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Jat Sikh

May 17, 2023

Jat Sikh (also known by the more conventional endonym Jatt Sikh) are an ethnoreligious group and a sub-group of the Jat people and the Sikh religious group from the Indian subcontinent. They are one of the dominant communities in the Punjab owing to their large land holdings.[2]

Jat Sikh
ਜੱਟ ਸਿੱਖ
Regions with significant populations
India
Languages
Punjabi (and its dialects)[1] • Lahnda • Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)
Religion
Sikhism
Related ethnic groups
Jat people

They form an estimated 20%–25% of the population of the Indian state of Punjab.[3][4][5] They form at least half[6][7] of the Sikh population in Punjab, with some sources estimating them to be about 60%[7][8] to 66%[9] of the Sikh population.

History

 
Guru Nanak (left) seated and in-discussion with Ajita Randhawa (right), an early Jat disciple of Sikhism. Mardana is in the foreground. Painting from the B-40 Janamsakhi and was painted in 1733 by Alam Chand Raj.

Initially, some Jats started to follow the teachings of Guru Nanak, which did much to remove social barriers created by the sāvarṇa caste society.[10][11]: 59  Jats were previously indifferent towards deep religious affairs.[11]: 93 

While followers important to Sikh tradition like Baba Buddha were among the earliest significant historical Sikh figures, and significant numbers of conversions occurred as early as the time of Guru Angad (1504-1552),[12] the first large-scale conversions of Jats is commonly held to have begun during the time of Guru Arjan (1563-1606).[12][13]: 265  While touring the countryside of eastern Punjab, he founded several important towns like Tarn Taran Sahib, Kartarpur, and Hargobindpur which functioned as social and economic hubs, and together with the community-funded completion of the Darbar Sahib to house the Guru Granth Sahib and serve as a rallying point and center for Sikh activity, established the beginnings of a self-contained Sikh community, which was especially swelled with the region's Jat peasantry.[12] They formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the Mughal Empire from the 18th century onwards.

It has been postulated, though inconclusively, that the increased militarisation of the Sikh panth following the martyrdom of Guru Arjan (beginning during the era of Guru Hargobind and continuing after) and its large Jat presence may have reciprocally influenced each other.[14][full citation needed][15]

At least eight of the 12 Misls of the Sikh Confederacy were led by Jat Sikhs,[16] who would form the vast majority of Sikh chiefs.[17]

According to censuses in gazetteers published during the colonial period in the early 20th century, further waves of Jat conversions, from Hinduism to Sikhism, continued during the preceding decades.[18][19] The relationship between the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh communities of the Punjab region, and between communities such as the Jats and the Rajputs, has been ambiguous over many centuries. The various groups often claim similar origins while asserting their distinctiveness.[20]

Influence of Sikhism on Jats

 
"Jut women & Sikh priest of Jalundhur reading Grunth" (Guru Granth Sahib), circa 1860 painting.

Over 60% of Sikhs belong to the Jat caste, which is an agrarian agriculture caste.[21] According to "Santokh Singh Anant"_ Jatts, Rajputs, and Thakurs are at the top of the caste hierarchy in most of the north Indian villages, surpassing Brahmins.[22] Assigning vaishya varṇa to Jatts, he notes that they perform the dual duties of kshatriyas and vaishyas (soldiering and agriculture) in the Punjab region.[23][24]Irfan Habib has argued that Sikhism did much to uplift the social status of Jat people, who were previously regarded in the Punjab as being of shudra or vaishya status in the Hindu ritual ranking system. Kishan Singh says:

A serious contradiction afflicts the Jat farmer of the Punjab. He has unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh, yet at the same time he is imbued with traits typical of a Jat. There are two sides to the Jat’s known traits. One has a positive effect in the sense that it saves him from feeling inferior; and the other side is negative. It makes him overbearing and arrogant which is a disease. A Jat’s negative traits can be suppressed only through the true spirit of Sikhism.[25]

Army recruits

Major A.E Barstow comments, that due to their diet and their fondness for wrestling and weightlifting, they possessed good physical attributes for soldiery. According to R. W. Falcon, Jat Sikhs (alongside other Sikhs) were seen as a good source for recruitment.[26] According to Captain A. H. Bingley they were particularly loyal soldiers.[27]

The Jat Sikh community has constituted an important source of recruits for the Indian Army.[28] Many serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery.[29]

Agriculture

 
19th century painting of Punjabi farmers irrigating fields

In Punjab (India), Jat Sikhs are associated with agricultural pursuits[30][31] and land ownership. They own more than 80%,[8] and possibly as much as 95%[32] of available agricultural land in Punjab. They often reside in the rural areas, and are economically influential in the state.[8]

Clans

 
'Map of Sikh Districts, Showing the Distribution of Jat Sikh Tribes, With Various Other Tribes and Castes' (1896) by Robert Worgan Falcon

Jat Sikhs have various clans, known as a got (clan or sub-caste; gotra in Hindi), which come under a particular zaat (tribe or caste; jati in Hindi), in Punjabi.[33][34][35][36] These clans generally claim descent from a common male ancestor,[34] are usually exogamous (with some exceptions)[note 1],[37] and historically entire villages, and even clusters of villages, were often inhabited by entirely by a single clan.[33] The purpose for this was to provide protection for members of a clan by watching over each-other and uniting as a common group against any potential adversary.[33] Another reason is that members of a clan socially preferred their neighbours to also be from the same background as them.[33] Some Jat Sikh clans overlap with Hindu and Muslim Jat clans and clans may also be shared with other caste groups, such as Rajputs.[38][39][40][41] Clans can be further subdivided by muhin (sub-clan or locality) and patti (street).[42]

List of common Jat Sikh clans

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Grewal clan is noted for marrying amongst themselves.

References

  1. ^ Schreffler, Gibb (2021). Dhol : drummers, identities, and modern Punjab. Urbana. ISBN 9780252053016. Whereas "Punjabi" functions as a cultural identity based on region, the degree to which it corresponds to an identity based on ethnicity is a question that this book explores through focus on the lives of peoples of Punjab origin who are pushed to the margins. The question is aggravated most prominently by a tendency to privilege a particular ethnic group, the Jatt, as the group most synonymous with Punjabi identity. The Jatt were a pastoral tribal people with origins in Central Asia who settled in Punjab and whose lifestyle, by the sixteenth century, had transformed into an agricultural one (Habib 2005, 66-68). As one of the well-established ethnicities of the region, they have greatly influenced cultural values. As a result especially of their role as landowners in a region where agriculture has been of great economic importance, Jatts, who also are the largest ethnic group, have become representative of Punjabi culture. It is telling that, in the seventeenth century, the language of the Sikh Gurus was described by a Persian-language author as "the language of the Jats of Punjab" (Grewal 2004a, 11)-even though the Gurus themselves were not Jatts. Further, when one combines ethnic and religious identity, one finds Jatt Sikhs occupy a perceived center, in international and mainstream Punjabi discourse, of the (India-based) Punjabi identity. Anthropologist Nicola Mooney has explored the intersection of both normative Jatt and Sikh identities, theorizing that Jatt Sikhs often participate in a "rural imaginary," a framework in which they imagine themselves as "central arbiter of [Punjab's] predominantly village-based culture" (2013, 279). It is not that Jatt Sikhs believe they are the only people with a claim to Punjabi identity. Rather, Jatt Sikh claims to Punjabi identity are unimpeachable, and they appear to be the group that most consistently and most exclusively identifies with Punjab.
  2. ^ Nicola Mooney (1995). "The Yeoman Jats of Punjab: Time, Expertise and the Colonial Construction of Jat Sikh Identity". Anthropologica. Anthropologica, vol. 55, no. 2, 2013, pp. 277–290. 55 (2): 277–290. JSTOR 24467328.
  3. ^ "The Jats in Punjab comprise only 21 per cent population of the total 60 per cent Sikhs, yet they have been ruling and dominating politics in Punjab for decades". India Today. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  4. ^ Pandher, Sarabjit (24 December 2013). . The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  5. ^ "Congress for OBC quota to Jat Sikhs". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  6. ^ Martha Crenshaw (1995). Terrorism in context. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01015-1.
  7. ^ a b E. Marty, Martin; R. Scott Appleby (1991). "Chapter 10". Fundamentalisms observed. The University of Chicago Press. p. 623. ISBN 0-226-50878-1. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  8. ^ a b c Taylor, S., Singh, M., Booth, D. (2007) Migration, development and inequality: Eastern Punjabi transnationalism. School of Social Sciences and Law, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK; Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India.
  9. ^ Puri, H. K. (2003) The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community – A Historical Perspective. Economic & Political Weekly (28 June 2003); Dalits in Regional Context (2004).
  10. ^ Singh 1981, pp. 205–207.
  11. ^ a b Singh, Jagjit (1985). Perspectives on Sikh Studies (PDF). Guru Nanak Foundation.
  12. ^ a b c Mandair, Arvind-pal Singh (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed (illustrated ed.). London, U.K.: A&C Black. pp. 36–42. ISBN 9781441102317.: 42 
  13. ^ Singh, Jagjit (1981). The Sikh Revolution: A Perspective View. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. ISBN 9788170340416.
  14. ^ McLeod, W. H. Who is a Sikh?: the problem of Sikh identity. The Jats have long been distinguished by their martial traditions and by the custom of retaining their hair uncut. The influence of these traditions evidently operated prior to the formal inauguration of the Khalsa.
  15. ^ Singh 1981, pp. 190, 265.
  16. ^ a b Dhavan, Purnima (3 November 2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  17. ^ Dhavan, Purnima (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0199756551. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  18. ^ The transformation of Sikh society — Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
  19. ^ Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
  20. ^ Dhavan, Purnima (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780199756551.
  21. ^ "Sikhism (religion)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  22. ^ Anant, Santokh S. (1966). Cothran, Tilman C.; Grigsby, Lucy C.; Jarrett, Thomas D.; Bacote, Clarence A.; et al. (eds.). "Inter-Caste Differences in Personality Pattern as a Function of Socialization". Phylon. Clark Atlanta University. 27 (2): 147. doi:10.2307/273958. JSTOR 273958.
  23. ^ Anant, Santokh S. (1966). Cothran, Tilman C.; Grigsby, Lucy C.; Jarrett, Thomas D.; Bacote, Clarence A.; et al. (eds.). "Inter-Caste Differences in Personality Pattern as a Function of Socialization". Phylon. Clark Atlanta University. 27 (2): 146. doi:10.2307/273958. JSTOR 273958.
  24. ^ Khanna, Sunil K. (2004). "Jatt". In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 777. ISBN 978-0306477546. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  25. ^ . Worldsikhnews.com. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
  26. ^ Falcon, R.W. (Captain, 4th Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force), Handbook on Sikhs: for the use of Regimental Officers, Printed at the Pioneer Press, Allahabad, India, 1896, pp. 64–65.
  27. ^ Bingley, A.H. (Captain, 7th-Duke of Connaught's own Bengal Infantry, Handbook for the Indian Army: Sikhs, Compiled under the orders of the Government of India, Printed at the Government Central Printing Office, Simla, India, 1899, pp. 90–91, 11, 92.
  28. ^ Tan Tai Yong (2005). The Garrison State: The Military, Government, and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947. SAGE Publications. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-7619-3336-6. OCLC 57043090.
  29. ^ Ian Sumner (2001). The Indian Army 1914–1947. London: Osprey. pp. 104–105. ISBN 1-84176-196-6.
  30. ^ Leaf, Murray J. (1972). "8". Information and behavior in a Sikh village: social organization reconsidered. University of California. pp. 219. ISBN 0-520-02115-0. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  31. ^ Singh, Jasbir; SS Dhillon (2006). "4". Agricultural geography (3rd ed.). Tata Mcgraw-Hill. p. 176. ISBN 0-07-053228-1. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  32. ^ Ratan Saldi (6 June 2009). "Caste System Among Sikhs In Punjab". Asian Tribune.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Challenging the rule(s) of law : colonialism, criminology and human rights in India. Kalpana Kannabirān, Ranbir Singh. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. 2008. p. 332. ISBN 978-81-321-0027-0. OCLC 501176322.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  34. ^ a b Bedi, Sohinder Singh Wanjara (1971). Folklore of the Punjab. Folklore of India series. Vol. 1. National Book Trust, India. p. 7.
  35. ^ Sekhon, Iqbal S. (2000). The Punjabis : the people, their history, culture and enterprise. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 9. ISBN 81-7755-052-7. OCLC 50420543.
  36. ^ KESSINGER, TOM G. (2022). VILYATPUR 1848-1968 : social and economic change in a north indian village. [S.l.]: UNIV OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-520-36696-1. OCLC 1337855297. 2. I will use tribe and caste interchangeably for the Punjabi term zat (Hindi jati) because this usage is common in the literature on the Punjab, particularly with reference to the landed groups. Similarly I will translate the Punjabi got (Hindi gotra) as both clan and sub-caste. Many authorities consider the got among the landed zat in Punjab to be fundamentally different from the gotra of the Brahmins. See Denzil Ibbetson, Punjab Castes (Lahore: Superintendent Government Printing, Punjab, 1916), pp. 20-22. While the two may differ in origin, they are identical in their place in the marriage system.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. (2023). "Chapter 4 Patterns of allegiance I". ROBBER NOBLEMEN a study of the political system of the sikh jats. [S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. ISBN 978-1-000-85849-5. OCLC 1367232807.
  38. ^ a b Himachal Pradesh. People of India: States series. Vol. 24. K. S. Singh, B. R. Sharma, A. R. Sankhyan. Anthropological Survey of India. 1996. p. 88.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  39. ^ a b c d e Brard, Gurnam S. S. (2007). East of Indus : my memories of old Punjab. New Delhi: Hemkunt Publishers. p. 264. ISBN 978-81-7010-360-8. OCLC 174134280. Family names, originally called gotra, or just gote in Punjabi, were not normally used in the village, as most landowners in our village had the same family name anyway. But in other places people added the family names for better identification. Everyone's gotra name was known to others because it indicated your lineage, and it generally determined your caste and excluded you from marrying someone from the same family. Literate people referred to family names as zaat (race, kind) or sub-caste; and in Punjab a family name could indicate your religion, caste, occupation, place of origin and possibly your social status. For example in Punjab, a Gaur, Kaushal or Sharma is a Brahman; a Sodhi or Khanna is a Kshatri; an Aggarwal, Goel or Gupta is a shopkeeper caste; while the family names Sidhu, Sandhu, Dhillon, Gill, Brard, Birk, Maan, Bhullar, Garewal, Dhaliwal, Deol, Aulakh, Chahal, Mahal, Cheema, or Randhawa, are Jat Sikhs. As a result of conversions in the past, some Muslim Jats with similar family names can be found in the Pakistan part of Punjab. Some educated people, especially writers and poets, gave themselves new last names (tukhallus) to indicate their town of origin, personalities or ideals rather than indicating their family or caste.
  40. ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. W. H. McLeod (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1. OCLC 881607325. CASTE. Sikhs explicitly reject caste in terms of status or privilege. Nanak denounced it, subsequent Gurus reinforced his message, and ritual observance confirms it. In gurdwaras all sit together, the only distinction being between men and women. All receive the same karah prasad and eat in the same langar, sitting in straight lines to do so. At Khalsa initiation all initiates must drink the same amrit. Caste is, however, retained within the Panth as a social order. The Gurus, who were all Khatris, married their children within the same caste. This convention has survived largely intact, and consequently virtually every Indian Sikh belongs to a particular caste (Hindi: jati; Punjabi: zat). Each zat is divided into a number of subcastes (Hindi: gotra, Punjabi: got), and Sikhs (like most other Indians) are endogamous by zat and exogamous by got. In terms of zat, an absolute majority are Jats. Other important castes with both Hindu and Sikh sections are the Khatri and Arora. Distinctive Sikh castes are the Ramgarhia, Ahluvalia, Mazhabi, and Ramdasia.
  41. ^ Cole, W. Owen (1997). A popular dictionary of Sikhism. Piara Singh Sambhi. Lincolnwood, Ill.: NTC Pub. Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-203-98609-7. OCLC 648154652.
  42. ^ Shackle, Christopher (1984). The Sikhs. Issue 65 of Report (Minority Rights Group). Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 149.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Journal of Regional History. Vol. 2. Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University. 1981. p. 29.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Singh, Kumar Suresh (1996). "Appendix B". Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. People of India: National series. Vol. 8 (Illustrated ed.). Delhi: Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 1355–1357. ISBN 0-19-563357-1. OCLC 35662663.
  45. ^ Hanks, Patrick (2003). Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780199771691. 9. Indian (Panjab): Sikh name, probably from Panjabi gil 'moisture', also meaning 'prosperity'. There is a Jat tribe that bears this name; the Ramgarhia Sikhs also have a clan called Gill.
  46. ^ Multiple sources:
    Tribalism in India, p 160, by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, Edition: illustrated, Published by Vikas, 1978, Original from the University of Michigan
    Sociological Bulletin, p 97, by Indian Sociological Society, Published by Indian Sociological Society, 1952
    Indian Librarian edited by Sant Ram Bhatia, p 220, 1964. Item notes: v.19–21 1964–67, Original from the University of Michigan
    The Sikhs in History, p 92, by Sangat Singh, Edition: 2, Published by S. Singh, 1995, Original from the University of Michigan
    Some Aspects of State and Society Under Ranjit Singh, p 5 By Fauja Singh, Published by Master Publishers, 1981, Original from the University of Michigan
    Preminder Singh Sandhawalia (1999). Noblemen and Kinsmen History of a Sikh Family: History of a Sikh Family. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. ISBN 81-215-0914-9
    Jean-Marie Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
  47. ^ Bhagata, Siṅgha (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 241. Deep Singh Shahid, a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the pargana of Amritsar ...
  48. ^ Singh, Satyindra (1995). Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Kāhn Siṅgh, of Nābhā (3rd ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala, 2011. pp. 409-410. ISBN 9788173805301. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ...in a Dhillon Jatt family...
  49. ^ a b Dhavan, Purnima (3 November 2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  50. ^ Murray, Sandra Constance (1984). All in the Family: A Study of Family Life in a Jat-Sikh Village. University of California, San Diego. p. 162.
  51. ^ Kaur, Manpreet; Bhullar, S. K. "Life And Times Of Maharani Jind Kaur (1817 A.D.-1863 A.D.)" (PDF). Retrieved 23 November 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Further reading

  • Mooney, Nicola (2011). Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802092571. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  • Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. (1975). Robber noblemen: A study of the political system of the Sikh Jats (1st ed.). Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0710079992. Retrieved 30 April 2019.

May 17, 2023
sikh, also, known, more, conventional, endonym, jatt, sikh, ethnoreligious, group, group, people, sikh, religious, group, from, indian, subcontinent, they, dominant, communities, punjab, owing, their, large, land, holdings, ਖregions, with, significant, populat. Jat Sikh also known by the more conventional endonym Jatt Sikh are an ethnoreligious group and a sub group of the Jat people and the Sikh religious group from the Indian subcontinent They are one of the dominant communities in the Punjab owing to their large land holdings 2 Jat Sikhਜ ਟ ਸ ਖRegions with significant populationsIndiaLanguagesPunjabi and its dialects 1 Lahnda Hindustani Hindi Urdu ReligionSikhismRelated ethnic groupsJat peopleThey form an estimated 20 25 of the population of the Indian state of Punjab 3 4 5 They form at least half 6 7 of the Sikh population in Punjab with some sources estimating them to be about 60 7 8 to 66 9 of the Sikh population Contents 1 History 2 Influence of Sikhism on Jats 3 Army recruits 4 Agriculture 5 Clans 5 1 List of common Jat Sikh clans 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further readingHistory Guru Nanak left seated and in discussion with Ajita Randhawa right an early Jat disciple of Sikhism Mardana is in the foreground Painting from the B 40 Janamsakhi and was painted in 1733 by Alam Chand Raj Initially some Jats started to follow the teachings of Guru Nanak which did much to remove social barriers created by the savarṇa caste society 10 11 59 Jats were previously indifferent towards deep religious affairs 11 93 While followers important to Sikh tradition like Baba Buddha were among the earliest significant historical Sikh figures and significant numbers of conversions occurred as early as the time of Guru Angad 1504 1552 12 the first large scale conversions of Jats is commonly held to have begun during the time of Guru Arjan 1563 1606 12 13 265 While touring the countryside of eastern Punjab he founded several important towns like Tarn Taran Sahib Kartarpur and Hargobindpur which functioned as social and economic hubs and together with the community funded completion of the Darbar Sahib to house the Guru Granth Sahib and serve as a rallying point and center for Sikh activity established the beginnings of a self contained Sikh community which was especially swelled with the region s Jat peasantry 12 They formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the Mughal Empire from the 18th century onwards It has been postulated though inconclusively that the increased militarisation of the Sikh panth following the martyrdom of Guru Arjan beginning during the era of Guru Hargobind and continuing after and its large Jat presence may have reciprocally influenced each other 14 full citation needed 15 At least eight of the 12 Misls of the Sikh Confederacy were led by Jat Sikhs 16 who would form the vast majority of Sikh chiefs 17 According to censuses in gazetteers published during the colonial period in the early 20th century further waves of Jat conversions from Hinduism to Sikhism continued during the preceding decades 18 19 The relationship between the Hindu Muslim and Sikh communities of the Punjab region and between communities such as the Jats and the Rajputs has been ambiguous over many centuries The various groups often claim similar origins while asserting their distinctiveness 20 Influence of Sikhism on Jats Jut women amp Sikh priest of Jalundhur reading Grunth Guru Granth Sahib circa 1860 painting Over 60 of Sikhs belong to the Jat caste which is an agrarian agriculture caste 21 According to Santokh Singh Anant Jatts Rajputs and Thakurs are at the top of the caste hierarchy in most of the north Indian villages surpassing Brahmins 22 Assigning vaishya varṇa to Jatts he notes that they perform the dual duties of kshatriyas and vaishyas soldiering and agriculture in the Punjab region 23 24 Irfan Habib has argued that Sikhism did much to uplift the social status of Jat people who were previously regarded in the Punjab as being of shudra or vaishya status in the Hindu ritual ranking system Kishan Singh says A serious contradiction afflicts the Jat farmer of the Punjab He has unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh yet at the same time he is imbued with traits typical of a Jat There are two sides to the Jat s known traits One has a positive effect in the sense that it saves him from feeling inferior and the other side is negative It makes him overbearing and arrogant which is a disease A Jat s negative traits can be suppressed only through the true spirit of Sikhism 25 Army recruitsMajor A E Barstow comments that due to their diet and their fondness for wrestling and weightlifting they possessed good physical attributes for soldiery According to R W Falcon Jat Sikhs alongside other Sikhs were seen as a good source for recruitment 26 According to Captain A H Bingley they were particularly loyal soldiers 27 The Jat Sikh community has constituted an important source of recruits for the Indian Army 28 Many serve in the Indian Army including the Jat Regiment Sikh Regiment Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery 29 Agriculture 19th century painting of Punjabi farmers irrigating fields In Punjab India Jat Sikhs are associated with agricultural pursuits 30 31 and land ownership They own more than 80 8 and possibly as much as 95 32 of available agricultural land in Punjab They often reside in the rural areas and are economically influential in the state 8 Clans Map of Sikh Districts Showing the Distribution of Jat Sikh Tribes With Various Other Tribes and Castes 1896 by Robert Worgan FalconJat Sikhs have various clans known as a got clan or sub caste gotra in Hindi which come under a particular zaat tribe or caste jati in Hindi in Punjabi 33 34 35 36 These clans generally claim descent from a common male ancestor 34 are usually exogamous with some exceptions note 1 37 and historically entire villages and even clusters of villages were often inhabited by entirely by a single clan 33 The purpose for this was to provide protection for members of a clan by watching over each other and uniting as a common group against any potential adversary 33 Another reason is that members of a clan socially preferred their neighbours to also be from the same background as them 33 Some Jat Sikh clans overlap with Hindu and Muslim Jat clans and clans may also be shared with other caste groups such as Rajputs 38 39 40 41 Clans can be further subdivided by muhin sub clan or locality and patti street 42 List of common Jat Sikh clans Aulakh 43 44 Bains 43 44 Baiks 44 Bajwa 44 Bal 44 Bhalli 44 Bharai 38 44 Bhullar 39 44 Brar 39 44 Buttar 44 Chahal 37 44 Chatha 43 44 Cheema 43 44 Deol 39 Dhaliwal 44 Dhillon 37 44 Dhindsa 44 Dhingra 44 Gandhi 44 Gill 33 45 44 Grewal 33 44 Ghuman 44 Her 44 Kahlon 43 Kang 43 44 Karg 44 Kars 44 Khaira 43 Maan 37 43 44 Margat 44 Mahal 39 44 Mangat 44 Odi 44 Pannu 44 Pavun 44 Punia 44 Randhawa 43 44 Saharia 44 Sahi 44 Sandhu 37 44 Sara 43 44 Sarai 43 Sidhu 37 43 44 Sohal 44 Toor 44 Virk 43 44 Virla 44 Warraich 44 Notable peopleRanjit Singh the Jat Sikh 46 Emperor of the Sikh Empire Nawab Kapur Singh leader of Singhpuria Misl 16 Baba Deep Singh first head of Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal 47 Kahn Singh Nabha 48 Sikh scholar Heera Singh Sandhu founder of Nakai Misl 49 Sada Kaur chief of the Kanhaiya Misl 49 Datar Kaur queen consort of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 50 Jind Kaur regent of the Sikh Empire 51 See alsoJat people Khalsa MislNotes The Grewal clan is noted for marrying amongst themselves References Schreffler Gibb 2021 Dhol drummers identities and modern Punjab Urbana ISBN 9780252053016 Whereas Punjabi functions as a cultural identity based on region the degree to which it corresponds to an identity based on ethnicity is a question that this book explores through focus on the lives of peoples of Punjab origin who are pushed to the margins The question is aggravated most prominently by a tendency to privilege a particular ethnic group the Jatt as the group most synonymous with Punjabi identity The Jatt were a pastoral tribal people with origins in Central Asia who settled in Punjab and whose lifestyle by the sixteenth century had transformed into an agricultural one Habib 2005 66 68 As one of the well established ethnicities of the region they have greatly influenced cultural values As a result especially of their role as landowners in a region where agriculture has been of great economic importance Jatts who also are the largest ethnic group have become representative of Punjabi culture It is telling that in the seventeenth century the language of the Sikh Gurus was described by a Persian language author as the language of the Jats of Punjab Grewal 2004a 11 even though the Gurus themselves were not Jatts Further when one combines ethnic and religious identity one finds Jatt Sikhs occupy a perceived center in international and mainstream Punjabi discourse of the India based Punjabi identity Anthropologist Nicola Mooney has explored the intersection of both normative Jatt and Sikh identities theorizing that Jatt Sikhs often participate in a rural imaginary a framework in which they imagine themselves as central arbiter of Punjab s predominantly village based culture 2013 279 It is not that Jatt Sikhs believe they are the only people with a claim to Punjabi identity Rather Jatt Sikh claims to Punjabi identity are unimpeachable and they appear to be the group that most consistently and most exclusively identifies with Punjab Nicola Mooney 1995 The Yeoman Jats of Punjab Time Expertise and the Colonial Construction of Jat Sikh Identity Anthropologica Anthropologica vol 55 no 2 2013 pp 277 290 55 2 277 290 JSTOR 24467328 The Jats in Punjab comprise only 21 per cent population of the total 60 per cent Sikhs yet they have been ruling and dominating politics in Punjab for decades India Today 16 January 2012 Retrieved 27 February 2016 Pandher Sarabjit 24 December 2013 Parties in Punjab decry exclusion of Jat Sikhs from reservation The Hindu Archived from the original on 9 December 2020 Retrieved 18 December 2019 Congress for OBC quota to Jat Sikhs The Times of India Retrieved 18 December 2019 Martha Crenshaw 1995 Terrorism in context Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 978 0 271 01015 1 a b E Marty Martin R Scott Appleby 1991 Chapter 10 Fundamentalisms observed The University of Chicago Press p 623 ISBN 0 226 50878 1 Retrieved 2 April 2010 a b c Taylor S Singh M Booth D 2007 Migration development and inequality Eastern Punjabi transnationalism School of Social Sciences and Law University of Teesside Middlesbrough UK Department of Sociology Punjab University Chandigarh India Puri H K 2003 The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community A Historical Perspective Economic amp Political Weekly 28 June 2003 Dalits in Regional Context 2004 Singh 1981 pp 205 207 a b Singh Jagjit 1985 Perspectives on Sikh Studies PDF Guru Nanak Foundation a b c Mandair Arvind pal Singh 2013 Sikhism A Guide for the Perplexed illustrated ed London U K A amp C Black pp 36 42 ISBN 9781441102317 42 Singh Jagjit 1981 The Sikh Revolution A Perspective View New Delhi Bahri Publications ISBN 9788170340416 McLeod W H Who is a Sikh the problem of Sikh identity The Jats have long been distinguished by their martial traditions and by the custom of retaining their hair uncut The influence of these traditions evidently operated prior to the formal inauguration of the Khalsa Singh 1981 pp 190 265 a b Dhavan Purnima 3 November 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press USA p 60 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 Dhavan Purnima 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 1st ed Oxford University Press p 63 ISBN 978 0199756551 Retrieved 5 November 2018 The transformation of Sikh society Page 92 by Ethne K Marenco The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R N Singh Ph D Page 130 The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism Dhavan Purnima 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press p 134 ISBN 9780199756551 Sikhism religion Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Retrieved 25 November 2014 Anant Santokh S 1966 Cothran Tilman C Grigsby Lucy C Jarrett Thomas D Bacote Clarence A et al eds Inter Caste Differences in Personality Pattern as a Function of Socialization Phylon Clark Atlanta University 27 2 147 doi 10 2307 273958 JSTOR 273958 Anant Santokh S 1966 Cothran Tilman C Grigsby Lucy C Jarrett Thomas D Bacote Clarence A et al eds Inter Caste Differences in Personality Pattern as a Function of Socialization Phylon Clark Atlanta University 27 2 146 doi 10 2307 273958 JSTOR 273958 Khanna Sunil K 2004 Jatt In Ember Carol R Ember Melvin eds Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology Health and Illness in the World s Cultures Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers p 777 ISBN 978 0306477546 Retrieved 10 March 2020 WSN Op Ed The Malaise of Jat Consciousness Worldsikhnews com 13 August 2008 Archived from the original on 24 January 2010 Retrieved 10 August 2009 Falcon R W Captain 4th Sikh Infantry Punjab Frontier Force Handbook on Sikhs for the use of Regimental Officers Printed at the Pioneer Press Allahabad India 1896 pp 64 65 Bingley A H Captain 7th Duke of Connaught s own Bengal Infantry Handbook for the Indian Army Sikhs Compiled under the orders of the Government of India Printed at the Government Central Printing Office Simla India 1899 pp 90 91 11 92 Tan Tai Yong 2005 The Garrison State The Military Government and Society in Colonial Punjab 1849 1947 SAGE Publications p 187 ISBN 978 0 7619 3336 6 OCLC 57043090 Ian Sumner 2001 The Indian Army 1914 1947 London Osprey pp 104 105 ISBN 1 84176 196 6 Leaf Murray J 1972 8 Information and behavior in a Sikh village social organization reconsidered University of California pp 219 ISBN 0 520 02115 0 Retrieved 9 May 2010 Singh Jasbir SS Dhillon 2006 4 Agricultural geography 3rd ed Tata Mcgraw Hill p 176 ISBN 0 07 053228 1 Retrieved 9 May 2010 Ratan Saldi 6 June 2009 Caste System Among Sikhs In Punjab Asian Tribune a b c d e f Challenging the rule s of law colonialism criminology and human rights in India Kalpana Kannabiran Ranbir Singh Thousand Oaks Calif SAGE Publications 2008 p 332 ISBN 978 81 321 0027 0 OCLC 501176322 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b Bedi Sohinder Singh Wanjara 1971 Folklore of the Punjab Folklore of India series Vol 1 National Book Trust India p 7 Sekhon Iqbal S 2000 The Punjabis the people their history culture and enterprise New Delhi Cosmo Publications p 9 ISBN 81 7755 052 7 OCLC 50420543 KESSINGER TOM G 2022 VILYATPUR 1848 1968 social and economic change in a north indian village S l UNIV OF CALIFORNIA PRESS p 9 ISBN 978 0 520 36696 1 OCLC 1337855297 2 I will use tribe and caste interchangeably for the Punjabi term zat Hindi jati because this usage is common in the literature on the Punjab particularly with reference to the landed groups Similarly I will translate the Punjabi got Hindi gotra as both clan and sub caste Many authorities consider the got among the landed zat in Punjab to be fundamentally different from the gotra of the Brahmins See Denzil Ibbetson Punjab Castes Lahore Superintendent Government Printing Punjab 1916 pp 20 22 While the two may differ in origin they are identical in their place in the marriage system a b c d e f Pettigrew Joyce J M 2023 Chapter 4 Patterns of allegiance I ROBBER NOBLEMEN a study of the political system of the sikh jats S l ROUTLEDGE ISBN 978 1 000 85849 5 OCLC 1367232807 a b Himachal Pradesh People of India States series Vol 24 K S Singh B R Sharma A R Sankhyan Anthropological Survey of India 1996 p 88 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b c d e Brard Gurnam S S 2007 East of Indus my memories of old Punjab New Delhi Hemkunt Publishers p 264 ISBN 978 81 7010 360 8 OCLC 174134280 Family names originally called gotra or just gote in Punjabi were not normally used in the village as most landowners in our village had the same family name anyway But in other places people added the family names for better identification Everyone s gotra name was known to others because it indicated your lineage and it generally determined your caste and excluded you from marrying someone from the same family Literate people referred to family names as zaat race kind or sub caste and in Punjab a family name could indicate your religion caste occupation place of origin and possibly your social status For example in Punjab a Gaur Kaushal or Sharma is a Brahman a Sodhi or Khanna is a Kshatri an Aggarwal Goel or Gupta is a shopkeeper caste while the family names Sidhu Sandhu Dhillon Gill Brard Birk Maan Bhullar Garewal Dhaliwal Deol Aulakh Chahal Mahal Cheema or Randhawa are Jat Sikhs As a result of conversions in the past some Muslim Jats with similar family names can be found in the Pakistan part of Punjab Some educated people especially writers and poets gave themselves new last names tukhallus to indicate their town of origin personalities or ideals rather than indicating their family or caste Fenech Louis E 2014 Historical Dictionary of Sikhism W H McLeod 3rd ed Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers pp 77 78 ISBN 978 1 4422 3601 1 OCLC 881607325 CASTE Sikhs explicitly reject caste in terms of status or privilege Nanak denounced it subsequent Gurus reinforced his message and ritual observance confirms it In gurdwaras all sit together the only distinction being between men and women All receive the same karah prasad and eat in the same langar sitting in straight lines to do so At Khalsa initiation all initiates must drink the same amrit Caste is however retained within the Panth as a social order The Gurus who were all Khatris married their children within the same caste This convention has survived largely intact and consequently virtually every Indian Sikh belongs to a particular caste Hindi jati Punjabi zat Each zat is divided into a number of subcastes Hindi gotra Punjabi got and Sikhs like most other Indians are endogamous by zat and exogamous by got In terms of zat an absolute majority are Jats Other important castes with both Hindu and Sikh sections are the Khatri and Arora Distinctive Sikh castes are the Ramgarhia Ahluvalia Mazhabi and Ramdasia Cole W Owen 1997 A popular dictionary of Sikhism Piara Singh Sambhi Lincolnwood Ill NTC Pub Group p 59 ISBN 978 0 203 98609 7 OCLC 648154652 Shackle Christopher 1984 The Sikhs Issue 65 of Report Minority Rights Group Atlantic Publishers amp Distri p 149 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Journal of Regional History Vol 2 Department of History Guru Nanak Dev University 1981 p 29 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Singh Kumar Suresh 1996 Appendix B Communities Segments Synonyms Surnames and Titles People of India National series Vol 8 Illustrated ed Delhi Anthropological Survey of India pp 1355 1357 ISBN 0 19 563357 1 OCLC 35662663 Hanks Patrick 2003 Dictionary of American Family Names 3 Volume Set Oxford University Press p 43 ISBN 9780199771691 9 Indian Panjab Sikh name probably from Panjabi gil moisture also meaning prosperity There is a Jat tribe that bears this name the Ramgarhia Sikhs also have a clan called Gill Multiple sources Tribalism in India p 160 by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya Edition illustrated Published by Vikas 1978 Original from the University of MichiganSociological Bulletin p 97 by Indian Sociological Society Published by Indian Sociological Society 1952Indian Librarian edited by Sant Ram Bhatia p 220 1964 Item notes v 19 21 1964 67 Original from the University of MichiganThe Sikhs in History p 92 by Sangat Singh Edition 2 Published by S Singh 1995 Original from the University of MichiganSome Aspects of State and Society Under Ranjit Singh p 5 By Fauja Singh Published by Master Publishers 1981 Original from the University of MichiganPreminder Singh Sandhawalia 1999 Noblemen and Kinsmen History of a Sikh Family History of a Sikh Family Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers ISBN 81 215 0914 9Jean Marie Lafont Maharaja Ranjit Singh Lord of the Five Rivers Oxford Oxford University Press 2002 Bhagata Siṅgha 1993 A History of the Sikh Misals Publication Bureau Punjabi University p 241 Deep Singh Shahid a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the pargana of Amritsar Singh Satyindra 1995 Siṅgh Harbans ed Kahn Siṅgh of Nabha 3rd ed Patiala Punjab India Punjab University Patiala 2011 pp 409 410 ISBN 9788173805301 Retrieved 18 January 2020 in a Dhillon Jatt family a b Dhavan Purnima 3 November 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press USA p 61 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 Murray Sandra Constance 1984 All in the Family A Study of Family Life in a Jat Sikh Village University of California San Diego p 162 Kaur Manpreet Bhullar S K Life And Times Of Maharani Jind Kaur 1817 A D 1863 A D PDF Retrieved 23 November 2021 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Further readingMooney Nicola 2011 Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0802092571 Retrieved 1 April 2019 Pettigrew Joyce J M 1975 Robber noblemen A study of the political system of the Sikh Jats 1st ed Routledge amp Kegan Paul ISBN 978 0710079992 Retrieved 30 April 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jat Sikh amp oldid 1152145476, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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