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James P. Gordon

March 11, 2023

James Power Gordon (March 20, 1928 – June 21, 2013) was an American physicist known for his work in the fields of optics and quantum electronics. His contributions include the design, analysis and construction of the first maser in 1954 as a doctoral student at Columbia University under the supervision of C. H. Townes, development of the quantal equivalent of Shannon's information capacity formula in 1962, development of the theory for the diffusion of atoms in an optical trap (together with A. Ashkin) in 1980, and the discovery of what is now known as the Gordon-Haus effect in soliton transmission, together with H. A. Haus in 1986. Gordon was a member of the National Academy of Engineering (since 1985) and the National Academy of Sciences (since 1988).

James P. Gordon
James P. Gordon (1928–2013)
Born(1928-03-20)March 20, 1928
New York City, New York
DiedJune 21, 2013(2013-06-21) (aged 85)
Manhattan, New York, New York
NationalityAmerican
Alma materColumbia University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsBell Labs
Doctoral advisorCharles Hard Townes

Biography and personal life

J. P. Gordon was born in Brooklyn, New York, on March 20, 1928, and was raised in Forest Hills, Queens and Scarsdale, New York.[1] His father, Robert S. Gordon was a lawyer and worked as VP and General Counsel for National Dairy, now Kraftco. Gordon attended Scarsdale High School and Phillips Exeter Academy (Class of 1945). In 1949, he received a bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and joined the physics department of Columbia University as a graduate student. He received his Masters and PhD degrees in physics in 1951 and 1955, respectively. In the framework of his doctoral research he designed, built and demonstrated the successful operation of the first maser together with Herbert J. Zeiger and with his doctoral advisor Charles H. Townes. The invention of the maser won the Nobel Prize in Physics, which C.H. Townes shared in 1964 with the Russian scientists N. Bassov and A. Prokhorov. Starting in 1955 and until his retirement in 1996, Gordon worked as a scientist at AT&T Bell-Laboratories, where in the period between 1958 and 1980 he headed the Quantum Electronics Research Department, located initially in Murray Hill and later in Holmdel Township, both in the state of New Jersey. In 1962–1963, he spent one year as a visiting professor at the University of California, San Diego.

In 1960, he married Susanna Bland Waldner, a former Bell-Labs computer programmer. The couple had three children: James Jr., Susanna, and Sara. A resident of Rumson, New Jersey, he died aged 85 on June 21, 2013, at a hospital in New York City due to cancer.[1][2]

In addition to his scientific career, Gordon played platform tennis, having won the U.S. National Championship for men's doubles in 1959, and mixed doubles in 1961 and 1962.[3][4]

Gordon's brother, Robert S. Gordon Jr. (1926–1984) set up a Cholera Clinic in East Pakistan, where he made seminal contributions to the study of this disease. The Gordon Lecture in Epidemiology is a yearly award in his honor, granted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[5]

Scientific activity

Lasers and resonators

 
Picture of James P. Gordon with Charles H. Townes behind maser components, at the exhibit in National Museum of American History, Washington, DC, USA.

During his doctoral training period with C.H. Townes at Columbia University, Gordon worked on the design, analysis and construction of the maser.[6] This work produced the first prototype of what later evolved into the laser (originally called "optical maser") and became one of the most important workhorses in 20th-century technology.[7] Gordon's later contribution to lasers included the analysis of the confocal, or curved mirror laser resonator. He joined with G. Boyd, to introduce the concept of Hermite-Gaussian modes into resonator study,[8] influencing all subsequent research conducted on laser resonators. In his work with R.L. Fork and O.E. Martinez in 1994, a mechanism for generating tunable negative dispersion using pairs of prisms was proposed. This invention was instrumental in achieving ultra-short laser pulses, critical in many applications using laser technology.[9]

Quantum information

In 1962, Gordon studied the implications of quantum mechanics on Shannon's information capacity.[10] He pointed out the main effects of quantization and conjectured the quantum equivalent of Shannon's formula for the information capacity of a channel.[11] Gordon's conjecture, later proven by Alexander Holevo and known as Holevo's theorem, became one of the central results in the modern field of quantum information theory.[12] In his work with W.H. Louisell published in 1966, Gordon addressed the problem of measurement in quantum physics, focusing in particular on the simultaneous measurement of noncommuting observables.[13] The concept of "measurement operator," which was introduced in that work was an early version of what is currently referred to as positive-operator valued measure (POVM) in the context of quantum measurement theory. After his retirement, Gordon re-engaged with the topic of quantum information and his last paper on the subject, titled "Communication and Measurement", was published on arxiv one year after his death.[14]

Atom diffusion

Having joined Arthur Ashkin's efforts of manipulating microparticles with laser beams, Gordon wrote the first theory describing radiation forces and momenta in dielectric media.[15] Later, jointly with Ashkin, he modeled the motion of atoms in a radiation trap.[16] This work together with Ashkin's experiments, was the basis for what later developed into the fields of atom trapping and optical tweezers.

Solitons and optical communications

Much of Gordon's later career focused on the study of soliton transmission in optical fibers. He reported the first experimental observation of solitons in optical fibers in a paper co-authored with R.H. Stolen and L.F. Mollenauer.[17] In a seminal 1986 paper, Gordon explained and formulated the theory of the soliton self-frequency shift that had been observed prior to that in experiments.[18] In the same year, together with Prof. H. A. Haus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he predicted and quantified the timing-jitter effect resulting from the coupling between solitons and optical amplification noise in amplified optical systems.[19] This effect was shown to be one of the most fundamental factors in determining the performance of soliton systems and it is now broadly recognized as the Gordon-Haus effect.[20] In 1990, Gordon and Mollenauer predicted and analyzed the enhancement of phase-noise as a result of the optical nonlinearity of fibers.[21] This phenomenon, often referred to as the Gordon-Mollenauer effect, was a key factor in preventing the use of solitons in coherent optical communications.

Gordon's most recent major contribution to the field of fiber-optic communications was in the mathematical formulation of the phenomenon of polarization mode dispersion (PMD), which constitutes one of the most important factors in determining the performance of fiber-optic systems. His paper, coauthored with H. Kogelnik, appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and the formulation presented therein became standard in many of the subsequent texts dealing with polarization phenomena in optical fibers.[22]

Societies and honors

References

  1. ^ a b Martin, Douglas. "James Gordon Dies at 85; Work Paved Way for Laser", The New York Times, July 27, 2013. Accessed July 29, 2013.
  2. ^ "James P. Gordon, noted physicist, dead at 85". APP. Jun 26, 2013.
  3. ^ List of Men's Doubles National Champions in Platform Tennis
  4. ^ List of Mixed Doubles National Champions in Platform Tennis
  5. ^ Gordon Lecture in Epidemiology
  6. ^ Gordon, J. P.; Zeiger, H. J.; Townes, C. H. (1955-08-15). "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer". Physical Review. American Physical Society (APS). 99 (4): 1264–1274. Bibcode:1955PhRv...99.1264G. doi:10.1103/physrev.99.1264. ISSN 0031-899X.
  7. ^ Gordon, James P. (2010-05-01). "Reflections on the First Maser". Optics and Photonics News. The Optical Society. 21 (5): 34–41. doi:10.1364/opn.21.5.000034. ISSN 1047-6938.
  8. ^ Boyd, G. D.; Gordon, J. P. (1961). "Confocal Multimode Resonator for Millimeter Through Optical Wavelength Masers". Bell System Technical Journal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 40 (2): 489–508. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1961.tb01626.x. ISSN 0005-8580.
  9. ^ Brabec, Thomas; Krausz, Ferenc (2000-04-01). "Intense few-cycle laser fields: Frontiers of nonlinear optics". Reviews of Modern Physics. American Physical Society (APS). 72 (2): 545–591. Bibcode:2000RvMP...72..545B. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.72.545. ISSN 0034-6861.
  10. ^ Gordon, J. (1962). "Quantum Effects in Communications Systems". Proceedings of the IRE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 50 (9): 1898–1908. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1962.288169. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51631629.
  11. ^ Gordon, J.P.; Miles, P.A. (1964). Quantum electronics and coherent light. Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, Course XXXI. New York: Academic press. pp. 156–181. OCLC 500770.
  12. ^ Holevo, A.S. (1998). "The capacity of the quantum channel with general signal states". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 44 (1): 269–273. arXiv:quant-ph/9611023. doi:10.1109/18.651037. ISSN 0018-9448.
  13. ^ Simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables, J. P. Gordon and W. H. Louisell, in Physics of Quantum Electronics, P. L. Kelley, M. Lax, and P. E. Tannenwald, Eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966, pp. 833-840.
  14. ^ Communication and Measurement: J.P. Gordon, arXiv:1407.1326 [quant-ph] (2014).
  15. ^ Gordon, James P. (1973-07-01). "Radiation Forces and Momenta in Dielectric Media". Physical Review A. American Physical Society (APS). 8 (1): 14–21. Bibcode:1973PhRvA...8...14G. doi:10.1103/physreva.8.14. ISSN 0556-2791.
  16. ^ Gordon, J. P.; Ashkin, A. (1980-05-01). "Motion of atoms in a radiation trap". Physical Review A. American Physical Society (APS). 21 (5): 1606–1617. Bibcode:1980PhRvA..21.1606G. doi:10.1103/physreva.21.1606. ISSN 0556-2791.
  17. ^ Mollenauer, L. F.; Stolen, R. H.; Gordon, J. P. (1980-09-29). "Experimental Observation of Picosecond Pulse Narrowing and Solitons in Optical Fibers". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society (APS). 45 (13): 1095–1098. Bibcode:1980PhRvL..45.1095M. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.45.1095. ISSN 0031-9007.
  18. ^ Gordon, J. P. (1986-10-01). "Theory of the soliton self-frequency shift". Optics Letters. The Optical Society. 11 (10): 662–4. Bibcode:1986OptL...11..662G. doi:10.1364/ol.11.000662. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 19738721.
  19. ^ Gordon, J. P.; Haus, H. A. (1986-10-01). "Random walk of coherently amplified solitons in optical fiber transmission". Optics Letters. The Optical Society. 11 (10): 665–7. Bibcode:1986OptL...11..665G. doi:10.1364/ol.11.000665. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 19738722.
  20. ^ Agrawal, G.P. (1995). Nonlinear Fiber Optics (2nd ed.). New York: Academic press. ISBN 978-0123958211.
  21. ^ Gordon, J. P.; Mollenauer, L. F. (1990-12-01). "Phase noise in photonic communications systems using linear amplifiers". Optics Letters. The Optical Society. 15 (23): 1351–3. Bibcode:1990OptL...15.1351G. doi:10.1364/ol.15.001351. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 19771087.
  22. ^ Gordon, J. P.; Kogelnik, H. (2000-04-25). "PMD fundamentals: Polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (9): 4541–4550. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4541G. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4541. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 34323. PMID 10781059.
  23. ^ http://www.osa.org/Awards_and_Grants/Awards/Award_Description/charlestownes/
  24. ^ http://www.osa.org/Awards_and_Grants/Awards/Award_Description/maxborn/
  25. ^ "The 2001 Willis e. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics".
  26. ^ http://www.osa.org/Awards_and_Grants/Awards/Award_Description/ivesquinn/
  27. ^ http://www.osa.org/Membership/Member_Categories/Honorary/

External links

  • The development of lasers from the website of Science Clarified.
  • Nature photonics interview with A. Ashkin on the development of atom cooling and optical tweezers
  • Interview with C.H. Townes for the laser’s 50th birthday
  • The Gordon-Haus effect explained, Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
  • Scientists (including three Nobel prize laureates) talk at a symposium held in Gordon's memory

March 11, 2023
james, gordon, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, available, ass. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message James Power Gordon March 20 1928 June 21 2013 was an American physicist known for his work in the fields of optics and quantum electronics His contributions include the design analysis and construction of the first maser in 1954 as a doctoral student at Columbia University under the supervision of C H Townes development of the quantal equivalent of Shannon s information capacity formula in 1962 development of the theory for the diffusion of atoms in an optical trap together with A Ashkin in 1980 and the discovery of what is now known as the Gordon Haus effect in soliton transmission together with H A Haus in 1986 Gordon was a member of the National Academy of Engineering since 1985 and the National Academy of Sciences since 1988 James P GordonJames P Gordon 1928 2013 Born 1928 03 20 March 20 1928New York City New YorkDiedJune 21 2013 2013 06 21 aged 85 Manhattan New York New YorkNationalityAmericanAlma materColumbia UniversityMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsBell LabsDoctoral advisorCharles Hard Townes Contents 1 Biography and personal life 2 Scientific activity 2 1 Lasers and resonators 2 2 Quantum information 2 3 Atom diffusion 2 4 Solitons and optical communications 3 Societies and honors 4 References 5 External linksBiography and personal life EditJ P Gordon was born in Brooklyn New York on March 20 1928 and was raised in Forest Hills Queens and Scarsdale New York 1 His father Robert S Gordon was a lawyer and worked as VP and General Counsel for National Dairy now Kraftco Gordon attended Scarsdale High School and Phillips Exeter Academy Class of 1945 In 1949 he received a bachelor s degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT and joined the physics department of Columbia University as a graduate student He received his Masters and PhD degrees in physics in 1951 and 1955 respectively In the framework of his doctoral research he designed built and demonstrated the successful operation of the first maser together with Herbert J Zeiger and with his doctoral advisor Charles H Townes The invention of the maser won the Nobel Prize in Physics which C H Townes shared in 1964 with the Russian scientists N Bassov and A Prokhorov Starting in 1955 and until his retirement in 1996 Gordon worked as a scientist at AT amp T Bell Laboratories where in the period between 1958 and 1980 he headed the Quantum Electronics Research Department located initially in Murray Hill and later in Holmdel Township both in the state of New Jersey In 1962 1963 he spent one year as a visiting professor at the University of California San Diego In 1960 he married Susanna Bland Waldner a former Bell Labs computer programmer The couple had three children James Jr Susanna and Sara A resident of Rumson New Jersey he died aged 85 on June 21 2013 at a hospital in New York City due to cancer 1 2 In addition to his scientific career Gordon played platform tennis having won the U S National Championship for men s doubles in 1959 and mixed doubles in 1961 and 1962 3 4 Gordon s brother Robert S Gordon Jr 1926 1984 set up a Cholera Clinic in East Pakistan where he made seminal contributions to the study of this disease The Gordon Lecture in Epidemiology is a yearly award in his honor granted by the National Institutes of Health NIH 5 Scientific activity EditLasers and resonators Edit Picture of James P Gordon with Charles H Townes behind maser components at the exhibit in National Museum of American History Washington DC USA During his doctoral training period with C H Townes at Columbia University Gordon worked on the design analysis and construction of the maser 6 This work produced the first prototype of what later evolved into the laser originally called optical maser and became one of the most important workhorses in 20th century technology 7 Gordon s later contribution to lasers included the analysis of the confocal or curved mirror laser resonator He joined with G Boyd to introduce the concept of Hermite Gaussian modes into resonator study 8 influencing all subsequent research conducted on laser resonators In his work with R L Fork and O E Martinez in 1994 a mechanism for generating tunable negative dispersion using pairs of prisms was proposed This invention was instrumental in achieving ultra short laser pulses critical in many applications using laser technology 9 Quantum information Edit In 1962 Gordon studied the implications of quantum mechanics on Shannon s information capacity 10 He pointed out the main effects of quantization and conjectured the quantum equivalent of Shannon s formula for the information capacity of a channel 11 Gordon s conjecture later proven by Alexander Holevo and known as Holevo s theorem became one of the central results in the modern field of quantum information theory 12 In his work with W H Louisell published in 1966 Gordon addressed the problem of measurement in quantum physics focusing in particular on the simultaneous measurement of noncommuting observables 13 The concept of measurement operator which was introduced in that work was an early version of what is currently referred to as positive operator valued measure POVM in the context of quantum measurement theory After his retirement Gordon re engaged with the topic of quantum information and his last paper on the subject titled Communication and Measurement was published on arxiv one year after his death 14 Atom diffusion Edit Having joined Arthur Ashkin s efforts of manipulating microparticles with laser beams Gordon wrote the first theory describing radiation forces and momenta in dielectric media 15 Later jointly with Ashkin he modeled the motion of atoms in a radiation trap 16 This work together with Ashkin s experiments was the basis for what later developed into the fields of atom trapping and optical tweezers Solitons and optical communications Edit Much of Gordon s later career focused on the study of soliton transmission in optical fibers He reported the first experimental observation of solitons in optical fibers in a paper co authored with R H Stolen and L F Mollenauer 17 In a seminal 1986 paper Gordon explained and formulated the theory of the soliton self frequency shift that had been observed prior to that in experiments 18 In the same year together with Prof H A Haus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT he predicted and quantified the timing jitter effect resulting from the coupling between solitons and optical amplification noise in amplified optical systems 19 This effect was shown to be one of the most fundamental factors in determining the performance of soliton systems and it is now broadly recognized as the Gordon Haus effect 20 In 1990 Gordon and Mollenauer predicted and analyzed the enhancement of phase noise as a result of the optical nonlinearity of fibers 21 This phenomenon often referred to as the Gordon Mollenauer effect was a key factor in preventing the use of solitons in coherent optical communications Gordon s most recent major contribution to the field of fiber optic communications was in the mathematical formulation of the phenomenon of polarization mode dispersion PMD which constitutes one of the most important factors in determining the performance of fiber optic systems His paper coauthored with H Kogelnik appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and the formulation presented therein became standard in many of the subsequent texts dealing with polarization phenomena in optical fibers 22 Societies and honors EditFellow of the American Physical Society Fellow of the Optical Society of America OSA Life fellow of IEEE Charles Hard Townes Award OSA 1981 23 National Academy of Engineering member since 1985 National Academy of Sciences member since 1988 Max Born Award OSA 1991 24 Willis E Lamb Award for laser science and quantum optics 2001 25 Fredrick Ives Medal OSA 2002 26 Honorary Member of the Optical Society OSA 2011 27 References Edit a b Martin Douglas James Gordon Dies at 85 Work Paved Way for Laser The New York Times July 27 2013 Accessed July 29 2013 James P Gordon noted physicist dead at 85 APP Jun 26 2013 List of Men s Doubles National Champions in Platform Tennis List of Mixed Doubles National Champions in Platform Tennis Gordon Lecture in Epidemiology Gordon J P Zeiger H J Townes C H 1955 08 15 The Maser New Type of Microwave Amplifier Frequency Standard and Spectrometer Physical Review American Physical Society APS 99 4 1264 1274 Bibcode 1955PhRv 99 1264G doi 10 1103 physrev 99 1264 ISSN 0031 899X Gordon James P 2010 05 01 Reflections on the First Maser Optics and Photonics News The Optical Society 21 5 34 41 doi 10 1364 opn 21 5 000034 ISSN 1047 6938 Boyd G D Gordon J P 1961 Confocal Multimode Resonator for Millimeter Through Optical Wavelength Masers Bell System Technical Journal Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE 40 2 489 508 doi 10 1002 j 1538 7305 1961 tb01626 x ISSN 0005 8580 Brabec Thomas Krausz Ferenc 2000 04 01 Intense few cycle laser fields Frontiers of nonlinear optics Reviews of Modern Physics American Physical Society APS 72 2 545 591 Bibcode 2000RvMP 72 545B doi 10 1103 revmodphys 72 545 ISSN 0034 6861 Gordon J 1962 Quantum Effects in Communications Systems Proceedings of the IRE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE 50 9 1898 1908 doi 10 1109 jrproc 1962 288169 ISSN 0096 8390 S2CID 51631629 Gordon J P Miles P A 1964 Quantum electronics and coherent light Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi Course XXXI New York Academic press pp 156 181 OCLC 500770 Holevo A S 1998 The capacity of the quantum channel with general signal states IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 44 1 269 273 arXiv quant ph 9611023 doi 10 1109 18 651037 ISSN 0018 9448 Simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables J P Gordon and W H Louisell in Physics of Quantum Electronics P L Kelley M Lax and P E Tannenwald Eds New York McGraw Hill 1966 pp 833 840 Communication and Measurement J P Gordon arXiv 1407 1326 quant ph 2014 Gordon James P 1973 07 01 Radiation Forces and Momenta in Dielectric Media Physical Review A American Physical Society APS 8 1 14 21 Bibcode 1973PhRvA 8 14G doi 10 1103 physreva 8 14 ISSN 0556 2791 Gordon J P Ashkin A 1980 05 01 Motion of atoms in a radiation trap Physical Review A American Physical Society APS 21 5 1606 1617 Bibcode 1980PhRvA 21 1606G doi 10 1103 physreva 21 1606 ISSN 0556 2791 Mollenauer L F Stolen R H Gordon J P 1980 09 29 Experimental Observation of Picosecond Pulse Narrowing and Solitons in Optical Fibers Physical Review Letters American Physical Society APS 45 13 1095 1098 Bibcode 1980PhRvL 45 1095M doi 10 1103 physrevlett 45 1095 ISSN 0031 9007 Gordon J P 1986 10 01 Theory of the soliton self frequency shift Optics Letters The Optical Society 11 10 662 4 Bibcode 1986OptL 11 662G doi 10 1364 ol 11 000662 ISSN 0146 9592 PMID 19738721 Gordon J P Haus H A 1986 10 01 Random walk of coherently amplified solitons in optical fiber transmission Optics Letters The Optical Society 11 10 665 7 Bibcode 1986OptL 11 665G doi 10 1364 ol 11 000665 ISSN 0146 9592 PMID 19738722 Agrawal G P 1995 Nonlinear Fiber Optics 2nd ed New York Academic press ISBN 978 0123958211 Gordon J P Mollenauer L F 1990 12 01 Phase noise in photonic communications systems using linear amplifiers Optics Letters The Optical Society 15 23 1351 3 Bibcode 1990OptL 15 1351G doi 10 1364 ol 15 001351 ISSN 0146 9592 PMID 19771087 Gordon J P Kogelnik H 2000 04 25 PMD fundamentals Polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 9 4541 4550 Bibcode 2000PNAS 97 4541G doi 10 1073 pnas 97 9 4541 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 34323 PMID 10781059 http www osa org Awards and Grants Awards Award Description charlestownes http www osa org Awards and Grants Awards Award Description maxborn The 2001 Willis e Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics http www osa org Awards and Grants Awards Award Description ivesquinn http www osa org Membership Member Categories Honorary External links EditThe development of lasers from the website of Science Clarified Nature photonics interview with A Ashkin on the development of atom cooling and optical tweezers Interview with C H Townes for the laser s 50th birthday The Gordon Haus effect explained Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology Scientists including three Nobel prize laureates talk at a symposium held in Gordon s memory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title James P Gordon amp oldid 1137355402, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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