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Jain temple

January 01, 1970

"Basadi" and "Derasar" redirect here. For other uses, see Basadi, Iran (disambiguation) and Derasar, Rajasthan.

A Jain temple, Derasar (Gujarati: દેરાસર) or Basadi (Kannada: ಬಸದಿ) is the place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism.[1] Jain architecture is essentially restricted to temples and monasteries, and Jain buildings generally reflect the prevailing style of the place and time they were built.

Palitana temples in Gujarat

Jain temple architecture is generally close to Hindu temple architecture, and in ancient times Buddhist architecture. Normally the same builders and carvers worked for all religions, and regional and periodic styles are generally similar. For over 1,000 years, the basic layout of a Hindu or most Jain temples has consisted of a small garbhagriha or sanctuary for the main murti or idol, over which the high superstructure rises, then one or more larger mandapa halls.

Māru-Gurjara architecture or the "Solanki style", is a particular temple style from Gujarat and Rajasthan (both regions with a strong Jain presence) that originated in both Hindu and Jain temples around the year 1000, but became enduringly popular with Jain patrons. It has remained in use, in somewhat modified form, to the present day, indeed also becoming popular again for some Hindu temples in the 20th century. The style is seen in the groups of pilgrimage temples at Dilwara on Mount Abu, Taranga, Girnar, and Palitana.[2]

Terms edit

Derasar is a word used for a Jain temple in Gujarat and southern Rajasthan. Basadi is a Jain shrine or temple in Karnataka.[3] The word is generally used in South India. Its historical use in North India is preserved in the names of the Vimala Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples of Mount Abu. The Sanskrit word for vasahi is vasati, which implies an institution for residences of scholars attached to the shrine.[4]

Temples may be divided into Shikhar-baddha Jain temples, temple buildings dedicated to the public, normally with a high superstructure, (typically a north Indian shikhara tower above the shrine) and the Griha Chaityalaya (Ghar derasar) , a private Jain house shrine. A Jain temple which is known as a pilgrimage centre is often termed as Tirtha.

The main idol of a Jain temple is known as the mula nayak.[5] A Manastambha (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples. It has four 'Moortis' i.e. stone figures of the main god of that temple. One facing each direction: North, East, South and West.[6]

Architecture edit

See also: Architecture of India and Jain art
class=notpageimage|
Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Jainism
 
Jain Tirtha, Shravanabelagola, with the colossal Gommateshwara statue.

Jain temples are built with various architectural designs.[7] Some of the earliest examples of Jain architecture are of the Indian rock-cut architecture tradition, whereby structures are produced by carving material out of solid rock.[8] These traditions were initially shared with Buddhism, and by the end of the classical period, Hinduism. Jain temples and monasteries designed and constructed using rock-cut methods often share a site with those of the other religions, such as those at Udayagiri, Bava Pyara, Ellora, Aihole, Badami, Kalugumalai and Pataini temple. The Ellora Caves are a late site, which contains temples of all three religions, as the earlier Buddhist ones give way to later Hindu excavations.[7]

Despite the similarity between different religions, Jainism is often known for placing large figures of one or more of the 24 tirthankaras in the open air rather than inside a shrine.[7] These statues later began to increase in size, often in the form of standing nude figures in the kayotsarga meditation position (which is similar to standing at attention). The Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments, the Siddhachal Caves, and various single figures including the 12th-century Gommateshwara statue, the modern Statue of Vasupujya, and the Statue of Ahimsa, standing the tallest at 108 feet (33 meters) in height, all exemplify this similarity.[8]

In recent times, the use of murti images has become controversial within Jainism, and some smaller sects reject them entirely, while others are selective in terms of which figures they allow images of. In sects which largely disapprove of images, the religious buildings are used instead.

Following the regional styles in Hindu temples, Jain temples in North India generally use the north Indian nagara style, while those in South India use the dravida style, although the north Indian Māru-Gurjara style or Solanki style has made some inroads in the south over the 20th century or so. For example, the Mel Sithamur Jain Math in Tamil Nadu has a large gopuram tower, similar to those of local Hindu temples.

 
Temple interior, Dilwara

Characteristics of the original Māru-Gurjara style are "the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of mouldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and kīrttimukhas. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main shikhara tower usually has many urushringa (subsidiary spirelets) on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.[9]

Later, with Dilwara in the lead, surrounding the main temple with a curtain of devakulikā shrines, each with a small spire, became a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India, still employed in some modern temples. These are fairly plain on the outer walls, and often raised on a very high platform, so that the outside of larger temples can resemble a fortress with high walls.[10] However the entrance(s), often up high, wide steps, are not designed for actual defence, even though medieval Muslim armies and others destroyed many Jain temples in the past, often permanently.

Inside the temple, the Māru-Gurjara style features extremely lavish carving, especially on columns, large and intricately carved rosettes on the ceilings of mandapas, and a characteristic form of "flying arch" between columns, which has no structural role, and is purely decorative. Most early temples in the style are in various local shades of pink, buff or brown sandstone, but the Dilwara temples are in a very pure white marble which lightens the style and has become considered very desirable.

While, before British India, large Buddhist or Hindu temples (and indeed Muslim mosques) have very often been built with funds from a ruler, this was infrequently the case with Jain temples. Instead they were typically funded by wealthy Jain individuals or families. For this reason, and often the smaller numbers of Jains in the population, Jain temples tend to be at the small or middle end of the range of sizes, but at pilgrimage sites they may cluster in large groups - there are altogether several hundred at Palitana, tightly packed within several high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks".[11] Temple charitable trusts, such as the very large Anandji Kalyanji Trust, founded in the 17th century and now maintaining 1,200 temples, play a very important role in funding temple building and maintenance.

Etiquette edit

There are some guidelines to follow when one is visiting a Jain temple:[12]

  • Before entering the temple, one should bathe and wear freshly washed clothes or some special puja (worship) clothes – while wearing these one must neither have eaten anything nor visited the washroom. However, drinking of water is permitted.
  • One should not take any footwear (including socks) inside the temple. Leather items like a belt, purse etc. are not allowed inside the temple premises.
  • One should not be chewing any edibles (food, gum, mints, etc.), and no edibles should be stuck in the mouth.
  • One should try to keep as silent as possible inside the temple.
  • Mobile phones should not be used in the temple. One should keep them switched off.

Prevailing traditional customs should be followed regarding worshipping at the temple and touching an idol. They can vary depending on the region and the specific sect.

Gallery edit

India edit

Outside India edit

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jain temples.

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Babb, Lawrence A (1996). Absent lord: ascetics and kings in a Jain ritual culture. Published University of California Press. p. 66.
  2. ^ Hegewald
  3. ^ "Basadi". from the original on 13 November 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  4. ^ "Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – Glossary". from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  5. ^ Jaina Iconography, Volume 1 of Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana, Umakant Premanand Shah, Abhinav Publications, 1987, p. 149
  6. ^ . www.pluralism.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Jain temples in India and around the world, Laxmi Mall Singhvi, Tarun Chopra, Himalayan Books, 2002
  8. ^ a b Dokras, Uday (2021). The Complete compendium of Jain Temples Part I. p. 14.
  9. ^ Hegewald
  10. ^ Harle, 228
  11. ^ "Temple-cities"; see also Mitchell (1990) by sites
  12. ^ CultureShock! India: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette, Gitanjali Kolanad, Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd, 2008 p. 45
  13. ^ "The Oldest Temple in the Hemisphere? It's In Queens!". Queens Gazette. 21 May 2020. from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

Sources edit

  • Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176
  • Hegewald, Julia A. B. (2011). "The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora". Ars Orientalis. 45 (20210122). doi:10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005. ISSN 2328-1286.

January 01, 1970
jain, temple, basadi, derasar, redirect, here, other, uses, basadi, iran, disambiguation, derasar, rajasthan, derasar, gujarati, સર, basadi, kannada, ಬಸದ, place, worship, jains, followers, jainism, jain, architecture, essentially, restricted, temples, monaster. Basadi and Derasar redirect here For other uses see Basadi Iran disambiguation and Derasar Rajasthan A Jain temple Derasar Gujarati દ ર સર or Basadi Kannada ಬಸದ is the place of worship for Jains the followers of Jainism 1 Jain architecture is essentially restricted to temples and monasteries and Jain buildings generally reflect the prevailing style of the place and time they were built Palitana temples in Gujarat Jain temple architecture is generally close to Hindu temple architecture and in ancient times Buddhist architecture Normally the same builders and carvers worked for all religions and regional and periodic styles are generally similar For over 1 000 years the basic layout of a Hindu or most Jain temples has consisted of a small garbhagriha or sanctuary for the main murti or idol over which the high superstructure rises then one or more larger mandapa halls Maru Gurjara architecture or the Solanki style is a particular temple style from Gujarat and Rajasthan both regions with a strong Jain presence that originated in both Hindu and Jain temples around the year 1000 but became enduringly popular with Jain patrons It has remained in use in somewhat modified form to the present day indeed also becoming popular again for some Hindu temples in the 20th century The style is seen in the groups of pilgrimage temples at Dilwara on Mount Abu Taranga Girnar and Palitana 2 Contents 1 Terms 2 Architecture 3 Etiquette 4 Gallery 4 1 India 4 2 Outside India 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 SourcesTerms editDerasar is a word used for a Jain temple in Gujarat and southern Rajasthan Basadi is a Jain shrine or temple in Karnataka 3 The word is generally used in South India Its historical use in North India is preserved in the names of the Vimala Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples of Mount Abu The Sanskrit word for vasahi is vasati which implies an institution for residences of scholars attached to the shrine 4 Temples may be divided into Shikhar baddha Jain temples temple buildings dedicated to the public normally with a high superstructure typically a north Indian shikhara tower above the shrine and the Griha Chaityalaya Ghar derasar a private Jain house shrine A Jain temple which is known as a pilgrimage centre is often termed as Tirtha The main idol of a Jain temple is known as the mula nayak 5 A Manastambha column of honor is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples It has four Moortis i e stone figures of the main god of that temple One facing each direction North East South and West 6 Architecture editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message See also Architecture of India and Jain art nbsp nbsp Palitana nbsp Girnar nbsp Mount Abu nbsp Sonagiri nbsp Hastinapur nbsp Ayodhya nbsp Shikharji nbsp Kundalpur nbsp Pawapuri nbsp Bawangaja nbsp Ranakpur nbsp Khajuraho nbsp Varanasi nbsp Shravanabelagola nbsp Udayagiri nbsp Kumbhoj nbsp Osian nbsp Pattadakal nbsp Halebidu nbsp Ellora nbsp Guntur nbsp Kulpakji nbsp Mattancherry nbsp Tirumalai nbsp Pudukottai nbsp Madurai nbsp Chitharalclass notpageimage Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Jainism nbsp Jain Tirtha Shravanabelagola with the colossal Gommateshwara statue Jain temples are built with various architectural designs 7 Some of the earliest examples of Jain architecture are of the Indian rock cut architecture tradition whereby structures are produced by carving material out of solid rock 8 These traditions were initially shared with Buddhism and by the end of the classical period Hinduism Jain temples and monasteries designed and constructed using rock cut methods often share a site with those of the other religions such as those at Udayagiri Bava Pyara Ellora Aihole Badami Kalugumalai and Pataini temple The Ellora Caves are a late site which contains temples of all three religions as the earlier Buddhist ones give way to later Hindu excavations 7 Despite the similarity between different religions Jainism is often known for placing large figures of one or more of the 24 tirthankaras in the open air rather than inside a shrine 7 These statues later began to increase in size often in the form of standing nude figures in the kayotsarga meditation position which is similar to standing at attention The Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments the Siddhachal Caves and various single figures including the 12th century Gommateshwara statue the modern Statue of Vasupujya and the Statue of Ahimsa standing the tallest at 108 feet 33 meters in height all exemplify this similarity 8 In recent times the use of murti images has become controversial within Jainism and some smaller sects reject them entirely while others are selective in terms of which figures they allow images of In sects which largely disapprove of images the religious buildings are used instead Following the regional styles in Hindu temples Jain temples in North India generally use the north Indian nagara style while those in South India use the dravida style although the north Indian Maru Gurjara style or Solanki style has made some inroads in the south over the 20th century or so For example the Mel Sithamur Jain Math in Tamil Nadu has a large gopuram tower similar to those of local Hindu temples nbsp Temple interior Dilwara Characteristics of the original Maru Gurjara style are the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses accommodating sharply carved statues in niches These are normally positioned in superimposed registers above the lower bands of mouldings The latter display continuous lines of horse riders elephants and kirttimukhas Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned The main shikhara tower usually has many urushringa subsidiary spirelets on it and two smaller side entrances with porches are common in larger temples 9 Later with Dilwara in the lead surrounding the main temple with a curtain of devakulika shrines each with a small spire became a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India still employed in some modern temples These are fairly plain on the outer walls and often raised on a very high platform so that the outside of larger temples can resemble a fortress with high walls 10 However the entrance s often up high wide steps are not designed for actual defence even though medieval Muslim armies and others destroyed many Jain temples in the past often permanently Inside the temple the Maru Gurjara style features extremely lavish carving especially on columns large and intricately carved rosettes on the ceilings of mandapas and a characteristic form of flying arch between columns which has no structural role and is purely decorative Most early temples in the style are in various local shades of pink buff or brown sandstone but the Dilwara temples are in a very pure white marble which lightens the style and has become considered very desirable While before British India large Buddhist or Hindu temples and indeed Muslim mosques have very often been built with funds from a ruler this was infrequently the case with Jain temples Instead they were typically funded by wealthy Jain individuals or families For this reason and often the smaller numbers of Jains in the population Jain temples tend to be at the small or middle end of the range of sizes but at pilgrimage sites they may cluster in large groups there are altogether several hundred at Palitana tightly packed within several high walled compounds called tuks or tonks 11 Temple charitable trusts such as the very large Anandji Kalyanji Trust founded in the 17th century and now maintaining 1 200 temples play a very important role in funding temple building and maintenance Etiquette editThere are some guidelines to follow when one is visiting a Jain temple 12 Before entering the temple one should bathe and wear freshly washed clothes or some special puja worship clothes while wearing these one must neither have eaten anything nor visited the washroom However drinking of water is permitted One should not take any footwear including socks inside the temple Leather items like a belt purse etc are not allowed inside the temple premises One should not be chewing any edibles food gum mints etc and no edibles should be stuck in the mouth One should try to keep as silent as possible inside the temple Mobile phones should not be used in the temple One should keep them switched off Prevailing traditional customs should be followed regarding worshipping at the temple and touching an idol They can vary depending on the region and the specific sect Gallery editIndia edit nbsp Ellora Jain cave basadi nbsp Jain Temple complex Deogarh Uttar Pradesh before 862 nbsp The Bade Baba idol inside Bade Baba Temple Kundalpur nbsp Jal Mandir Shikharji nbsp Maladevi temple Vidisha nbsp Taranga Mehsana nbsp Brahma Jinalaya Lakkundi 11th century nbsp Akkana Basadi 1181 with lost superstructure nbsp Vasai Jain Temple Kutch Gujarat nbsp Girnar Jain temples nbsp Kailash Parvat Rachna in Bada Mandir Hastinapur nbsp Lodhruva Jain temple nbsp Ranakpur Jain temple Ranakpur Rajasthan nbsp Vanki Patri Jain temple Kutch Gujarat nbsp Saavira Kambada Basadi Moodbidri Karnataka nbsp Hutheesing Jain Temple 1848 nbsp Jal Mandir Pawapuri nbsp Calcutta Jain Temple in Calcutta 1867 nbsp Pakbirra Jain temples Purulia West Bengal nbsp Kulpakji Temple at Nalgonda Telangana with dravida southern style tower nbsp Samovsaran Mandir in Palitana Gujarat Outside India edit nbsp Das Lakshana Paryushana celebrations at the Jain Center of America Queens New York City the oldest Jain temple in the Western hemisphere 13 nbsp Jain Temple Potters Bar Hertfordshire nbsp Godiji Nagarparkar Temples Pakistan nbsp Jain temple Antwerp Belgium nbsp Jain Center of Greater Phoenix JCGP Phoenix ArizonaSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jain temples nbsp Religion portal List of largest Jain temples List of Jain temples Jain art Jain Center of America Jain flag Jain house temple Jain sculpture Jain stupa Manastambha Tirtha Jainism References editCitations edit Babb Lawrence A 1996 Absent lord ascetics and kings in a Jain ritual culture Published University of California Press p 66 Hegewald Basadi Archived from the original on 13 November 2006 Retrieved 24 December 2011 Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent Glossary Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 Retrieved 24 December 2011 Jaina Iconography Volume 1 of Jaina rupa maṇḍana Umakant Premanand Shah Abhinav Publications 1987 p 149 Essays www pluralism org Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 a b c Jain temples in India and around the world Laxmi Mall Singhvi Tarun Chopra Himalayan Books 2002 a b Dokras Uday 2021 The Complete compendium of Jain Temples Part I p 14 Hegewald Harle 228 Temple cities see also Mitchell 1990 by sites CultureShock India A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette Gitanjali Kolanad Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd 2008 p 45 The Oldest Temple in the Hemisphere It s In Queens Queens Gazette 21 May 2020 Archived from the original on 27 August 2022 Retrieved 27 August 2022 Sources edit Harle J C The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent 2nd edn 1994 Yale University Press Pelican History of Art ISBN 0300062176 Hegewald Julia A B 2011 The International Jaina Style Maru Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkis throughout India and in the Diaspora Ars Orientalis 45 20210122 doi 10 3998 ars 13441566 0045 005 ISSN 2328 1286 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jain temple amp oldid 1211997091, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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