"Doki Doki" redirects here. For other uses, see Doki doki.
The Japanese language has a large inventory of sound symbolic or mimetic words, known in linguistics as ideophones.[1][2] Such words are found in written as well as spoken Japanese.[3] Known popularly as onomatopoeia, these words are not just imitative of sounds but cover a much wider range of meanings;[1] indeed, many sound-symbolic words in Japanese are for things that don't make any noise originally, most clearly demonstrated by 'silently' (しーんと, shīnto), not to be confused with the religion Shintō.
An example of Japanese sound symbolism, 'Tah-dah!' (ジャーン!, Jān!)
The sound-symbolic words of Japanese can be classified into four main categories:[4][5]
Animate phonomime (擬声語, giseigo)
words that mimic sounds made by living things, like a dog's bark: (wan-wan)
Inanimate phonomime (擬音語, giongo)
words that mimic sounds made by inanimate objects, like wind blowing or rain falling.
Phenomime (擬態語, gitaigo)
words that depict states, conditions, or manners of the external world (non-auditory senses), such as "damp" or "stealthily".
Psychomime (擬情語, gijōgo)
words that depict psychological states or bodily feelings.
These divisions are not always drawn: sound-symbolism may be referred to generally as onomatopoeia (though strictly this refers to imitative sounds, phonomimes); phonomimes may not be distinguished as animate/inanimate, both being referred to as giseigo; and both phenomimes and psychomimes may be referred to as gitaigo.
In Japanese grammar, sound-symbolic words primarily function as adverbs, though they can also function as verbs (verbal adverbs) with the auxiliary verb suru (する, "do"), often in the continuous/progressive formshiteiru (している, "doing"), and as adjectives (participle) with the perfective form of this verb shita (した, "done"). Just like ideophones in many other languages, they are often introduced by a quotative complementizerto (と).[6] Most sound symbolic words can be applied to only a handful of verbs or adjectives. In the examples below, the classified verb or adjective is placed in square brackets.
* Note that unlike the other examples, doki doki is an onomatopoeic word that mimics the sound of two beats of a heart
Other types
In their Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui point out several other types of sound symbolism in Japanese, that relate phonemes and psychological states. For example, the nasal sound [n] gives a more personal and speaker-oriented impression than the velars[k] and [ɡ]; this contrast can be easily noticed in pairs of synonyms such as node (ので) and kara (から) which both mean because, but with the first being perceived as more subjective. This relationship can be correlated with phenomimes containing nasal and velar sounds: While phenomimes containing nasals give the feeling of tactuality and warmth, those containing velars tend to represent hardness, sharpness, and suddenness.
Similarly, i-type adjectives that contain the fricative [ɕ] in the group shi tend to represent human emotive states, such as in the words kanashii (悲しい, "sad"), sabishii (寂しい, "lonely"), ureshii (嬉しい, "happy"), and tanoshii (楽しい, "enjoyable"). This too is correlated with those phenomimes and psychomimes containing the same fricative sound, for example shitoshito to furu (しとしとと降る, "to rain / snow quietly") and shun to suru (しゅんとする, "to be dispirited").
The use of the gemination can create a more emphatic or emotive version of a word, as in the following pairs of words: pitari / pittari (ぴたり / ぴったり, "tightly"), yahari / yappari (やはり / やっぱり, "as expected"), hanashi / ppanashi (放し / っ放し, "leaving, having left [something] in a particular state"), and many others.
Akutsu, Satoru (1994). A Practical Guide to Mimetic Expressions Through Pictures. ALC Press, ISBN4-87234-322-0.
Hamano, Shoko (1998). The sound-symbolic system of Japanese. Tokyo: Kurosio.
Hasada, Rie (2001). "Meanings of Japanese sound-symbolic emotion words". In Harkins, Jean & Anna Wierzbicka (eds.) Emotions in Crosslinguistic Perspective (Cognitive Linguistics Research 17). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 217–253.
Kita, Sotaro. 1997. “Two-dimensional Semantic Analysis of Japanese Mimetics.” Linguistics 35: 379–415.
Nuckolls, Janis B. 2004. “To Be or to Be Not Ideophonically Impoverished.” In SALSA XI: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium About Language and Society — Austin, ed. Wai Fong Chiang, Elaine Chun, Laura Mahalingappa, and Siri Mehus, 131–142. Texas Linguistic Forum 47. Austin.
Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui, Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, The Japan Times, 1986. ISBN4-7890-0454-6.
Martin, Samuel E. (1964). "Speech labels in Japan and Korea", in Dell Hymes (ed.), Language in Culture and Society: A reader in linguistics and anthropology. New York: Harper and Row.
Ono, Shuuichi (ed.) (1989). A Practical Guide to Japanese-English Onomatopoeia and Mimesis. Tokyo: Hokuseidoo.
Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (esp p. 153vv).
Voeltz, F. K. Erhard, and Christa Kilian-Hatz, eds. 2001. Ideophones. Typological Studies in Language 44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
External links
Onomatopoeic Expressions - gitaigo and giongo 2016-12-15 at the Wayback Machine from Namiko Abe, About.com's guide to Japanese Language
Nihongoresources - onomatopoeia dictionary
The Jaded Network - SFX Sound Effects Translations Online Dictionary from TheJadedNetwork.Com
"'Tokyo Year Zero' Gets Under Readers' Skin" by Alan Cheuse, All Things Considered. A review of a novel that uses Japanese phonomime.
Japanese Sound effects in Manga and what they mean, originally from www.oop-ack.com ()
March 04, 2023
japanese, sound, symbolism, doki, doki, redirects, here, other, uses, doki, doki, japanese, language, large, inventory, sound, symbolic, mimetic, words, known, linguistics, ideophones, such, words, found, written, well, spoken, japanese, known, popularly, onom. Doki Doki redirects here For other uses see Doki doki The Japanese language has a large inventory of sound symbolic or mimetic words known in linguistics as ideophones 1 2 Such words are found in written as well as spoken Japanese 3 Known popularly as onomatopoeia these words are not just imitative of sounds but cover a much wider range of meanings 1 indeed many sound symbolic words in Japanese are for things that don t make any noise originally most clearly demonstrated by silently しーんと shinto not to be confused with the religion Shintō An example of Japanese sound symbolism Tah dah ジャーン Jan Contents 1 Categories 2 Other types 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External linksCategories EditThe sound symbolic words of Japanese can be classified into four main categories 4 5 Animate phonomime 擬声語 giseigo words that mimic sounds made by living things like a dog s bark wan wan Inanimate phonomime 擬音語 giongo words that mimic sounds made by inanimate objects like wind blowing or rain falling Phenomime 擬態語 gitaigo words that depict states conditions or manners of the external world non auditory senses such as damp or stealthily Psychomime 擬情語 gijōgo words that depict psychological states or bodily feelings These divisions are not always drawn sound symbolism may be referred to generally as onomatopoeia though strictly this refers to imitative sounds phonomimes phonomimes may not be distinguished as animate inanimate both being referred to as giseigo and both phenomimes and psychomimes may be referred to as gitaigo In Japanese grammar sound symbolic words primarily function as adverbs though they can also function as verbs verbal adverbs with the auxiliary verb suru する do often in the continuous progressive form shiteiru している doing and as adjectives participle with the perfective form of this verb shita した done Just like ideophones in many other languages they are often introduced by a quotative complementizer to と 6 Most sound symbolic words can be applied to only a handful of verbs or adjectives In the examples below the classified verb or adjective is placed in square brackets Some examples Sound Symbolism Meaningjirojiro to miru じろじろ と 見る see intently stare kirakira to hikaru きらきら と 光る shine sparklinglygiragira to hikaru ぎらぎら と 光る shine dazzlinglydoki doki suru どきどき する with a throbbing heart guzu guzu suru ぐずぐず する procrastinating or dawdling suru not optional shiin to suru しいんと する be lit do quiet suru not optional pinpin shite iru ぴんぴん している be lit do lively shite iru not optional よぼよぼに なる a yoboyobo ni naru become wobbly legged from age Note that unlike the other examples doki doki is an onomatopoeic word that mimics the sound of two beats of a heartOther types EditIn their Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui point out several other types of sound symbolism in Japanese that relate phonemes and psychological states For example the nasal sound n gives a more personal and speaker oriented impression than the velars k and ɡ this contrast can be easily noticed in pairs of synonyms such as node ので and kara から which both mean because but with the first being perceived as more subjective This relationship can be correlated with phenomimes containing nasal and velar sounds While phenomimes containing nasals give the feeling of tactuality and warmth those containing velars tend to represent hardness sharpness and suddenness Similarly i type adjectives that contain the fricative ɕ in the group shi tend to represent human emotive states such as in the words kanashii 悲しい sad sabishii 寂しい lonely ureshii 嬉しい happy and tanoshii 楽しい enjoyable This too is correlated with those phenomimes and psychomimes containing the same fricative sound for example shitoshito to furu しとしとと降る to rain snow quietly and shun to suru しゅんとする to be dispirited The use of the gemination can create a more emphatic or emotive version of a word as in the following pairs of words pitari pittari ぴたり ぴったり tightly yahari yappari やはり やっぱり as expected hanashi ppanashi 放し っ放し leaving having left something in a particular state and many others See also EditIdeophone Kuchi shōga system for pronouncing drum sounds Sound symbolism Chinese exclamative particlesNotes Edit ni に instead of to と is used for naru なる become Further reading EditDe Lange William 2019 A Dictionary of Japanese Onomatopoeia TOYO Press ISBN 978 94 92722 164References Edit a b Hamano 1998 sfn error no target CITEREFHamano1998 help Voeltz amp Kilian Hatz 2001 sfn error no target CITEREFVoeltzKilian Hatz2001 help Nuckolls 2004 sfn error no target CITEREFNuckolls2004 help Shibatani 1990 7 3 Onomatopoeia esp pp p 153 154 sfn error no target CITEREFShibatani1990 help Akita 2009 sfn error no target CITEREFAkita2009 help Kita 1997 p 384 sfn error no target CITEREFKita1997 help Akita Kimi 2009 A Grammar of Sound Symbolic Words in Japanese Theoretical Approaches to Iconic and Lexical Properties of Japanese Mimetics PhD dissertation Kobe University http www lib kobe u ac jp repository thesis d1 D1004724 pdf Archived 2019 08 30 at the Wayback Machine Akutsu Satoru 1994 A Practical Guide to Mimetic Expressions Through Pictures ALC Press ISBN 4 87234 322 0 Hamano Shoko 1998 The sound symbolic system of Japanese Tokyo Kurosio Hasada Rie 2001 Meanings of Japanese sound symbolic emotion words In Harkins Jean amp Anna Wierzbicka eds Emotions in Crosslinguistic Perspective Cognitive Linguistics Research 17 Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter pp 217 253 Kita Sotaro 1997 Two dimensional Semantic Analysis of Japanese Mimetics Linguistics 35 379 415 Nuckolls Janis B 2004 To Be or to Be Not Ideophonically Impoverished In SALSA XI Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium About Language and Society Austin ed Wai Fong Chiang Elaine Chun Laura Mahalingappa and Siri Mehus 131 142 Texas Linguistic Forum 47 Austin Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar The Japan Times 1986 ISBN 4 7890 0454 6 Martin Samuel E 1964 Speech labels in Japan and Korea in Dell Hymes ed Language in Culture and Society A reader in linguistics and anthropology New York Harper and Row Ono Shuuichi ed 1989 A Practical Guide to Japanese English Onomatopoeia and Mimesis Tokyo Hokuseidoo Shibatani Masayoshi 1990 The Languages of Japan Cambridge Cambridge University Press esp p 153vv Voeltz F K Erhard and Christa Kilian Hatz eds 2001 Ideophones Typological Studies in Language 44 Amsterdam John Benjamins External links EditOnomatopoeic Expressions gitaigo and giongo Archived 2016 12 15 at the Wayback Machine from Namiko Abe About com s guide to Japanese Language Nihongoresources onomatopoeia dictionary The Jaded Network SFX Sound Effects Translations Online Dictionary from TheJadedNetwork Com Tokyo Year Zero Gets Under Readers Skin by Alan Cheuse All Things Considered A review of a novel that uses Japanese phonomime Japanese Sound effects in Manga and what they mean originally from www oop ack com archived copy of the original Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Japanese sound symbolism amp oldid 1142334116, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
