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Iris paradoxa

December 04, 2023

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

Iris paradoxa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. paradoxa
Binomial name
Iris paradoxa
Synonyms[1]
  • Iris annae Grossh.
  • Iris paradoxa f. paradoxa
  • Iris paradoxa var. violacea Baker
  • Oncocyclus paradoxus (Steven) Siemssen

Description edit

I. paradoxa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial.[2] The rhizomes are slender and usually less than 1 cm in diameter.[3] It also has secondary roots underneath the rhizomes.[4]

It has greenish-gray,[4] or blue-green leaves,[5] that are recurved or falcate (sickle-like) shaped.[3][6] They are narrow, between 2–4 mm (0–0 in) wide,[2][6] and less than 4 cm long.[4]

The upright stem grows between 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long,[7][8][9] and hold up to 2 blooms.[4]

It blooms in spring,[2] or early summer,[6][5] between April and June.[3][4] The flowers are 10 cm in diameter,[6] and come in various shades from white,[3][2] lavender, mauve,[10] medium purple,[4] violet,[7][8] dark purple to black.[5][3]

Like other irises, the flowers have 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[11] Compared to other irises, the paradoxa or strangeness of the iris, is that in most forms of irises, the standards are smaller than the falls,[12] but on I. paradoxa the falls are much smaller than the standards.[4][10]

The erect standards are broadly obovate,[3] or rounded,[6] and 5–9 cm (2–4 in) long and 3–3.6 cm (1–1 in) wide.[3] They are a pale shade with pale blue or deep blue veining.[6][12] The smaller falls are a darker colour,[8] blackish-violet, through to pale purple densely overlaid with black-purple veins.[6] They are 2.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long and 1–1.5 cm (0–1 in) wide.[3]

The falls are also covered with blackish,[8][7][10] blackish-purple[2][12] or violet hairs[9] or 'beard'[6] with a pale v-shaped mark in centre.[3]

After flowering, it becomes dormant in late summer.[2]

The seed capsule produced after flower has not been described.[3]

Biochemistry edit

As most irises are diploid, meaning having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[11] Iris paradoxa has been counted as 2n=20 .[4][8][7]

Taxonomy edit

 
Iris paradoxa from Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden

Iris paradoxa is classified in the subgenus Iris sub. Iris, Iris sect. Oncocyclus. There is a known form from Turkey called I. paradoxa f. choschab. The Latin specific epithet paradoxa refers to the Greek word for 'unusual',[13][14] This is due to being thought being entirely unlike any other species.[12]

It was discovered in the Caucus region,[15] and then was first published and described by Steven in 'Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou' (Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou) Vol.5 on page 355 in 1817.[1][16][15]

It is occasionally called the 'Unusual iris',[2] or 'Velvet Iris' in America.[9][17]

Forms edit

 
Iris paradoxa f. choschab from Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden

There is a known form called I. paradoxa f. choschab (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo. It was published in Fl. Iran. Vol.112 on page 31 in 1975.[18][19]

Originally Iris paradoxa f. choschab was thought by Johannes Marius Cornelis Hoog to be a variety of I. paradoxa, called I. paradoxa var. choschab and then published in Gard. Chron. III, 29: 104 in 1901, before being downgraded to a form in 1975.[20]

It can be found near Lake Van, close to the town of Başkale, and it is common around the village of Hoşap, known for its Hoşap Castle, Gürpınar District, Van Province, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. 'Choschab' was an old version of the Aramaic name of the castle, meaning 'good water' or 'beautiful water'. The village of Hoşap is now known by the Turkish name of 'Güzelsu'.[3]

The form is thought to be most used in cultivation.[12] It has white standards,[6] or pale lilac, lightly veined with blue. The beard is black and covers the upper half of the falls and the style arms are cream, speckled reddish brown.[3]

The internal tepals ("petals") are lined with purple on a white (choschab form) or purple to mauve (paradoxa form) background.[10]

Ecology edit

Males of Xylocopa valga (a type of carpenter bee) have been observed pseudo-copulating on the reduced, velvety petals of the plant in Leriksky area, near Gosmaljan, Azerbaijan.[21]

Distribution and habitat edit

It is native to temperate Western Asia.[16] It is found in the region of Transcaucasia,[9][2] and in the countries of Iran,[3][10][8] (formerly Persia[9][12]), Turkey, Armenia[3][4][10] and in Azerbaijan,[16][21] (including in the Nakhchivan region).[22]

It grows on arid,[8] stony hillsides and they can be found at altitude between 1,200–2,000 metres (3,900–6,600 ft) above sea level.[3][6]

Cultivation edit

I. paradoxa can be easily grown in an Alpine house.,[6] or they can be placed in rock gardens, which should have a summer drought.[4] They grow well in full sun with mildly acidic to mildly alkaline soils (of ph levels between 6.1 - 7.8).[5] The flower and stem, (if removed from the plant) may have a shelf life of two to three days.[4] Irises can generally be propagated by division,[5][23] or by seed growing.[5]

I. paradoxa has been listed with Iris orientalis and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica as halophyte (salt-tolerant) plants.[24]

Cultivars and crosses edit

Iris paradoxa has been used in various breeding programmes and various cultivars have been produced including: 'Atrata', 'Choschab', 'Jolfa Form', 'Medwedewi', 'Mirabilis', 'Paradoxa' and 'Paradoxa Albo-Lutescens'.[9]

Various Iris paradoxa crossed Hybrids have also been produced;

Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Oncocyclus Irises:

Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Regelia Irises :

  • Iris paradoxa X Iris korolkowii : 'Parkor', 'Camilla', 'Clytemnestra', 'Sirona' and 'Minerva',[26]
  • ¼ Iris paradoxa crosses 'Cactiforium', 'Charming Chick', 'Clotho', 'Dear Me', 'Don Ricardo', 'Emily Pyke' and 'Regal Plus'[9][26]

Toxicity edit

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[5][27]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Iris paradoxa Steven is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris paradoxa". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 83, at Google Books
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "chapitre I (partie 5) Les Oncocyclus II". dictionaire des iridacée (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "PlantFiles: Species Iris; Iris paradoxa". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Iris paradoxa". Alpine Garden Society. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Kramb, D. (30 September 2004). "Iris paradoxa". signa.org. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "SpecParadoxa < Spec < Iris Wiki". wiki.irises.org. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Iris paradoxa" (in French). iris-bulbeuses.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  11. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  13. ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants (2008), p. 216, at Google Books
  14. ^ Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 978-16046-91962.
  15. ^ a b "Iris paradoxa Steven, Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou v. (1814) 355". Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  16. ^ a b c "Taxon: Iris paradoxa Steven". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  17. ^ United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory, Issues 74-105 (1926), p. 18, at Google Books
  18. ^ "Iris paradoxa f. choschab (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  19. ^ "Iris paradoxa f. choschab | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  20. ^ "Iris paradoxa var. choschab Hoog — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  21. ^ a b Vereecken, Nicolas J.; Wilson, Carol A.; Hötling, Susann; Schulz, Stefan; Banketov, Sergey A.; Mardulyn, Patrick (7 December 2012). "Pre-adaptations and the evolution of pollination by sexual deception: Cope's rule of specialization revisited". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1748): 4786–4794. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1804. PMC 3497092. PMID 23055065.
  22. ^ "Next year is going to be Oncocyclus Iris year! By Ian Green". www.greentours.co.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  23. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  24. ^ M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors) Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 (2014), p. 124, at Google Books
  25. ^ "The Story of Arilbred Medians". www.telp.com. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  26. ^ a b "Aril Society International". arilsociety.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  27. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books
  • Gartenflora 12: 16. Tab. 386. 1863, illustrated in color.
  • Krel. 1892; 1913; Van W. 1906; Hocker 1938;
  • F.C.C., R.H.S. 1900, shown by Van T.; Hort Dir. 42: 60. 1901;

External links edit

December 04, 2023
iris, paradoxa, species, flowering, plant, native, western, asia, large, upright, petals, smaller, lower, petals, which, unique, amongst, most, iris, forms, they, come, various, shades, from, white, lavender, mauve, medium, purple, violet, dark, purple, black,. Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals which is unique amongst most iris forms They come in various shades from white lavender mauve medium purple violet dark purple to black It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals It comes from the region of Transcaucasia and is found in the countries of Iran Turkey Armenia and in Azerbaijan Iris paradoxaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsOrder AsparagalesFamily IridaceaeGenus IrisSubgenus Iris subg IrisSection Iris sect OncocyclusSpecies I paradoxaBinomial nameIris paradoxaStevenSynonyms 1 Iris annae Grossh Iris paradoxa f paradoxaIris paradoxa var violacea BakerOncocyclus paradoxus Steven Siemssen Contents 1 Description 1 1 Biochemistry 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Forms 3 Ecology 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Cultivation 6 Cultivars and crosses 7 Toxicity 8 References 9 External linksDescription editI paradoxa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial 2 The rhizomes are slender and usually less than 1 cm in diameter 3 It also has secondary roots underneath the rhizomes 4 It has greenish gray 4 or blue green leaves 5 that are recurved or falcate sickle like shaped 3 6 They are narrow between 2 4 mm 0 0 in wide 2 6 and less than 4 cm long 4 The upright stem grows between 10 25 cm 4 10 in long 7 8 9 and hold up to 2 blooms 4 It blooms in spring 2 or early summer 6 5 between April and June 3 4 The flowers are 10 cm in diameter 6 and come in various shades from white 3 2 lavender mauve 10 medium purple 4 violet 7 8 dark purple to black 5 3 Like other irises the flowers have 2 pairs of petals 3 large sepals outer petals known as the falls and 3 inner smaller petals or tepals known as the standards 11 Compared to other irises the paradoxa or strangeness of the iris is that in most forms of irises the standards are smaller than the falls 12 but on I paradoxa the falls are much smaller than the standards 4 10 The erect standards are broadly obovate 3 or rounded 6 and 5 9 cm 2 4 in long and 3 3 6 cm 1 1 in wide 3 They are a pale shade with pale blue or deep blue veining 6 12 The smaller falls are a darker colour 8 blackish violet through to pale purple densely overlaid with black purple veins 6 They are 2 5 4 cm 1 2 in long and 1 1 5 cm 0 1 in wide 3 The falls are also covered with blackish 8 7 10 blackish purple 2 12 or violet hairs 9 or beard 6 with a pale v shaped mark in centre 3 After flowering it becomes dormant in late summer 2 The seed capsule produced after flower has not been described 3 Biochemistry edit As most irises are diploid meaning having two sets of chromosomes This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings 11 Iris paradoxa has been counted as 2n 20 4 8 7 Taxonomy edit nbsp Iris paradoxa from Gothenburg Botanical Garden SwedenIris paradoxa is classified in the subgenus Iris sub Iris Iris sect Oncocyclus There is a known form from Turkey called I paradoxa f choschab The Latin specific epithet paradoxa refers to the Greek word for unusual 13 14 This is due to being thought being entirely unlike any other species 12 It was discovered in the Caucus region 15 and then was first published and described by Steven in Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou Mem Soc Imp Naturalistes Moscou Vol 5 on page 355 in 1817 1 16 15 It is occasionally called the Unusual iris 2 or Velvet Iris in America 9 17 Forms edit nbsp Iris paradoxa f choschab from Gothenburg Botanical Garden SwedenThere is a known form called I paradoxa f choschab Hoog B Mathew amp Wendelbo It was published in Fl Iran Vol 112 on page 31 in 1975 18 19 Originally Iris paradoxa f choschab was thought by Johannes Marius Cornelis Hoog to be a variety of I paradoxa called I paradoxa var choschab and then published in Gard Chron III 29 104 in 1901 before being downgraded to a form in 1975 20 It can be found near Lake Van close to the town of Baskale and it is common around the village of Hosap known for its Hosap Castle Gurpinar District Van Province Eastern Anatolia Turkey Choschab was an old version of the Aramaic name of the castle meaning good water or beautiful water The village of Hosap is now known by the Turkish name of Guzelsu 3 The form is thought to be most used in cultivation 12 It has white standards 6 or pale lilac lightly veined with blue The beard is black and covers the upper half of the falls and the style arms are cream speckled reddish brown 3 The internal tepals petals are lined with purple on a white choschab form or purple to mauve paradoxa form background 10 Ecology editMales of Xylocopa valga a type of carpenter bee have been observed pseudo copulating on the reduced velvety petals of the plant in Leriksky area near Gosmaljan Azerbaijan 21 Distribution and habitat editIt is native to temperate Western Asia 16 It is found in the region of Transcaucasia 9 2 and in the countries of Iran 3 10 8 formerly Persia 9 12 Turkey Armenia 3 4 10 and in Azerbaijan 16 21 including in the Nakhchivan region 22 It grows on arid 8 stony hillsides and they can be found at altitude between 1 200 2 000 metres 3 900 6 600 ft above sea level 3 6 Cultivation editI paradoxa can be easily grown in an Alpine house 6 or they can be placed in rock gardens which should have a summer drought 4 They grow well in full sun with mildly acidic to mildly alkaline soils of ph levels between 6 1 7 8 5 The flower and stem if removed from the plant may have a shelf life of two to three days 4 Irises can generally be propagated by division 5 23 or by seed growing 5 I paradoxa has been listed with Iris orientalis and Iris spuria subsp musulmanica as halophyte salt tolerant plants 24 Cultivars and crosses editIris paradoxa has been used in various breeding programmes and various cultivars have been produced including Atrata Choschab Jolfa Form Medwedewi Mirabilis Paradoxa and Paradoxa Albo Lutescens 9 Various Iris paradoxa crossed Hybrids have also been produced Iris paradoxa X Iris pallida Alkmene Hamadan Lady Lilford 25 and Parpall 12 Iris paradoxa X Iris variegata Parvar 12 and Shadrach 9 Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Oncocyclus Irises Iris paradoxa and Iris acutiloba Zuvendicus 9 Iris camillae X Iris paradoxa First Sergeant 9 Iris iberica X Iris paradoxa Ib Parad Koenigii and Paradib 9 Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Regelia Irises Iris paradoxa X Iris korolkowii Parkor Camilla Clytemnestra Sirona and Minerva 26 Iris paradoxa crosses Cactiforium Charming Chick Clotho Dear Me Don Ricardo Emily Pyke and Regal Plus 9 26 Toxicity editLike many other irises most parts of the plant are poisonous including rhizome and leaves if mistakenly ingested it can cause stomach pains and vomiting Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction 5 27 References edit a b Iris paradoxa Steven is an accepted name theplantlist org Retrieved 22 February 2020 a b c d e f g h Iris paradoxa rhs org uk Retrieved 22 February 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o British Iris Society 1997 A Guide to Species Irises Their Identification and Cultivation p 83 at Google Books a b c d e f g h i j k chapitre I partie 5 Les Oncocyclus II dictionaire des iridacee in French irisbotanique over blog com Retrieved 30 November 2019 a b c d e f g PlantFiles Species Iris Iris paradoxa Dave s Garden Retrieved 23 February 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k Iris paradoxa Alpine Garden Society Retrieved 22 February 2020 a b c d Iris summary PDF pacificbulbsociety org 14 April 2014 Retrieved 23 November 2014 a b c d e f g Kramb D 30 September 2004 Iris paradoxa signa org Retrieved 23 February 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k SpecParadoxa lt Spec lt Iris Wiki wiki irises org 16 May 2018 Retrieved 22 February 2020 a b c d e f Iris paradoxa in French iris bulbeuses org Retrieved 26 August 2020 a b Austin Claire 2005 Irises A Gardener s Encyclopedia Timber Press Incorporated ISBN 978 0881927306 OL 8176432M a b c d e f g h Dykes William Dykes on Iris PDF beardlessiris org The Group for Beardless Irises Retrieved 21 November 2014 D Gledhill The Names of Plants 2008 p 216 at Google Books Coombes Allen 2012 The A to Z of Plant Names A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants Portland OR Timber Press ISBN 978 16046 91962 a b Iris paradoxa Steven Mem Soc Imp Naturalistes Moscou v 1814 355 Retrieved 22 February 2020 a b c Taxon Iris paradoxa Steven ars grin gov Retrieved 25 August 2020 United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory Issues 74 105 1926 p 18 at Google Books Iris paradoxa f choschab Hoog B Mathew amp Wendelbo The Plant List www theplantlist org Retrieved 26 August 2020 Iris paradoxa f choschab International Plant Names Index www ipni org Retrieved 26 August 2020 Iris paradoxa var choschab Hoog The Plant List www theplantlist org Retrieved 26 August 2020 a b Vereecken Nicolas J Wilson Carol A Hotling Susann Schulz Stefan Banketov Sergey A Mardulyn Patrick 7 December 2012 Pre adaptations and the evolution of pollination by sexual deception Cope s rule of specialization revisited Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 279 1748 4786 4794 doi 10 1098 rspb 2012 1804 PMC 3497092 PMID 23055065 Next year is going to be Oncocyclus Iris year By Ian Green www greentours co uk Retrieved 27 August 2020 How to divide iris rhizomes gardenersworld com Retrieved 12 October 2015 M Ajmal Khan Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk Editors Sabkha Ecosystems Volume Iv Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation Volume 4 2014 p 124 at Google Books The Story of Arilbred Medians www telp com Retrieved 5 September 2020 a b Aril Society International arilsociety org Retrieved 6 September 2020 David G Spoerke and Susan C Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants p 236 at Google Books Gartenflora 12 16 Tab 386 1863 illustrated in color Krel 1892 1913 Van W 1906 Hocker 1938 F C C R H S 1900 shown by Van T Hort Dir 42 60 1901 External links edithttp balearicgarden es iris oncocyclus Has images of various Oncocyclus Irises https photos v d brink eu Flora and Fauna Asia Iran Elburz mountains Western i 3BNnLQm Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iris paradoxa amp oldid 1176607997, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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