Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR[1] or, in the three other official languages – Spanish, French, and Portuguese – CIDH, Comisión Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos, Commission Interaméricaine des Droits de l'Homme, Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos) is an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States (OAS).
English logo | |
| Abbreviation | IACHR |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1959 |
| Purpose | Human rights monitoring in the Americas |
| Location |
|
Region served | Americas (ACHR signatories, OAS members) |
Membership | Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, The Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela |
Executive Secretary | Tania Renaum |
Parent organization | Organization of American States |
| Website | www |
The separate Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an autonomous judicial institution based in the city of San José, Costa Rica. Together the Court and the Commission make up the human rights protection system of the OAS.
The IACHR is a permanent body, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., United States,[2] and it meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere.[3]
Its human rights duties stem from three documents:
History of the Inter-American human rights system Edit
The inter-American system for the protection of human rights emerged with the adoption of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man by the OAS in April 1948 – the first international human rights instrument of a general nature, predating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by more than six months.[6][7]
The IACHR was created in 1959. It held its first meeting in 1960, and it conducted its first on-site visit to inspect the human rights situation in the Dominican Republic in 1961.[7]
A major step in the development of the system was taken in 1965 when the commission was expressly authorized to examine specific cases of human rights violations. Since that date the IACHR has received thousands of petitions and has processed in excess of 12,000 individual cases.[7]
In 1969, the guiding principles behind the American Declaration were taken, reshaped, and restated in the American Convention on Human Rights. The Convention defines the human rights that the states parties are required to respect and guarantee, and it also ordered the establishment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. It is currently binding on 24 of the OAS's 35 member states.[6]
Functions Edit
The main task of the IACHR is to promote the observance and defense of human rights in the Americas.[8]
In pursuit of this mandate it:
- Receives, analyzes, and investigates individual petitions alleging violations of specific human rights protected by the American Convention on Human Rights.
- Works to resolve petitions in a collaborative way that is amiable to both parties.
- Monitors the general human rights situation in the OAS's member states and, when necessary, prepares and publishes country-specific human rights reports.
- Conducts on-site visits to examine members' general human rights situation or to investigate specific cases.
- Encourages public awareness about human rights and related issues throughout the hemisphere.
- Holds conferences, seminars, and meetings with governments, NGOs, academic institutions, etc. to inform and raise awareness about issues relating to the inter-American human rights system.
- Issues member states with recommendations that, if adopted, would further the cause of human rights protection.
- Requests that states adopt precautionary measures to prevent serious and irreparable harm to human rights in urgent cases.[9]
- Refers cases to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and litigates those same cases before the Court.
- Asks the Inter-American Court to provide advisory opinions on matters relating to the interpretation of the convention or other related instruments.
Rapporteurships and units Edit
The IACHR has created several rapporteurships, two special rapporteurships and a unit to monitor OAS states' compliance with inter-American human rights treaties in the following areas:[10]
- Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and their Families[11]
- Rapporteurship on the Rights of Women (the first rapporteurship created by the IACHR in 1994)[12]
- Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child[13]
- Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples[14]
- Rapporteurship on the Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty[14]
- Rapporteurship on the Rights of Afro-Descendants and against Racial Discrimination[15]
- Rapporteurship on Human Rights Defenders[16]
The Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression and the Special Rapporteur for Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights are full-time dedicated positions.[10] The former was created in 1997, while the latter was established in 2017, with Soledad García Muñoz of Argentina as the first holder of the office.[17][18] The other rapporteurships are in the hands of the commissioners, who have other functions at the IACHR and also their own jobs in their home countries, since their work as commissioners is unpaid.
The Unit on the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Trans, Bisexual, and Intersex Persons was created in 2011.[19]
The IACHR also has a Press and Outreach Office.[20]
Petitions Edit
The Commission processes petitions lodged with it pursuant to its Rules of Procedure.
Petitions may be filed by NGOs or individuals. Unlike most court filings, petitions are confidential documents and are not made public. Petitions must meet three requirements; domestic remedies must have already been tried and failed (exhaustion), petitions must be filed within six months of the last action taken in a domestic system (timeliness), petitions can not be before another court (duplication of procedure).
Once a petition has been filed, it follows the following procedure:[8]
- Petition is forwarded to the Secretariat and reviewed for completeness; if complete, it is registered and is given a case number. This is where the state is notified of the petition.
- Petition reviewed for admissibility.
- The Commission tries to find a friendly settlement.
- If no settlement is found, then briefs are filed by each side on the merits of the case.
- The Commission then files a report on the merits, known as an Article 50 report from relevant article of the convention. This is a basically a ruling by the commission with recommendations on how to solve the conflict. The Article 50 report is sent to the state. This is a confidential report; the petitioner does not get a full copy of this report.
- The state is given two months to comply with the recommendations of the report.
- The petitioner then has one month to file a petition asking for the issue to be sent to the Inter-American Court (only applicable if the State in question has recognized the competence of the Inter-American Court).
- The commission has three months, from the date the Article 50 report is given to the state, to either publish the Article 50 report or send the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Alternatively, the commission can also choose to monitor the situation. The American Convention establishes that if the report is not submitted to the Court within three months it may not be submitted in the future, but if the State asks for more time in order to comply with the recommendations of the Article 50 report, the Commission might grant it on the condition that the State signs a waiver on this requirement.
Criticisms Edit
Politicization and position in debatable matters Edit
The commission's performance has not been always welcomed. Among others, Venezuela has accused[when?] the Commission of politicization. Others criticize the commission's stress on certain issues over others. These criticisms have given rise to what was called the "Strengthening Process of the Commission". This process began in 2011, led by the States belonging to the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas.[21][22]
Location of its headquarters Edit
Officers of Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, supported[when?] the motion for moving the commission's headquarters, which are currently in Washington, D.C. These countries suggested moving the IACHR's headquarters to a Member State to the American Convention of Human Rights. Among the suggested countries were Argentina, Costa Rica and Peru.
Composition Edit
The IACHR's ranking officers are its seven commissioners. The commissioners are elected by the OAS General Assembly, for four-year terms, with the possibility of re-election on one occasion, for a maximum period in office of eight years. They serve in a personal capacity and are not considered to represent their countries of origin but rather "all the member countries of the Organization" (Art. 35 of the convention). The convention (Art. 34) says that they must "be persons of high moral character and recognized competence in the field of human rights". No two nationals of the same member state may be commissioners simultaneously (Art. 37), and commissioners are required to refrain from participating in the discussion of cases involving their home countries.
Current commissioners (2023) Edit
| Name | State | Position | Elected | Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margarette May Macaulay | Jamaica | President | 2015 | 2016–2023 |
| Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño | Panama | First Vice-President | 2015 | 2016–2023 |
| Roberta Clarke | Barbados | Second Vice-President | 2021 | 2022–2025 |
| Julissa Mantilla Falcón | Peru | Commissioner | 2019 | 2020–2023 |
| Edgar Stuardo Ralón Orellana | Chile | Commissioner | 2019 | 2020–2023 |
| Carlos Bernal Pulido | Colombia | Commissioner | 2021 | 2022–2025 |
| One seat is currently vacant following the resignation of Joel Hernández García of Mexico on 3 August 2023.[23] | ||||
| Source of IACHR Composition.[24] | ||||
Past commissioners Edit
| Year | State | Commissioners | President (post-2001) Chairman (pre-2001) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960–1963 | Venezuela | Rómulo Gallegos | 1960 |
| 1960–1964 | El Salvador | Reynaldo Galindo Pohl | |
| 1960–1968 | Ecuador | Gonzalo Escudero | |
| 1960–1972 | Costa Rica | Ángela Acuña de Chacón | |
| 1960–1972 | USA | Durward V. Sandifer | |
| 1960–1972 | Chile | Manuel Bianchi Gundián | |
| 1960–1979 | Mexico | Gabino Fraga | |
| 1964–1968 | Uruguay | Daniel Hugo Martins | |
| 1964–1983 | Brazil | Carlos A. Dunshee de Abranches | |
| 1968–1972 | Peru | Mario Alzamora Valdez | |
| 1968–1972 | Uruguay | Justino Jiménez de Arechega | |
| 1972–1976 | Argentina | Genaro R. Carrió | |
| 1972–1976 | USA | Robert F. Woodward | |
| 1972–1985 | Venezuela | Andrés Aguilar | |
| 1976–1979 | Guatemala | Carlos García Bauer | |
| 1976–1979 | Costa Rica | Fernando Volio Jiménez | |
| 1976–1983 | USA | Tom J. Farer | |
| 1976–1978 | Colombia | José Joaquín Gori | |
| 1978–1987 | Colombia | Marco Gerardo Monroy Cabra | |
| 1980–1987 | El Salvador | Francisco Bertrand Galindo | |
| 1980–1985 | Mexico | César Sepúlveda | |
| 1980–1985 | Costa Rica | Luis Demetrio Tinoco Castro | |
| 1984–1988 | USA | R. Bruce McColm | |
| 1984–1987 | Bolivia | Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas | |
| 1984–1991 | Brazil | Gilda Maciel Correa Russomano | |
| 1986–1989 | Argentina | Elsa Kelly | |
| 1986–1993 | Venezuela | Marco Tulio Bruni-Celli | |
| 1986–1993 | Barbados | Oliver H. Jackman | |
| 1988–1991 | USA | John Reese Stevenson | |
| 1988–1995 | Honduras | Leo Valladares Lanza | |
| 1988–1995 | Jamaica | Patrick Lipton Robinson | |
| 1990–1997 | Argentina | Óscar Luján Fappiano | |
| 1992–1995 | USA | Michael Reisman | |
| 1994–1997 | Trinidad and Tobago | John S. Donaldson | 1997 |
| 1998–1999 | Barbados | Sir Henry de Boulay Forde | |
| 1992–1999 | Colombia | Álvaro Tirado Mejía | 1995 |
| 1996–1999 | Venezuela | Carlos Ayala Corao | 1998 |
| 1996–1999 | Haiti | Jean-Joseph Exumé | |
| 1994–2001 | Chile | Claudio Grossman | 1996, 2001 |
| 1998–2001 | Brazil | Hélio Bicudo | 2000 |
| 1999–2001 | Barbados | Peter Laurie | |
| 2002–2002 | Peru | Diego García Sayán | |
| 1996–2003 | USA | Robert K. Goldman | 1999 |
| 2000–2003 | Guatemala | Marta Altolaguirre | 2003 |
| 2000–2003 | Argentina | Juan E. Méndez | 2002 |
| 2000–2003 | Ecuador | Julio Prado Vallejo | |
| 2002–2005 | Peru | Susana Villarán | |
| 2001–2005 | Chile | José Zalaquett | 2004 |
| 2004–2007 | Paraguay | Evelio Fernández Arévalos | 2006 |
| 2004–2007 | Venezuela | Freddy Gutiérrez | |
| 2002–2009 | Antigua and Barbuda | Sir Clare Kamau Roberts | |
| 2004–2009 | El Salvador | Florentín Meléndez | |
| 2006–2009 | Argentina | Víctor Abramovich | |
| 2006–2009 | USA | Paolo Carozza | 2008 |
| 2004–2011 | Brazil | Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro | |
| 2008–2011 | Venezuela | Luz Patricia Mejía | 2009 |
| 2009–2011 | El Salvador | María Silvia Guillén | |
| 2010–2013 | Colombia | Rodrigo Escobar Gil | |
| 2010–2013 | USA | Dinah Shelton | |
| 2008–2015 | Chile | Felipe González Morales | 2010 |
| 2012–2015 | Saint Lucia Trinidad and Tobago | Rose-Marie Belle Antoine | 2015 |
| 2012–2015 | Jamaica | Tracy Robinson | 2014 |
| 2012–2015 | Paraguay | Rosa María Ortiz | |
| 2017–2019 | Colombia | Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva | |
| 2016–2019 | Peru | Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli | |
| 2018–2021 | Chile | Antonia Urrejola Noguera | |
| 2018–2021 | Brazil | Flávia Piovesan | |
| 2018–2023 | Mexico | Joel Hernández García |
Executive Secretaries Edit
The staff of the IACHR comprise its Secretariat, which is led by an Executive Secretary, who serves for what have recently been four-year, renewable contracts.
In August 2020, OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro announced that he would not renew Paulo Abrão's contract as Executive Secretary of the IACHR, citing 61 personnel complaints by staff of the organization.[25] The Commissioners of the IACHR had unanimously approved the contract extension in January 2020,[25] and expressed their "profound rejection" of Almagro's action "whose refusal to renew this contract breaks with a 20-year practice of respecting the IACHR's decision to appoint its own Executive Secretary and thus makes it difficult to obtain truth, justice, and reparation for those whose labor rights have been affected." UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet, Human Rights Watch, and the Mexican government have also objected to Abrão's removal.[26][27]
| Name | Country | Term | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luis Reque | Bolivia | 1960 – June 1976 | |
| Charles D. Moyer | United States | January – August 1977 | Interim Executive Secretary. |
| Edmundo Vargas Carreño | Chile | September 1977 – March 1990 | |
| David J. Padilla | United States | March – June 1990 | Interim Executive Secretary. |
| Edith Márquez Rodríguez | Venezuela | May 1990 – February 1996 | |
| David J. Padilla | United States | January – May 1996 | Interim Executive Secretary. |
| Jorge Enrique Taiana | Argentina | March 1996 – July 2001 | |
| Santiago Cantón | Argentina | August 2001 – June 2012 | |
| Emilio Álvarez Icaza | Mexico | August 2012 – August 2016 | |
| Paulo Abrão | Brazil | August 2016 – August 2020 | |
| María Claudia Pulido | Colombia | 17 August 2020 – June 2021 | Acting Executive Secretary. |
| Tania Reneaum Panszi | Mexico | June 2021 – present | |
| Source: OAS, Former IACHR Executive Secretaries. | |||
Human rights violations investigated by the Inter-American Commission Edit
- Massacre of Trujillo (Colombia)[28]
- Barrios Altos massacre (Peru)[29]
- Lori Berenson (Peru)[30]
- La Cantuta massacre (Peru)[31]
- El Caracazo (Venezuela)
- Japanese embassy hostage crisis (Peru)[32]
- Deaths in Ciudad Juárez (Mexico)
- Antoine Izméry (Haiti)
- Plan de Sánchez massacre (Guatemala)
- Censorship in Venezuela (Venezuela)
- District of Columbia voting rights (United States)[33]
- Domestic violence protection in the case of Jessica Gonzales (United States)[34]
- Extrajudicial detention in Guantánamo of Djamel Ameziane (United States)[35]
- 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping (Mexico)[36]
- Internment of Japanese Latin Americans (United States)[37][38]
References Edit
- ^ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". oas.org. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ Hansel, Mary (8 August 2022). . Slate. Available from NewsBank: America's News – Historical and Current. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022.
- ^ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". oas.org. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ OAS
- ^ Morsink, Johannes (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8122-3474-X.
- ^ a b Goldman, Robert K. "History and Action: the Inter-American Human Rights System and the Role of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 31 (2009): 856-887.
- ^ a b c OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". oas.org. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
- ^ a b "INTRODUCTION" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "Precautionary Measures". Organization of American States. June 2012. from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Rapporteurship Distribution". oas.org. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
- ^ Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and their Families
- ^ Rapporteurship on the Rights of Women
- ^ Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child
- ^ a b Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- ^ Rapporteurship on the Rights of Afro-Descendants and against Racial Discrimination
- ^ Rapporteurship on Human Rights Defenders
- ^ "Soledad García Muñoz es la primera Relatora Especial sobre Derechos Económicos, Sociales, Culturales y Ambientales (DESCA) – Codehupy". www.codehupy.org.py. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ^ "Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights". IACHR. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/lgtbi/
- ^ "Contact the IACHR Press Office". oas.org. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
- ^ "Controversial Inter-American Reforms Process to Continue | Inter Press Service". ipsnews.net. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "Chipping at the foundations". The Economist. 9 June 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "IACHR announces departure of Commissioner Joel Hernández García". IACHR Press Office. 4 August 2023.
- ^ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". oas.org. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ a b "OAS chief Almagro under fire for removal of top rights official". Buenos Aires Times. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Luis Almagro reafirma que no renovará a Paulo Abrao en la CIDH". El Espectador. Bogotá, Colombia. 28 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "OAS Leader Undermining Rights Body". Human Rights Watch. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ (in Spanish) La masacre de Trujillo fue escogida por la CNRR como eje de su informe sobre crímenes emblemáticos
- ^ "Report No. 20/99". IACHR. 23 February 1999.
- ^ "Report No. 56/98". IACHR. 8 December 1998.
- ^ "Report No. 42/99". IACHR. 11 March 1999.
- ^ . Defense Market Intelligence. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011.
- ^ Malone, Patrick (16 August 2011). "Human rights group questions court ruling". The Pueblo Chieftain.
- ^ Michael Haggerson (31 March 2012). "Human rights court agrees to hear Guantanamo detainee case". The Jurist. from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
The IACHR will investigate whether the US's failure to transfer Ameziane is in compliance with international human rights law.
- ^ "Mexico: Expert report on Ayotzinapa disappearances highlights government's incompetence". Amnesty International. 6 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
A new report by a group of experts from the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights on the investigation of the disappearance of 43 students in Guerrero, Mexico, uncovers the authorities' utter incompetence and lack of will to find the students and bring those responsible to justice, said Amnesty International.
- ^ Cole, Diana Morita (27 September 2018), "Civil Rights Champion – Art Shibayama", Discover Nikkei
- ^ Nakagawa, William (13 August 2020), "Rights commission rules in favor of Japanese Latin Americans kidnapped during WWII", Nichi Bei Weekly
External links Edit
- Official website
- IACHR case law
- OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression