all classes declined over 2018 and markets erupted in volatility in December Powell abandoned quantitative tightening in early 2019 leading to a recovery in asset prices 46 Trump continued to state with increasing hostility that Powell was not reacting quickly enough As a trade war with China escalated over the summer of 2019 Trump called the Fed s policies insane and labelled Powell an enemy 47 48 He privately discussed with White House counsel the possibility of firing Powell which Powell dismissed 49 In an August interview Trump said that he completely disagreed with Powell s approach and called for a sharp cut in interest rates 50 In October 2019 as asset prices waned Powell announced the Fed would return to expanding its balance sheet which led to a global rally in assets 51 Powell said the Fed s actions were not quantitative easing but some dubbed them as being QE4 52 Where Bernanke era quantitative was conducted through outright purchases of assets Powell s expansion operates through overnight repurchase agreements repos where the seller has the option to reverse the transaction The Fed s primary dealers and other banks use the repo facilities to sell Treasury and agency securities in exchange for credit to supplement their cash on hand 53 54 55 56 COVID 19 recession response edit Main articles COVID 19 recession 2020 stock market crash COVID 19 pandemic in the United States and Economic impact of the COVID 19 pandemic in the United States nbsp Powell speaks with the Federal Open Market Committee via videotelephony in June 2020In early 2020 Powell launched an unprecedented series of actions to counter the financial market impact of the COVID 19 pandemic which included a dramatic expansion of the Fed s balance sheet and introduction of new tools including the direct purchase of corporate bonds and direct lending programs 12 57 Powell emphasized monetary policy alone without an equivalent fiscal policy response from Congress would widen income inequality 58 Powell s actions earned him bi partisan praise 59 7 including from Trump who told Fox News that he was very happy with his performance and that over the last period of six months he s really stepped up to the plate 60 nbsp CPI inflation reaching 7 as of 2021 On November 19 2020 after disagreeing with Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin Powell agreed to return unused crisis funds to the United States Treasury 61 62 Both he and Mnuchin then urged Congress to approve more stimulus 63 Asset price inflation edit Main articles Everything bubble and Corporate debt bubble To mitigate the financial market impact of the COVID 19 pandemic Powell accepted asset price inflation as a consequence of Fed policy actions 11 64 65 Powell was criticized for using high levels of direct and indirect quantitative easing as valuations hit levels last seen at the peaks of previous bubbles 54 66 67 The Fed s acceptance of asset price inflation from 2019 onwards resulted in levels of wealth inequality not seen in the United States since the 1920s 68 69 70 Fed asset purchases were also seen as contributing to the K shaped recovery that emerged during the coronavirus pandemic where the asset bubbles protected the wealthier segments of society from the financial effects of the pandemic 71 72 at the expense of most other segments 73 12 and particularly on the younger non asset owning segments such as millennials 74 In January 2021 Edward Luce of the Financial Times warned that the Fed s use of asset purchases and the resultant widening of wealth inequality could lead to political and social instability in the United States saying The majority of people are suffering amid a Great Gatsby style boom at the top 75 Powell s expansion of credit through repo contracts seen as a new Greenspan put 53 74 created large profits for Wall Street investment banks 76 In June 2020 Jim Grant likened Powell s policy to drug dealing calling him the Fed s Dr Feelgood 76 77 In a September 2020 testimony Powell said Our actions were in no way an attempt to relieve pain on Wall Street 78 By the end of 2020 Wall Street investment banks recorded their best year in history 79 80 and Bloomberg called 2020 a great year for Wall Street but a bear market for Humans 81 Mohamed A El Erian called Powell a follower not a leader of markets 10 Powell defended his actions saying I don t know that the connection between asset purchases and financial stability is a particularly tight one 67 and that he wasn t worried that the Fed s actions were creating asset bubbles 64 82 70 In July 2020 CNBC host Jim Cramer said I m sick and tired of hearing that we re in a bubble that Powell s overinflating the price of stocks by printing money to keep the economy moving 83 The Washington Post called the Fed addicted to propping up markets even when there is no need 9 In August 2020 investors Leon Cooperman and Seth Klarman warned of a dangerous speculative bubble 84 with market psychology unhinged from market fundamentals 85 In August 2020 Bloomberg News called Powell s policy exuberantly asymmetric echoing Alan Greenspan s irrational exuberance quote from 1996 8 and that the Powell Put had become more extreme than the Greenspan Put 8 Steven Pearlstein in The Washington Post said that Powell had adopted a strategy that works like a one way ratchet providing a floor for stock and bond prices but never a ceiling and that any attempt by Powell to abandon this strategy will trigger a sharp sell off by investors who have become addicted to monetary stimulus 9 By December 2020 Powell s monetary policy measured by the Goldman Sachs US Financial Conditions Index GSFCI was the loosest in the history of the GSFCI goes back to 1987 and had created simultaneous asset bubbles across most of the major asset classes in the United States 86 87 88 For example in equities 89 in housing 90 91 and in bonds 92 Cryptocurrencies also saw dramatic increases in price during 2020 leading Powell to win the 2020 Forbes Person Of The Year In Crypto 93 High up on his list and sooner rather than later will be dealing with the consequences of the biggest financial bubble in U S history Why the biggest Because it encompasses not just stocks but pretty much every other financial asset too And for that you may thank the Federal Reserve Richard Cookson Bloomberg 4 February 2021 94 The asset price boom during the pandemic attracted a generation of young investors who explicitly credited Powell for promoting froth in financial markets Gathering in online communities like Reddit s r wallstreetbets board they discussed high risk trades and shared memes that depicted J Pow using the Fed s money printer to flood the economy 95 96 In December 2020 Powell defended high asset prices by invoking the controversial Fed model saying Admittedly P Es are high but that s maybe not as relevant in a world where we think the 10 year Treasury is going to be lower than it s been historically from a return perspective 97 The author of the Fed model Edward Yardeni said Powell s actions could form the greatest financial bubble in history 98 while the Wall Street Journal described Powell s comparison as an attempt to rewrite the laws of investing 99 Biden administration 2021 present edit Main article 2022 stock market decline nbsp President Joe Biden with Powell and Lael Brainard in November 2021In April 2021 Powell reassured concerns over a potential housing bubble similar to the one that preceded the Great Recession He stated we don t see bad loans and unsustainable prices and that kind of thing 100 In August 2021 Powell expected the Fed to reduce economic support later in the year 101 102 103 104 In the past Powell has considered inflation transitory a term Powell states should now be retired 105 106 In response to widespread high inflation readings Jerome Powell has indicated an increase in the speed of tapering asset purchases namely up to 30 billion per month 107 108 In Jerome Powell s confirmation hearing in 2022 he described inflation as being a severe threat to the US economic recovery due to higher costs of essentials like food housing and transportation Prices for American consumers are rising at their fastest annual rate since June 1982 15 In response the central bank aims to raise rates as soon as March 2022 The most recent December 2021 CPI reading hit 7 109 110 111 nbsp Powell sworn in for his second term as chair by Lael Brainard in May 2022In light of his term as chair expiring in February 2022 many Democrats began to express opposition to Powell s reappointment In August 2021 progressive Democrats including Alexandria Ocasio Cortez called on President Joe Biden to replace Powell criticizing him for failing to mitigate the risk climate change poses to our financial system 112 113 In September 2021 Senator Elizabeth Warren Democrat of Massachusetts criticized Powell for his financial regulation track record and called him a dangerous man to head up the Fed 114 Powell was renominated for a second term by President Joe Biden on November 22 2021 6 His initial nomination expired at the end of the year and was returned to President Biden on January 3 2022 115 President Biden presented his nomination to the Senate the following day Hearings were held on Powell s nomination before the Senate Banking Committee on January 11 2022 The committee favorably reported Powell s nomination to the Senate floor on March 16 2022 in a 22 1 vote Senator Elizabeth Warren was the lone member to vote against his nomination 116 His nomination for another term as chair was confirmed by the full U S Senate on May 12 2022 in an 80 19 vote 14 He was sworn in for his second term as chair on May 23 2022 117 Personal life editPowell married Elissa Leonard in 1985 at the Episcopal Washington National Cathedral 19 They have three children 25 and live in Chevy Chase Village Maryland where Elissa is chair of the board of managers of the village 118 In 2010 Powell was on the board of governors of Chevy Chase Club a country club 119 Based on public filings as of 2019 Powell s net worth was estimated to be in a range between 20 and 55 million 120 Powell has served on the boards of charitable and educational institutions including DC Prep a public charter school the Bendheim Center for Finance at Princeton University and The Nature Conservancy He was also a founder of the Center City Consortium a group of 16 parochial schools in the poorest areas of Washington D C 31 Powell is a registered Republican and a longtime fan of American rock band the Grateful Dead 1 See also edit nbsp Scholia has a profile for Jerome Powell Q6182718 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jerome Powell 2020 stock market crash China United States trade war COVID 19 recession Greenspan put Financial market impact of the COVID 19 pandemicNotes editReferences edit a b c Applebaum Binyamin December 27 2011 Obama to Nominate Two for Vacancies on Fed Board The New York Times Archived from the original on February 6 2018 Retrieved January 28 2018 a b c d Long Heather June 2 2017 Who is Jerome Powell Trump s pick for the nation s most powerful economic position The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 22 2019 Retrieved November 1 2017 GONZALES RICHARD January 23 2018 Senate Confirms Jerome Powell As New Federal Reserve Chair NPR Archived from the original on January 31 2018 Retrieved January 31 2018 a b LANE SYLVAN January 31 2018 Senate confirms Jerome Powell as Fed chairman The Hill Archived from the original on August 15 2019 Retrieved August 15 2019 Federal Open Market Committee unanimously selects Jerome H Powell to serve as its Chairman effective February 3 2018 The Federal Reserve January 31 2018 Archived from the original on July 19 2018 Retrieved February 2 2018 a b Smialek Jeanna November 22 2021 President Biden will keep Jerome Powell as Fed chair resisting political pressure for a shake up The New York Times Archived from the original on November 22 2021 Retrieved November 22 2021 a b Griffiths Brent D November 6 2020 The Finance 202 The 2020 election has an early winner Fed Chair Jay Powell Washington Post Archived from the original on November 10 2020 Retrieved November 9 2020 a b c Authers John August 4 2020 The Fed s Stocks Policy Is Exuberantly Asymmetric Bloomberg News Archived from the original on November 27 2020 Retrieved November 18 2020 a b c d Pearlstein Steven June 17 2020 The Fed is addicted to propping up the markets even without a need The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved November 24 2020 a b Mohamed A El Erian November 23 2020 Joe Biden needs to break the market s codependency with White House Financial Times Archived from the original on November 24 2020 Retrieved November 24 2020 a b Authers John June 11 2020 Powell s Ready to Play the Fresh Prince of Bubbles Bloomberg News Archived from the original on November 6 2020 Retrieved November 10 2020 a b c Leonard Christopher June 22 2020 How Jay Powell s Coronavirus Response Is Changing the Fed Forever Time Archived from the original on November 13 2020 Retrieved November 12 2020 Greifeld Katherine Wang Lu Hajric Vildana November 6 2020 Stocks Show Jerome Powell Is Still Wall Street s Head of State Bloomberg News Archived from the original on November 12 2020 Retrieved November 11 2020 a b Cox Jeff May 12 2022 Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell confirmed by Senate for a second term CNBC Archived from the original on May 12 2022 Retrieved May 12 2022 a b US price rises hit highest level for 40 years BBC December 10 2021 Archived from the original on December 10 2021 Retrieved December 10 2021 Patricia Powell Geni com March 4 1926 Archived from the original on September 6 2018 Retrieved March 21 2018 Jerome Powell Geni com December 23 1921 Archived from the original on September 6 2018 Retrieved March 21 2018 Obituary Jerome Powell The Washington Post August 7 2007 Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved December 4 2019 a b ELISSA LEONARD WED TO JEROME H POWELL The New York Times September 15 1985 Archived from the original on November 15 2020 Retrieved January 28 2018 Patricia H Powell s Obituary on 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2021 2022 US Congress January 3 2022 Archived from the original on March 17 2022 Retrieved March 17 2022 Lane Sylvan March 16 2022 Senate panel advances Biden Fed nominees to confirmation votes The Hill Archived from the original on March 17 2022 Retrieved March 17 2022 Lane Sylvan May 23 2022 Biden s Fed nominees sworn into office The Hill Archived from the original on May 23 2022 Retrieved May 23 2022 Chevy Chase Village Staff Directory Chevy Chase Village Maryland Archived from the original on September 6 2021 Retrieved September 6 2021 Chevy Chase Club Directors Chevy Chase Club Archived from the original on November 7 2017 Retrieved November 2 2017 Schmidt Ann June 12 2020 What is Jerome Powell s net worth Fox Business Archived from the original on September 6 2021 Retrieved September 6 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Jerome Powell Official edit Biography from the Federal Reserve Federal Reserve main websiteOther edit Statements and Speeches of Jerome H Powell Saint Louis Federal Reserve Database Appearances on C SPANPolitical officesPreceded byRobert R Glauber Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance1992 1993 Succeeded byFrank N NewmanGovernment officesPreceded byFrederic Mishkin Member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors2012 present IncumbentPreceded byJanet Yellen Chair of the Federal Reserve2018 presentU S order of precedence ceremonial Preceded byCharles Q Brown Jr as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Order of precedence of the United StatesChair of the Federal Reserve Succeeded byKilolo Kijakazias Commissioner of the Social Security Administration Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jerome Powell amp oldid 1184139345, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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