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Republic of Iquicha

December 15, 2023

The Republic of Iquicha,[b] also known as the Republiqueta of Iquicha,[c] was a republiqueta and de facto autonomous region formed in Huanta by General Antonio Huachaca, a mestizo loyal to the Spanish Empire against the newly formed Peruvian Republic. The state existed from Peru's declared independence in 1821 until its incorporation to the country on November 15, 1839.[3]

Republic of Iquicha
República de Iquicha
1821–1839
Flag
Emblem
Motto: Ni maikaj wañunchu «Jamás desfalleció»
Location of Iquicha within the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
StatusUnrecognized state
CapitalCallqui
Official languagesSpanish
Religion
Catholicism
Demonym(s)Iquichan[1][2][a]
GovernmentRepubliqueta
Supreme Leader 
• 1821 – 1839
Antonio Huachaca
History 
• Established
1821
• Disestablished
November 15, 1839
CurrencyPeruvian real
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Today part of Peru

Background edit

The Iquichans had established themselves as warriors, fighting against the Cuzco rebellion of Túpac Amaru II in 1781, remaining faithful allies of the Spanish authorities.[4][5]

In 1813, Antonio Huachaca appeared for the first time as a popular leader, leading the indigenous peasants in defiance of the orders of the local Huamanga administration in protest of the inability of the local mayor to stop the abuses of government tax collectors, since the Cadiz Constitution had abolished indigenous tribute and unpaid work. This was a direct consequence of the revolt that had affected the city of Huamanga the previous year, the promulgation of the liberal constitution and the conflicts of the liberal revolutionaries with the absolutist viceregal authorities. The Indians of Iquicha had no problem supporting both an absolutist king and the reforms of a liberal constitution since both gave them benefits.[6][7]

In 1814, a rebellion broke out in Cuzco, in which the Iquichans, under Huachaca's command, decided to support the Spanish government, confronting the independentists from Cuzco, mobilizing their people against the Angulo brothers, just as they had done against Túpac Amaru II in 1780. The fighting between Iquicheños and Cuzqueños took place in September–October 1814 and January 1815, with Huachaca acting as guerrilla chief under the command of the landowner and militia commander, Pedro José Lazón, and receiving for these actions the rank of brigadier general in the Royal Army of Peru from José de la Serna.[3]

The main action in which the Iquichans participated at that time was the successful defense of Huanta, on October 1, 1814, when a column of 5,000 Morochucos (only 300 with rifles) with four cannons and cavalry tried to take the city. Unlike the Iquichans, prominent royalists, the Morochucos of Cangallo distinguished themselves as fierce patriots.[8] As a reward for their loyalty, the king ordered a shield of their own for their community.[9]

History edit

War with Peru edit

Main article: Iquicha War of 1825–1828

Between 1825 and 1828, the forces of the newly formed Peruvian Republic and the Iquichan royalists of Huanta clashed. The first uprisings occurred in March and December 1825, but they were easily subdued by the huge contingent of the Peruvian army that was in the area. In January 1826, the Peruvian prefect of the area, General Juan Pardo de Zela y Vidal, organized a punitive expedition, which only managed to harden their resistance.[10]

With the republican army dispersed throughout Peru, on June 5, 1826, the rebels attacked Huanta, under the command of Huachaca and the former soldier and then Spanish merchant Nicolás Soregui (or Zoregui). Shortly after, on July 6, two regiments of the Hussars of Junín stationed in Huancayo mutinied and united the rebels, encouraging them to assault Ayacucho. Eventually they were repelled by the local garrison.[11]

A third uprising took place at the beginning of October 1827, where Huachaca once again mobilized the population in favor of the Spanish king.[12] On November 12, Huachaca's forces came out of the mountains and attacked Huanta. Of the 175 defenders of the Pichincha battalion, commanded by Sergeant Major Narciso Tudela, 10 to 12 died and managed to escape to Ayacucho in scattered groups of 80 or 90. Sixty attackers fell in combat.[13] Most of the inhabitants remained in the city without major problems, although many were those who escaped.[14] The days 22 to 24 were of negotiations between both sides that did not lead to anything.[15]

On November 29, 300 line shooters, 100 government prisoners who changed sides, and 400 Iquichans with spears and rejones again launched themselves against Ayacucho, whose defense was led by Prefect Domingo Tristán with 100 soldiers armed with rifles and a small cannon. They were two companies from the Nr. 8 Battalion commanded by Colonel Francisco de Vidal.[12] The prefect had sent three priests to Huanta to try to appease them, sent Chiara a proclamation to recruit Morochucos and awaited 250 rifles from Lima. To support his one hundred soldiers, he recruited militiamen aged 15 to 50 years, soon bringing together about 2,300 men, but not all participated in the defense.[16] Huachaca arrived through Mollepata with 100 line shooters and many armed Indians, but the Morochucos came down from La Picota through Quebrada Honda to threaten the Iquichan rearguard, the right wing was also flanked by Huatatas and Colonel Vidal was in command of the militias in the center.[16]

Tristán had prepared well and was able to repel the attackers and pursue them to the Mollepata hill and the Honda ravine, where he defeated them on the 30th. The Iquichans had 300 dead and 64 prisoners.[17] Once again the "peasant war" proved incapable of taking over a city, being relegated to its "rurality." The taking of the provincial capital was key, he could "transform this peasant war into a civil war"[18] because his plans included taking over Ayacucho to cut off communications between Cuzco and Lima and isolate southern Peru. All while awaiting troops from the Holy Alliance and Spain.[19] Then they hoped to stir up Huancavelica, Ica, Aymaraes and Cerro de Pasco in their favor to form a great army with which to recover Peru for its king.[20] Shortly after the combat, General Francisco de Paula Otero arrived with 300 soldiers from Lima.[16] On December 12 the republican troops recovered Huanta.[21]

The "pacification" phase known as the War of the Punas[22] came under the command of General Otero. A great battle was fought in Uchuraccay, on March 25, 1828, when the commander of the civic battalions, Gabriel Quintanilla, stormed the Huachaca barracks. Twenty-one guerrillas fell in the confrontation, including Sergeant Major Pedro Cárdenas and the caudillo's brother, Prudencio Huachaca. Another 24 were taken prisoner.[23] At the beginning of May the last combat took place in Ccano in the current District of Huanta, in the heart of the punas region; Colonel Vidal defeated the Montoneros definitively. On June 8, in an armed action in the middle of the jungle, almost all the royalist leaders were captured. The war was ended definitely.[24] As a result, Huachaca was forced to take refuge in Apurímac.[25]

The Bourbon Reforms implied the closure of many missions, necessarily leading to the loss of control of vast jungle regions of the Apurímac valley. The liberalism of the periods 1808-1814 and 1820-1823 and Bolívar's revolutionaries only led to a deepening of this situation. On November 1, 1824, the closure of the Franciscan convent Santa Rosa de Ocapa was ordered. This would prove to be a bad decision, as the Iquicha guerrillas managed to resist for years thanks to finding refuge in the low jungles to the east of the highlands, areas only accessible by the Mantaro and Apurímac, territories outside of state control. There would be no new impulses of "assimilation and/or Peruvianization" towards the extensive eastern areas until the governments of Ramón Castilla.[26] According to the Peruvian historian Cecilia Méndez Gastelumendi, the term Iquichano went from being used to refer to all the Indians in the region who participated in the revolt (thanks to the royalist propaganda pasquinades) to a symbol of collective pride.[27]

Role in the Peruvian Civil War of 1834 edit

Main article: Peruvian Civil War of 1834

In the Peruvian civil war of 1834, they supported the liberal president Luis José de Orbegoso against the coup of the conservative generals Pedro Pablo Bermúdez[28] and Agustín Gamarra, a key figure in politics of the time, and an enemy of the republiqueta.[29] During his presidency, Gamarra had favored the merchants of Lima and neglected the rest of the country, especially the rural areas and their population.[30]

After defeating the revolt in the capital, Orbegoso had to face Gamarra in the southern highlands of the country seeking an alliance with the inhabitants of Huanta. The liberals mobilized an army of 4,000 Indians under the command of landowner Juan José Urbina,[31] who knew how to unify under his command Republicans and monarchists.[32] He had to face the conservatives, who mobilized four to five thousand combatants in the area.[33] In April he seized Huanta and Huamanga, and a month later the civil war ended with the victory of the Liberals.[34]

Support for the Peru–Bolivian Confederation edit

In 1836, the Iquichianos adhered to the idea of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation seen as "the continuation of the Empire by other means",[35] for which Huachaca participated in the wars of the Confederation between 1836 and 1839. In 1838 Huachaca became Justice of the Peace and Governor of the Carhuaucra district and Supreme Chief of the Republic of Iquicha.

The Iquichans first supported the Confederation in their support of Andrés de Santa Cruz during the Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, since "he came to respond to the demands of the southern Andean groups who, since at least 1814, have defended a more decentralized country, in which they take into account the interests of the regional elites against the centralist coastal hegemonic groups."[26] In March 1839 he took up arms against the Restoration Army and put Huanta under siege to no avail. Finally tired of the conflict, after several confrontations, the Yanallay Treaty was signed on November 15, between the prefect of Ayacucho, Colonel Manuel Lopera, and the guerrilla Tadeo Choque (or Chocce). The Iquichans decide to recognize and submit to the Peruvian State. Huachaca refuses to participate in that agreement and retires to the Apurímac jungles, where he would later die in 1848.[36] By 1838, the authorities used the expression republiqueta to refer to the territories under the control of Huachaca.[37]

Role against the United Restoration Army edit

See also: Iquicha War of 1839

In 1839, when the Peru-Bolivian Confederation was defeated by the United Restoration Army, by March of the same year, General Huachaca and the Iquichans were once again in arms against a Creole "restoration", now supported by foreign bayonets. For this reason, the Catholic Army once again besieges Huanta, which was occupied by the Chilean “Cazadores” battalion.[38] Faced with this serious situation, the prefect of Ayacucho, Colonel Lopera, sent reinforcements to the Chilean “Valdivia” battalion, which broke the siege and began an expedition in the highlands against the republiqueta. In June 1839, the Battle of Campamento-Oroco took place, where General Huachaca surprised the expeditionaries and, in the midst of a storm, forced them to a disastrous retreat. The republican contingent, to avenge the humiliation inflicted: "[...] carried out a real slaughter of men —without distinguishing the elderly, children or women— and of cattle."[39] Some 2,000 people died as a result.[40]

In this context, on November 15, 1839, the general commander of the Peruvian government Manuel Lopera led an agreement with the Iquicha forces to find a negotiated solution to the conflict, for which the Treaty of Yanallay was signed, in the Yanallay plateau of Huanta; between Lopera and the Iquichan commander Tadeo Choqe, representing the great caudillo General José Antonio Navala Huachaca, who after 18 years of having proclaimed the Independence of Peru, formally committed to lay down their arms forever against the Peruvian government and to respect the laws of the nation. Thus, with a peace treaty, and not with a surrender, the Iquicha War ended. The Iquichan resistance was ending, which was supported by his leader, who left the following consigned in the document:

"Rather, you are the usurpers of Religion, Crown and Homeland [...] What has been obtained from you during your rule? Tyranny, grief, and ruin in a Kingdom that was so generous. What inhabitant, rich or poor, does not complain today? Where is the responsibility for the crimes? We do not carry such a tyranny."

— Antonio Huachaca[41]

Huachaca, before admitting defeat, preferred to enter the Apurimac jungle before yielding his monarchism to those he believed to be republican “antichrists”. There he lived until his death in 1848, being buried in the church of his native San José de Iquicha.[42][43]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Spanish: Iquicheño, a; Iquichano, a
  2. ^ Spanish: República de Iquicha
  3. ^ Spanish: Republiqueta de Iquicha

References edit

  1. ^ Starn, Orin (1995). "Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the Refusal of History". Journal of Latin American Studies. 27 (2): 399–421. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00010804. JSTOR 158120. S2CID 145740201.
  2. ^ Fumerton, Mario A. (2000). RONDAS CAMPESINAS IN THE PERUVIAN CIVIL WAR: Peasant Self-Defence Organizations in Ayacucho. Utrecht: University of Utrecht. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.135.1408.
  3. ^ a b Méndez, Cecilia (2005). The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820–1850. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822386698.
  4. ^ Tomaylla, 2005: 86
  5. ^ Cristóbal, 1983: 17
  6. ^ Husson, 1992: 82
  7. ^ Galdo, 1992: 164; Méndez, 2005a: 100
  8. ^ Cornejo, 1961: 31
  9. ^ Santoro, Cabeleira. . Corriente Hispanista. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
  10. ^ Husson, 1992: 24
  11. ^ Bonilla Mayta, 1996: 145; Husson, 1992: 26
  12. ^ a b Galdo, 1968: 44
  13. ^ Husson, 1992: 30
  14. ^ Husson, 1992: 31, 109
  15. ^ Husson, 1992: 33
  16. ^ a b c Galdo, 1992: 178
  17. ^ Husson, 1992: 35
  18. ^ Husson, 1992: 38
  19. ^ Husson, 1992: 25
  20. ^ Bonilla Mayta, 1996: 155
  21. ^ Husson, 1992: 39
  22. ^ Husson, 1992: 39, 45
  23. ^ Husson, 1992: 43, 90
  24. ^ Bonilla Mayta, 1996: 145; Husson, 1992: 43s
  25. ^ Husson, 1992: 43s
  26. ^ a b Sala i Vila, 2001: 37
  27. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 17, 21
  28. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 21; 2005: 128s
  29. ^ Husson, 1992: 86; Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 21; 2005: 128
  30. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, 2005: 133
  31. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, 2005: 137
  32. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 14, nota 19; 2005: 138
  33. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, Cecilia (1997). Carta del prefecto de Ayacucho, general Domingo Tristán, a Antonio Huachaca, Luna Huana, 4 de marzo de 1834.
  34. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, 2005: 138s
  35. ^ Altuve-Febres, 1999: 3
  36. ^ Altuve-Febres Lores, 1996: 4; Husson, 1992: 88
  37. ^ Méndez Gastelumendi, 2002: 30
  38. ^ Altuve-Febres Lores, Fernán (1999). Los últimos estandartes del Rey (98 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  39. ^ Cavero, 1953: 218
  40. ^ Sánchez, 1984: 28
  41. ^ Corsi, 2009: 243
  42. ^ Altuve-Febres, 1999: 4
  43. ^ Cervera, César (2015-04-04). "El caudillo indígena que se enfrentó a los 'anticristos' independentistas de América al grito de '¡Viva España!'". ABC.es.

December 15, 2023
republic, iquicha, also, known, republiqueta, iquicha, republiqueta, facto, autonomous, region, formed, huanta, general, antonio, huachaca, mestizo, loyal, spanish, empire, against, newly, formed, peruvian, republic, state, existed, from, peru, declared, indep. The Republic of Iquicha b also known as the Republiqueta of Iquicha c was a republiqueta and de facto autonomous region formed in Huanta by General Antonio Huachaca a mestizo loyal to the Spanish Empire against the newly formed Peruvian Republic The state existed from Peru s declared independence in 1821 until its incorporation to the country on November 15 1839 3 Republic of IquichaRepublica de Iquicha1821 1839Flag EmblemMotto Ni maikaj wanunchu Jamas desfallecio Location of Iquicha within the Peru Bolivian ConfederationStatusUnrecognized stateCapitalCallquiOfficial languagesSpanishReligionCatholicismDemonym s Iquichan 1 2 a GovernmentRepubliquetaSupreme Leader 1821 1839Antonio HuachacaHistory Established1821 DisestablishedNovember 15 1839CurrencyPeruvian realPreceded by Succeeded byProtectorate of Peru Peruvian RepublicToday part of Peru Contents 1 Background 2 History 2 1 War with Peru 2 2 Role in the Peruvian Civil War of 1834 2 3 Support for the Peru Bolivian Confederation 2 4 Role against the United Restoration Army 3 Notes 4 ReferencesBackground editThe Iquichans had established themselves as warriors fighting against the Cuzco rebellion of Tupac Amaru II in 1781 remaining faithful allies of the Spanish authorities 4 5 In 1813 Antonio Huachaca appeared for the first time as a popular leader leading the indigenous peasants in defiance of the orders of the local Huamanga administration in protest of the inability of the local mayor to stop the abuses of government tax collectors since the Cadiz Constitution had abolished indigenous tribute and unpaid work This was a direct consequence of the revolt that had affected the city of Huamanga the previous year the promulgation of the liberal constitution and the conflicts of the liberal revolutionaries with the absolutist viceregal authorities The Indians of Iquicha had no problem supporting both an absolutist king and the reforms of a liberal constitution since both gave them benefits 6 7 In 1814 a rebellion broke out in Cuzco in which the Iquichans under Huachaca s command decided to support the Spanish government confronting the independentists from Cuzco mobilizing their people against the Angulo brothers just as they had done against Tupac Amaru II in 1780 The fighting between Iquichenos and Cuzquenos took place in September October 1814 and January 1815 with Huachaca acting as guerrilla chief under the command of the landowner and militia commander Pedro Jose Lazon and receiving for these actions the rank of brigadier general in the Royal Army of Peru from Jose de la Serna 3 The main action in which the Iquichans participated at that time was the successful defense of Huanta on October 1 1814 when a column of 5 000 Morochucos only 300 with rifles with four cannons and cavalry tried to take the city Unlike the Iquichans prominent royalists the Morochucos of Cangallo distinguished themselves as fierce patriots 8 As a reward for their loyalty the king ordered a shield of their own for their community 9 History editWar with Peru edit Main article Iquicha War of 1825 1828 Between 1825 and 1828 the forces of the newly formed Peruvian Republic and the Iquichan royalists of Huanta clashed The first uprisings occurred in March and December 1825 but they were easily subdued by the huge contingent of the Peruvian army that was in the area In January 1826 the Peruvian prefect of the area General Juan Pardo de Zela y Vidal organized a punitive expedition which only managed to harden their resistance 10 With the republican army dispersed throughout Peru on June 5 1826 the rebels attacked Huanta under the command of Huachaca and the former soldier and then Spanish merchant Nicolas Soregui or Zoregui Shortly after on July 6 two regiments of the Hussars of Junin stationed in Huancayo mutinied and united the rebels encouraging them to assault Ayacucho Eventually they were repelled by the local garrison 11 A third uprising took place at the beginning of October 1827 where Huachaca once again mobilized the population in favor of the Spanish king 12 On November 12 Huachaca s forces came out of the mountains and attacked Huanta Of the 175 defenders of the Pichincha battalion commanded by Sergeant Major Narciso Tudela 10 to 12 died and managed to escape to Ayacucho in scattered groups of 80 or 90 Sixty attackers fell in combat 13 Most of the inhabitants remained in the city without major problems although many were those who escaped 14 The days 22 to 24 were of negotiations between both sides that did not lead to anything 15 On November 29 300 line shooters 100 government prisoners who changed sides and 400 Iquichans with spears and rejones again launched themselves against Ayacucho whose defense was led by Prefect Domingo Tristan with 100 soldiers armed with rifles and a small cannon They were two companies from the Nr 8 Battalion commanded by Colonel Francisco de Vidal 12 The prefect had sent three priests to Huanta to try to appease them sent Chiara a proclamation to recruit Morochucos and awaited 250 rifles from Lima To support his one hundred soldiers he recruited militiamen aged 15 to 50 years soon bringing together about 2 300 men but not all participated in the defense 16 Huachaca arrived through Mollepata with 100 line shooters and many armed Indians but the Morochucos came down from La Picota through Quebrada Honda to threaten the Iquichan rearguard the right wing was also flanked by Huatatas and Colonel Vidal was in command of the militias in the center 16 Tristan had prepared well and was able to repel the attackers and pursue them to the Mollepata hill and the Honda ravine where he defeated them on the 30th The Iquichans had 300 dead and 64 prisoners 17 Once again the peasant war proved incapable of taking over a city being relegated to its rurality The taking of the provincial capital was key he could transform this peasant war into a civil war 18 because his plans included taking over Ayacucho to cut off communications between Cuzco and Lima and isolate southern Peru All while awaiting troops from the Holy Alliance and Spain 19 Then they hoped to stir up Huancavelica Ica Aymaraes and Cerro de Pasco in their favor to form a great army with which to recover Peru for its king 20 Shortly after the combat General Francisco de Paula Otero arrived with 300 soldiers from Lima 16 On December 12 the republican troops recovered Huanta 21 The pacification phase known as the War of the Punas 22 came under the command of General Otero A great battle was fought in Uchuraccay on March 25 1828 when the commander of the civic battalions Gabriel Quintanilla stormed the Huachaca barracks Twenty one guerrillas fell in the confrontation including Sergeant Major Pedro Cardenas and the caudillo s brother Prudencio Huachaca Another 24 were taken prisoner 23 At the beginning of May the last combat took place in Ccano in the current District of Huanta in the heart of the punas region Colonel Vidal defeated the Montoneros definitively On June 8 in an armed action in the middle of the jungle almost all the royalist leaders were captured The war was ended definitely 24 As a result Huachaca was forced to take refuge in Apurimac 25 The Bourbon Reforms implied the closure of many missions necessarily leading to the loss of control of vast jungle regions of the Apurimac valley The liberalism of the periods 1808 1814 and 1820 1823 and Bolivar s revolutionaries only led to a deepening of this situation On November 1 1824 the closure of the Franciscan convent Santa Rosa de Ocapa was ordered This would prove to be a bad decision as the Iquicha guerrillas managed to resist for years thanks to finding refuge in the low jungles to the east of the highlands areas only accessible by the Mantaro and Apurimac territories outside of state control There would be no new impulses of assimilation and or Peruvianization towards the extensive eastern areas until the governments of Ramon Castilla 26 According to the Peruvian historian Cecilia Mendez Gastelumendi the term Iquichano went from being used to refer to all the Indians in the region who participated in the revolt thanks to the royalist propaganda pasquinades to a symbol of collective pride 27 Role in the Peruvian Civil War of 1834 edit Main article Peruvian Civil War of 1834 In the Peruvian civil war of 1834 they supported the liberal president Luis Jose de Orbegoso against the coup of the conservative generals Pedro Pablo Bermudez 28 and Agustin Gamarra a key figure in politics of the time and an enemy of the republiqueta 29 During his presidency Gamarra had favored the merchants of Lima and neglected the rest of the country especially the rural areas and their population 30 After defeating the revolt in the capital Orbegoso had to face Gamarra in the southern highlands of the country seeking an alliance with the inhabitants of Huanta The liberals mobilized an army of 4 000 Indians under the command of landowner Juan Jose Urbina 31 who knew how to unify under his command Republicans and monarchists 32 He had to face the conservatives who mobilized four to five thousand combatants in the area 33 In April he seized Huanta and Huamanga and a month later the civil war ended with the victory of the Liberals 34 Support for the Peru Bolivian Confederation edit In 1836 the Iquichianos adhered to the idea of the Peru Bolivian Confederation seen as the continuation of the Empire by other means 35 for which Huachaca participated in the wars of the Confederation between 1836 and 1839 In 1838 Huachaca became Justice of the Peace and Governor of the Carhuaucra district and Supreme Chief of the Republic of Iquicha The Iquichans first supported the Confederation in their support of Andres de Santa Cruz during the Salaverry Santa Cruz War since he came to respond to the demands of the southern Andean groups who since at least 1814 have defended a more decentralized country in which they take into account the interests of the regional elites against the centralist coastal hegemonic groups 26 In March 1839 he took up arms against the Restoration Army and put Huanta under siege to no avail Finally tired of the conflict after several confrontations the Yanallay Treaty was signed on November 15 between the prefect of Ayacucho Colonel Manuel Lopera and the guerrilla Tadeo Choque or Chocce The Iquichans decide to recognize and submit to the Peruvian State Huachaca refuses to participate in that agreement and retires to the Apurimac jungles where he would later die in 1848 36 By 1838 the authorities used the expression republiqueta to refer to the territories under the control of Huachaca 37 Role against the United Restoration Army edit See also Iquicha War of 1839 In 1839 when the Peru Bolivian Confederation was defeated by the United Restoration Army by March of the same year General Huachaca and the Iquichans were once again in arms against a Creole restoration now supported by foreign bayonets For this reason the Catholic Army once again besieges Huanta which was occupied by the Chilean Cazadores battalion 38 Faced with this serious situation the prefect of Ayacucho Colonel Lopera sent reinforcements to the Chilean Valdivia battalion which broke the siege and began an expedition in the highlands against the republiqueta In June 1839 the Battle of Campamento Oroco took place where General Huachaca surprised the expeditionaries and in the midst of a storm forced them to a disastrous retreat The republican contingent to avenge the humiliation inflicted carried out a real slaughter of men without distinguishing the elderly children or women and of cattle 39 Some 2 000 people died as a result 40 In this context on November 15 1839 the general commander of the Peruvian government Manuel Lopera led an agreement with the Iquicha forces to find a negotiated solution to the conflict for which the Treaty of Yanallay was signed in the Yanallay plateau of Huanta between Lopera and the Iquichan commander Tadeo Choqe representing the great caudillo General Jose Antonio Navala Huachaca who after 18 years of having proclaimed the Independence of Peru formally committed to lay down their arms forever against the Peruvian government and to respect the laws of the nation Thus with a peace treaty and not with a surrender the Iquicha War ended The Iquichan resistance was ending which was supported by his leader who left the following consigned in the document Rather you are the usurpers of Religion Crown and Homeland What has been obtained from you during your rule Tyranny grief and ruin in a Kingdom that was so generous What inhabitant rich or poor does not complain today Where is the responsibility for the crimes We do not carry such a tyranny Antonio Huachaca 41 Huachaca before admitting defeat preferred to enter the Apurimac jungle before yielding his monarchism to those he believed to be republican antichrists There he lived until his death in 1848 being buried in the church of his native San Jose de Iquicha 42 43 Notes edit Spanish Iquicheno a Iquichano a Spanish Republica de Iquicha Spanish Republiqueta de IquichaReferences edit Starn Orin 1995 Maoism in the Andes The Communist Party of Peru Shining Path and the Refusal of History Journal of Latin American Studies 27 2 399 421 doi 10 1017 S0022216X00010804 JSTOR 158120 S2CID 145740201 Fumerton Mario A 2000 RONDAS CAMPESINAS IN THE PERUVIAN CIVIL WAR Peasant Self Defence Organizations in Ayacucho Utrecht University of Utrecht CiteSeerX 10 1 1 135 1408 a b Mendez Cecilia 2005 The Plebeian Republic The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State 1820 1850 Duke University Press ISBN 9780822386698 Tomaylla 2005 86 Cristobal 1983 17 Husson 1992 82 Galdo 1992 164 Mendez 2005a 100 Cornejo 1961 31 Santoro Cabeleira Antonio Huachaca y la resistencia iquichana Corriente Hispanista Archived from the original on 2014 03 06 Retrieved 2012 06 04 Husson 1992 24 Bonilla Mayta 1996 145 Husson 1992 26 a b Galdo 1968 44 Husson 1992 30 Husson 1992 31 109 Husson 1992 33 a b c Galdo 1992 178 Husson 1992 35 Husson 1992 38 Husson 1992 25 Bonilla Mayta 1996 155 Husson 1992 39 Husson 1992 39 45 Husson 1992 43 90 Bonilla Mayta 1996 145 Husson 1992 43s Husson 1992 43s a b Sala i Vila 2001 37 Mendez Gastelumendi 2002 17 21 Mendez Gastelumendi 2002 21 2005 128s Husson 1992 86 Mendez Gastelumendi 2002 21 2005 128 Mendez Gastelumendi 2005 133 Mendez Gastelumendi 2005 137 Mendez Gastelumendi 2002 14 nota 19 2005 138 Mendez Gastelumendi Cecilia 1997 Carta del prefecto de Ayacucho general Domingo Tristan a Antonio Huachaca Luna Huana 4 de marzo de 1834 Mendez Gastelumendi 2005 138s Altuve Febres 1999 3 Altuve Febres Lores 1996 4 Husson 1992 88 Mendez Gastelumendi 2002 30 Altuve Febres Lores Fernan 1999 Los ultimos estandartes del Rey 98 ed a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Cavero 1953 218 Sanchez 1984 28 Corsi 2009 243 Altuve Febres 1999 4 Cervera Cesar 2015 04 04 El caudillo indigena que se enfrento a los anticristos independentistas de America al grito de Viva Espana ABC es Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republic of Iquicha amp oldid 1189466060, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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