Jack Brooks (American politician)
Jack Bascom Brooks (December 18, 1922 – December 4, 2012) was an American Democratic Party politician from the state of Texas who served 42 years in the United States House of Representatives, initially representing Texas's 2nd congressional district from 1953 through 1967, and then, after district boundaries were redrawn in 1966, the 9th district from 1967 to 1995. He had strong political ties to prominent Texas Democrats, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and President Lyndon B. Johnson. For over fifteen years, he was the dean of the Texas congressional delegation.
Jack Brooks | |
|---|---|
| Chair of the House Judiciary Committee | |
| In office January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Peter W. Rodino |
| Succeeded by | Henry Hyde |
| Chair of the House Government Operations Committee | |
| In office January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1989 | |
| Preceded by | Chester E. Holifield |
| Succeeded by | John Conyers (Oversight Committee) |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas | |
| In office January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Jesse M. Combs |
| Succeeded by | Steve Stockman |
| Constituency | 2nd district (1953–1967) 9th district (1967–1995) |
| Member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 16-1 | |
| In office January 1947 – January 1951 | |
| Preceded by | William Smith |
| Succeeded by | William Ross |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jack Bascom Brooks December 18, 1922 Crowley, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died | December 4, 2012 (aged 89) Beaumont, Texas, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Charlotte Collins (m. 1960) |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | University of Texas at Austin (BA, LLB) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Marine Corps |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
Early life edit
Brooks was born in Crowley, Louisiana, on December 18, 1922, and moved to Beaumont, Texas, at age 5 with his family.[1] When he was 13 his father, a rice salesman, died and among the jobs young Brooks took on were as a carhop and a newspaper reporter.[2] He enrolled in Lamar Junior College in 1939 after receiving a scholarship.[1] After completing two years at Lamar, he transferred to the University of Texas at Austin, from which he earned a Bachelor of Arts in journalism in 1943.[3]
Military service edit
Brooks enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II. He served for about two years on the Pacific islands of Guadalcanal, Guam, Okinawa, and in North China,[1] attaining the rank of first lieutenant.[2] Afterward, he remained active in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, retiring in 1972 at the rank of colonel.[3]
Political career edit
Texas legislature edit
A lifelong Democrat, Brooks was elected in 1946 to represent Jefferson County in the Texas House of Representatives. After his election he sponsored a bill that would make Lamar Junior College a four-year institution. The bill initially failed, but passed the following year. He won re-election to the state legislature in 1948 without opposition; the following year he earned a law degree from the University of Texas Law School.[1]
U.S. Congress edit
After four years in the Texas legislature, Brooks won a crowded 12-candidate Democratic primary and then was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1952 election.[2][4]
A protégé of fellow Texans, House Speaker Sam Rayburn and then-U.S. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson,[2] Brooks showed himself to be a conservative on some issues like the death penalty and gun control, but more liberal on issues like domestic spending, labor, and civil rights. In 1956, he refused to sign the Southern Manifesto that opposed racial integration in public places.[5] Brooks voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960,[6][7] but voted in favor of the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,[8] the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968,[9][10] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[11] As a member of the House Judiciary Committee, he helped to write the 1964 and 1965 bills.[1]
On November 22, 1963, Brooks was in President John F. Kennedy's motorcade in Dallas at the time Kennedy was assassinated.[2][4] Hours later, he was present on Air Force One when Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president.[12]
The 2nd was redistricted as the 9th district in 1966, after the Supreme Court ruled in Wesberry v. Sanders that congressional district populations had to be equal or close to equal in population.
One of Brooks's signature bills required competitive bidding for federal computing contracts. Initially conceived in the mid-1960s and enacted into law in 1972, the Brooks Act was the primary rule for all federal computer acquisitions for three decades, and is often cited as being a catalyst for technological advances.[13]
As a member of the House Judiciary Committee, Brooks participated in the 1973–74 impeachment process against Richard Nixon. In mid-July 1974 he drafted and distributed to all members of the committee a strongly-worded set of articles of impeachment. Uncompromising though they were, the Brooks proposals provided others on the committee with an opportunity to meld their thoughts together and to further develop, thus serving as the foundation for the articles of impeachment that the committee subsequently adopted.[14] Because of the part he played in the president's downfall, Nixon later called Brooks his "executioner".[12]
Brooks was one of eight representatives to vote in favor of all five articles of impeachment against Nixon, brought before the Judiciary Committee. The others were also all Democrats: Robert Kastenmeier, Don Edwards, John Conyers, Barbara Jordan, Charles Rangel, Elizabeth Holtzman and Edward Mezvinsky.
Brooks was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Government Operations from 1975 through 1988, and of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary from 1989 until 1995.[1] He also served on the Select Committee on Congressional Operations, the Joint Committee on Congressional Operations, and the Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security.[15] In 1979, he became the senior member of the Texas congressional delegation, a position which he maintained for fifteen years.[1][15]
As the leader of the Government Operations Committee, Brooks oversaw legislation affecting budget and accounting matters, and the establishment of departments and agencies. He also helped pass the Inspector General Act of 1978, the General Accounting Office Act of 1980, the Paper Reduction Act of 1980, and the Single Audit Act of 1984.
In 1988, Brooks's influence was made prominent by his unusual involvement in trade policy. He introduced a spending bill amendment that banned Japanese companies from U.S. public works projects for one year. He said he was motivated by continuing signs that the Japanese government "intended to blatantly discriminate against U.S. firms in awarding public works contracts". House Majority Leader Tom Foley of Washington, who opposed the amendment, said Brooks "is one of the most powerful and effective chairmen in Congress."[16]
Brooks served twice as a House impeachment manager, being among the House impeachment managers that successfully prosecuted the cases against Judges Alcee Hastings and Walter Nixon in their 1989 impeachment trials.[17]
While chair of the House Judiciary Committee, Brooks sponsored the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1991, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. He was also a sponsor of the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, a measure which eventually came to include a ban on assault weapons (the inclusion of which he opposed).[1][18]
Brooks won re-election in the 1992 election, comfortably defeating his Republican opponent Steve Stockman. Two years later, however, the 21-term incumbent unexpectedly lost to Stockman in the 1994 election, becoming the most senior representative ever to be unseated in a general election,[19] a distinction which he maintains as of 2023. His tenure had extended across the administrations of 10 U.S. presidents,[12] and he was on the verge of becoming the dean of the U.S. House had he won a 22nd term.[4]
Personal life and death edit
In 1960, Brooks married Charlotte Collins. They had three children: Jeb, Kate, and Kimberly.[2][4]
Brooks died at Baptist Hospital in Beaumont on December 4, 2012, two weeks before his 90th birthday.[2][4]
Legacies and tributes edit
- In 1978, a U.S. courthouse and post office in Beaumont, Texas, were renamed the Jack Brooks Federal Building.[20]
- A Galveston County park in Hitchcock is named Jack Brooks Park.
- In 1989, a statue of Brooks was placed in the quadrangle at Lamar University in Beaumont.
- In 2001, NASA presented its Distinguished Service Medal to Brooks at a ceremony in the John Gray Center of Lamar University. NASA Admin. Daniel Goldin cited Brooks's long-standing support of the U.S. space program and his role in "strengthening the agency during its formative years". Goldin said "Congressman Brooks took it upon himself to personally deliver support to one of the agency's key programs: the design, development, and on-orbit assembly of the International Space Station."[15]
- In 2002, Brooks was named Post Newsweek Tech Media's "Civilian executive of the last twenty years" by Government Computer News.[15]
- In 2008, Brooks donated his archives to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History of the University of Texas at Austin.[21]
- In 2010, the Southeast Texas Regional Airport was renamed Jack Brooks Regional Airport in Brooks's honor.[20]
- In the 2016 Oscar nominated movie Jackie, he was portrayed by actor David Friszman.
See also edit
Notes and references edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h . Congressional & Political History Collections. Austin, Texas: Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Martin, Douglas (December 5, 2012). "Jack Brooks, Former Texas Congressman, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ a b Cahn, Emily (December 5, 2012). "Jack Brooks of Texas Dies at 89". Washington, D.C.: CQ Roll Call. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Graczyk, Michael (December 5, 2012). "Jack Brooks, longtime Texas politician, dies". The Washington Times. AP. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ Badger, Tony (June 1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto". The Historical Journal. Cambridge University Press. 42 (2): 517–534. doi:10.1017/S0018246X98008346. JSTOR 3020998. S2CID 145083004.
- ^ "HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957". GovTrack.us.
- ^ "HR 8601. PASSAGE".
- ^ "S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS". GovTrack.us.
- ^ "H.R. 7152. PASSAGE".
- ^ "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES".
- ^ "TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT".
- ^ a b c McNulty, Timothy; McNulty, Brendan (May 11, 2019). . Politico. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ McDonough, Frank A. (December 6, 2012). . FCW (Federal Computer Week). McLean, Virginia. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ "The Fateful Vote to Impeach". Time. Vol. 104, no. 6. New York, New York. August 5, 1974. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ a b c d (PDF). Department of Political Science, College of Arts and Sciences. Beaumont Texas: Lamar University. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2008.
- ^ Johnson, Julie (January 18, 1988). "Washington Talk: Congress; A 'Fighting Marine' Battles Japan on Trade". The New York Times.
- ^ "List of Individuals Impeached by the House of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
- ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 1994). "Assault Weapons Ban Allowed To Stay in Anti-crime Measure". The New York Times.
- ^ Hooks, Christopher (December 20, 2013). "Steve Stockman Can't Lose". Politico Magazine. Arlington County, Virginia: Politico. p. 2. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ a b Chang, Julie (December 5, 2012). "Jack Brooks legacy in SETX". Beaumont Enterprise. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
- ^ "Center for American History Announces Acquisition of Congressman Jack Brooks Collection". Dolph Briscoe Center for American History (Press release). Austin: University of Texas. March 24, 2008.
External links edit
- United States Congress. "Jack Brooks (id: B000880)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- The LBJ Foundation 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Appearances on C-SPAN