Italian futurism in cinema
Italian futurist cinema (Italian: Cinema futurista) was the oldest movement of European avant-garde cinema.[1] Italian futurism, an artistic and social movement, impacted the Italian film industry from 1916 to 1919.[2] It influenced Russian Futurist cinema[3] and German Expressionist cinema.[4] Its cultural importance was considerable and influenced all subsequent avant-gardes, as well as some authors of narrative cinema; its echo expands to the dreamlike visions of some films by Alfred Hitchcock.[5]
Thaïs by Anton Giulio Bragaglia (1917). The film is the sole surviving Italian futurist film, and currently kept at the Cinémathèque Française. It is not based on the novel of the same name by Anatole France. | |
| Years active | 1916–1919 |
|---|---|
| Country | Italy |
| Major figures | Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Anton Giulio Bragaglia and Riccardo Cassano |
| Influences | Russian Futurist cinema and German Expressionist cinema |
History edit
Between 1911 and 1919, Italy was home to the first avant-garde movement in cinema, inspired by the country's futurism, an artistic and social movement. Futurism emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. Its key figures were the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Fortunato Depero, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, and Luigi Russolo. It glorified modernity and aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past.[6]
The 1916 Manifesto of Futuristic Cinematography was signed by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Armando Ginna, Bruno Corra, Giacomo Balla and others. To the Futurists, cinema was an ideal art form, being a fresh medium, and able to be manipulated by speed, special effects and editing. The Futurists were among the first to understand how cinematographic tricks, now widely experimented in the previous decade, were usable not only as a freak phenomenon, but also as a creative, poetic and symbolic means. For example, a superimposition was no longer just a means to make a ghost or a giant appear next to a dwarf, but could become a tool for a new artistic and subversive language. The same montage allowed the decomposition of reality according to the "whims" of the artists, allowing visions never experienced before. In this sense, cinema was also a "means of transport".[7] The Manifesto of Futurist Cinematography stated that:[8]
We break down and recompose the universe according to our wonderful whims.
— Manifesto of Futurist Cinematography, 1916
In the Manifesto of Futurist Cinematography it was argued that cinema was "by nature" futurist art, due to the lack of a past and traditions, but did not appreciate the "very old" narrative cinema, looking instead for a cinema made up of "travel, hunts and wars", under the banner of an "anti-graceful, deforming, impressionist, synthetic, dynamic, free word" show. In their words there is enthusiasm towards the search for a new language unrelated to traditional beauty, which was perceived as an old and suffocating legacy. Futurism was the first artistic movement to take an interest in cinema as a language in itself and as a "movement of language".[9] A typically futurist vision could be the panorama that changes abruptly from the window of a car, a train or an airplane, where the theme of modernity and speed were one that did not need further additions.
The production of avant-garde films was rather limited, as for subsequent experiments, and in particular for futurism many works have been lost. The first experimental films were those of the Corradini brothers, nicknamed Ginna and Corra, who in 1911 made four hand-colored films (cinepitture), with scattered and confused patches of color, now lost. Such experiments influenced the so-called aeropittura or second futurism of 1929, and also were later taken up again in abstract cinema in Germany, by painters such as Viking Eggeling and Hans Richter.[10] Much loved by the Futurists was popular comic cinema, where pure movement (races, chases, tumbles) often dominated the scene, fervent by editing. Marinetti himself had in fact written a carnival opera, the Re Baldoria.[11]
Most of the futuristic-themed films of this period have been lost, but critics cite Thaïs (1917) by Anton Giulio Bragaglia as one of the most influential, serving as the main inspiration for German Expressionist cinema in the following decade.[12] Thaïs was born on the basis of the aesthetic treatise Fotodinamismo futurista (1911), written by the same author. The film, built around a melodramatic and decadent story, actually reveals multiple artistic influences different from Marinett's futurism; the secessionist scenographies, the liberty furniture,[12] and the abstract and surreal moments contribute to create a strong formal syncretism.
The scenographer Enrico Prampolini, in Thaïs, used geometric shapes based on a strong black/white contrast: spiral, diamond, chess, symbolic figures (cats, masks spewing smoke). Painted scenes often interact with the characters, creating a world of illusions where it is difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.[12] As the film progresses, it becomes more and more abstract to reflect the growing confusion of the film's protagonist. This movie is the sole surviving Italian futurist film, and currently kept at the Cinémathèque Française. It is not based on the novel of the same name by Anatole France.
Also noteworthy is Vita futurista (1916), by Arnaldo Ginna, is a sort of practical verification of the theses set out in the Manifesto: ironic and intentionally provocative, the film makes use of numerous special effects (hand-colored parts, color changes, eccentric shots, anti-naturalistic montage) to stimulate the emotional reactions of the viewer. In the same period Bragaglia realizes other works such as Il mio cadavere (1917), Perfido incanto (1918) and the short film Dramma nell'Olimpo (1917), all of which have been lost.[13] Another lost film is Il re, le torri, gli alfieri by Ivo Illuminati, where the characters were dressed like chess figures and moved on a checkerboard floor.
The Italian film industry struggled against rising foreign competition in the years following World War I.[14] Several major studios, among them Cines and Ambrosio, formed the Unione Cinematografica Italiana to coordinate a national strategy for film production. This effort was largely unsuccessful, however, due to a wide disconnect between production and exhibition (some films were not released until several years after they were produced).[15]
Major figures edit
Film of Italian futurism edit
- Vita futurista ("Futurist life"), directed by Arnaldo Ginna and Lucio Venna (1916), lost film
- Un dramma nell'Olimpo ("A drama in Olympus"), directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia (1917), lost film
- Il mio cadavere ("My Corpse"), directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia (1917), lost film
- Thaïs ("Thaïs"), directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia (1917), only 35 min of the original 70 min, runtime survive[18]
- Il re, le torri, gli alfieri ("The king, the rook, the bishop"), directed by Ivo Illuminati (1917), lost film
- Il perfido incanto ("The Wicked Enchantment"), directed by Anton Giulio Bragaglia (1918), lost film
Gallery from Thaïs (1917) edit
Influence edit
Italian futurism did not produce works in the cinema that immediately lived up to their revolutionary aims, but the importance of the movement as a source of inspiration for all subsequent avant-gardes was enormous. It influenced Russian Futurist cinema[3] and German Expressionism.[4]
In Germany, films such as Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) or Metropolis (1926) have the Italian Futurist movement as a source of profound inspiration, and the same can be said of the French avant-gardes, especially René Clair.[5] Still in the 1930s, Mario Camerini's film What Scoundrels Men Are! (1932) contained a whirlwind of optical illusions at a frenetic pace, with uses such as acceleration, split-screen and overlays.[19]
Though Futurist cinema itself was short-lived, traces of the movement are frequently found in commercial cinema of the 20th and 21st centuries. These stylistic influences can be found in high energy, fast paced, brightly colored, and abstract editing styles and imagery.[20]
Famed movie critic Pauline Kael stated that the director Dimitri Kirsanoff, in his silent experimental film Ménilmontant "developed a technique that suggests the movement known in painting as Futurism".[21] Also in the dreamlike visions of some of Alfred Hitchcock's films, (for example Vertigo) the same subversive techniques used by the futurists are demonstrated.[5]
Bibliography edit
- Catanese, Rossella (2017). Futurist Cinema. Studies on Italian Avant-garde Film. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-9089647528.
- Lista, Giovanni (2001). Cinema e fotografia futurista (in Italian). Milan: Edizioni Skira. ISBN 978-8881189274.
- Lista, Giovanni (2001). Le Futurisme: création et avant-garde (in French). Paris: Éditions L'Amateur. ISBN 978-2859173227.
- Lista, Giovanni (2008). Cinéma et photographie futuristes (in French). Paris: Skira-Flammarion Éditeur. ISBN 978-2081218284.
- Lista, Giovanni (2008). Le Cinéma futuriste (in French). Paris: Éditions du Centre Pompidou-Les Cahiers de Paris Expérimental. ISBN 978-2912539373.
- Lista, Giovanni (2010). Il Cinema futurista (in Italian). Gênes: Le Mani-Microart's Edizioni. ISBN 978-8880125389.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Il cinema delle avanguardie" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "Cinema of Italy: Avant-garde (1911-1919)". Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ a b Heil, Jerry (1986). "Russian Futurism and the Cinema: Majakovskij's Film Work of 1913". Russian Literature. 19 (2): 175–191. doi:10.1016/S0304-3479(86)80003-5.
- ^ a b "What Causes German Expressionism?". Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Il Futurismo: un trionfo italiano a New York" (in Italian). Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ The 20th-Century art book (Reprinted ed.). dsdLondon: Phaidon Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0714835426.
- ^ Bernardi, Sandro (2007). L'avventura del cinematografo (in Italian). Marsilio Editori. p. 78. ISBN 978-88-317-9297-4.
- ^ "Futurist Phantasmagoria" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "L'archetipo del labirinto nell'arte contemporanea" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "Quando il cinema astratto cercava l'utopia del linguaggio universale delle forme" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "L'anticorpo della modernità" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Thaïs o Perfido incanto (1917)" (in Italian). Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "Carlo Montanaro" (in Italian). Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ Katz, Ephraim (2001), "Italy", The Film Encyclopedia, HarperResource, pp. 682–685, ISBN 978-0060742140
- ^ Ricci, Steve (2008). Cinema and Fascism: Italian Film and Society, 1922–1943. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780520941281.
- ^ "Italian Futurism-film festival in New York". Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "Italian cinema between the World Wars-Life in Italy". Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "30 Essential Films for an Introduction to Italian Cinema". Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "Futurismo e cinema" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ White, Jhon James (20 July 2023). "Futurism".
- ^ Ebert, Roger. "Pauline Kael's favorite film". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.