fbpx
Wikipedia

Cognitive computer

August 29, 2023

A cognitive computer is a computer that hardwires artificial intelligence and machine-learning algorithms into an integrated circuit (printed circuit board) that closely reproduces the behavior of the human brain.[1] It generally adopts a neuromorphic engineering approach. Synonyms are neuromorphic chip and cognitive chip.[2][3]

An example of an cognitive computer implemented using neural networks and deep learning techniques is IBM's Watson machine.[4] A subsequent development by IBM is the 2014 TrueNorth microchip architecture,[5] which is designed to be closer in structure to the human brain than the von Neumann architecture used in conventional computers.[1] In 2017 Intel also announced its own version of a cognitive chip in "Loihi", which it intended to be available to university and research labs in 2018. Intel, Qualcomm, and others are improving neuromorphic processors steadily, Intel with its Pohoiki Beach and Springs systems.[6][7]

IBM TrueNorth chip Edit

 
DARPA SyNAPSE board with 16 TrueNorth chips

TrueNorth was a neuromorphic CMOS integrated circuit produced by IBM in 2014.[8] It is a manycore processor network on a chip design, with 4096 cores, each one having 256 programmable simulated neurons for a total of just over a million neurons. In turn, each neuron has 256 programmable "synapses" that convey the signals between them. Hence, the total number of programmable synapses is just over 268 million (228). Its basic transistor count is 5.4 billion.

Details Edit

Since memory, computation, and communication are handled in each of the 4096 neurosynaptic cores, TrueNorth circumvents the von Neumann-architecture bottleneck and is very energy-efficient, with IBM claiming a power consumption of 70 milliwatts and a power density that is 1/10,000th of conventional microprocessors.[9] The SyNAPSE chip operates at lower temperatures and power because it only draws power necessary for computation.[10] Skyrmions have been proposed as models of the synapse on a chip.[11][12]

The neurons are emulated using a Linear-Leak Integrate-and-Fire (LLIF) model, a simplification of the leaky integrate-and-fire model.[13]

According to IBM, it doesn't have a clock[14] and operates on unary numbers and computes by counting up to a maximum of 19 bits.[5][15] The said cores are event-driven by using both (a)synchronous logic and are interconnected through an asynchronous packet-switched mesh network on chip (NOC).[15]

IBM developed a new network to program and use TrueNorth. It included simulator, a new programming language, an integrated programming environment and even libraries.[14] This lack of backward compatibility with any previous technology (e.g. C++ compilers) poses serious vendor lock-in risks and other adverse consequences that may prevent it from commercialization in the future.[14][failed verification]

Research Edit

In 2018 a cluster of TrueNorth network-linked to a master computer were used in stereo vision research that attempted to extract the depth of rapidly moving objects in a scene.[16]

Intel Loihi chip Edit

Intel's self-learning neuromorphic chip, named Loihi (produced in 2017), perhaps named after the Hawaiian seamount Lōʻihi, offers substantial power efficiency designed after the human brain. Intel claims Loihi is about 1000 times more energy efficient than the general-purpose computing power needed to train the neural networks that rival Loihi's performance. In theory, this would support both machine learning training and inference on the same silicon independently of a cloud connection, and more efficient than using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or deep learning neural networks. Intel points to a system for monitoring a person's heartbeat, taking readings after events such as exercise or eating, and using the cognitive computing chip to normalize the data and work out the ‘normal’ heartbeat. It can then spot abnormalities, but also deal with any new events or conditions.

The first iteration of the Loihi chip was made using Intel's 14 nm fabrication process, and houses 128 clusters of 1,024 artificial neurons each for a total of 131,072 simulated neurons.[17] This offers around 130 million synapses, which is still a rather long way from the human brain's 800 trillion synapses, and behind IBM's TrueNorth, which has around 256 million by using 64 by 4,096 cores.[18] Loihi is now available for research purposes among more than 40 academic research groups as a USB form factor.[19][20] Recent developments include a 64 core chip named Pohoiki Beach (after Isaac Hale Beach Park, also known as Pohoiki).[21]

In October 2019, researchers from Rutgers University published a research paper to demonstrate the energy efficiency of Intel's Loihi in solving Simultaneous localization and mapping.[22]

In March 2020, Intel and Cornell University published a research paper to demonstrate the ability of Intel's Loihi to recognize different hazardous materials, which could eventually aid to "diagnose diseases, detect weapons and explosives, find narcotics, and spot signs of smoke and carbon monoxide".[23]

In September 2021, Intel released Loihi 2, which it claims is roughly the same, but faster.[24]

SpiNNaker Edit

SpiNNaker (Spiking Neural Network Architecture) is a massively parallel, manycore supercomputer architecture designed by the Advanced Processor Technologies Research Group at the Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester.[25]

Criticism Edit

Critics argue that a room-sized computer – as in the case of IBM's Watson – is not a viable alternative to a three-pound human brain.[26] Some also cite the difficulty for a single system to bring so many elements together such as the disparate sources of information as well as computing resources.[27]

In 2021, The New York Times released Steve Lohr's article "What Ever Happened to IBM’s Watson?".[28] He wrote about some costly failures of IBM Watson. One of them, the cancer-related project named the Oncology Expert Advisor,[29] was abandoned in 2016 as a costly failure. During the collaboration, Watson could not use patient data. Watson struggled to decipher doctors’ notes and patient histories.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Witchalls, Clint (November 2014). "A computer that thinks". New Scientist. 224 (2994): 28–29. Bibcode:2014NewSc.224...28W. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)62145-X.
  2. ^ Seo, Jae-sun; Brezzo, Bernard; Liu, Yong; Parker, Benjamin D.; Esser, Steven K.; Montoye, Robert K.; Rajendran, Bipin; Tierno, José A.; Chang, Leland; Modha, Dharmendra S.; Friedman, Daniel J. (September 2011). "A 45nm CMOS neuromorphic chip with a scalable architecture for learning in networks of spiking neurons". 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC). pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/CICC.2011.6055293. ISBN 978-1-4577-0222-8. S2CID 18690998. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  3. ^ "Samsung plugs IBM's brain-imitating chip into an advanced sensor". Engadget. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  4. ^ KELLY, JOHN E.; HAMM, STEVE (2013). Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/kell16856. ISBN 9780231537278. JSTOR 10.7312/kell16856.
  5. ^ a b "The brain's architecture, efficiency… on a chip". IBM Research Blog. 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  6. ^ "Intel's Pohoiki Beach, a 64-Chip Neuromorphic System, Delivers Breakthrough Results in Research Tests". Intel Newsroom.
  7. ^ "Korean Researchers Devel". 30 March 2020.
  8. ^ Merolla, P. A.; Arthur, J. V.; Alvarez-Icaza, R.; Cassidy, A. S.; Sawada, J.; Akopyan, F.; Jackson, B. L.; Imam, N.; Guo, C.; Nakamura, Y.; Brezzo, B.; Vo, I.; Esser, S. K.; Appuswamy, R.; Taba, B.; Amir, A.; Flickner, M. D.; Risk, W. P.; Manohar, R.; Modha, D. S. (2014). "A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface". Science. 345 (6197): 668–73. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..668M. doi:10.1126/science.1254642. PMID 25104385. S2CID 12706847.
  9. ^ https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/how-ibm-got-brainlike-efficiency-from-the-truenorth-chip How IBM Got Brainlike Efficiency From the TrueNorth Chip
  10. ^ "Cognitive computing: Neurosynaptic chips". IBM. 11 December 2015.
  11. ^ Song, Kyung Mee; Jeong, Jae-Seung; Pan, Biao; Zhang, Xichao; Xia, Jing; Cha, Sunkyung; Park, Tae-Eon; Kim, Kwangsu; Finizio, Simone; Raabe, Jörg; Chang, Joonyeon; Zhou, Yan; Zhao, Weisheng; Kang, Wang; Ju, Hyunsu; Woo, Seonghoon (March 2020). "Skyrmion-based artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing". Nature Electronics. 3 (3): 148–155. arXiv:1907.00957. doi:10.1038/s41928-020-0385-0. S2CID 195767210.
  12. ^ "Neuromorphic computing: The long path from roots to real life". 15 December 2020.
  13. ^ "The brain's architecture, efficiency… on a chip". IBM Research Blog. 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  14. ^ a b c "IBM Research: Brain-inspired Chip". www.research.ibm.com. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  15. ^ a b Andreou, Andreas G.; Dykman, Andrew A.; Fischl, Kate D.; Garreau, Guillaume; Mendat, Daniel R.; Orchard, Garrick; Cassidy, Andrew S.; Merolla, Paul; Arthur, John; Alvarez-Icaza, Rodrigo; Jackson, Bryan L. (May 2016). "Real-time sensory information processing using the TrueNorth Neurosynaptic System". 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). p. 2911. doi:10.1109/ISCAS.2016.7539214. ISBN 978-1-4799-5341-7. S2CID 29335047.
  16. ^ "Stereo Vision Using Computing Architecture Inspired by the Brain". IBM Research Blog. 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  17. ^ "Why Intel built a neuromorphic chip". ZDNET.
  18. ^ "Intel unveils Loihi neuromorphic chip, chases IBM in artificial brains". October 17, 2017. AITrends.com
  19. ^ "Intel Ramps up Neuromorphic Computing Effort with New Research Partners | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites".
  20. ^ http://niceworkshop.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Mike-Davies-NICE-Loihi-Intro-Talk-2018.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  21. ^ "Intel's Neuromorphic Loihi Processor Scales to 8M Neurons, 64 Cores - ExtremeTech".
  22. ^ Tang, Guangzhi; Shah, Arpit; Michmizos, Konstantinos. (2019). "Spiking Neural Network on Neuromorphic Hardware for Energy-Efficient Unidimensional SLAM". 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). pp. 4176–4181. arXiv:1903.02504. doi:10.1109/IROS40897.2019.8967864. ISBN 978-1-7281-4004-9. S2CID 70349899.
  23. ^ Imam, Nabil; Cleland, Thomas A. (2020). "Rapid online learning and robust recall in a neuromorphic olfactory circuit". Nature Machine Intelligence. 2 (3): 181–191. arXiv:1906.07067. doi:10.1038/s42256-020-0159-4. S2CID 189928531.
  24. ^ "Neuromorphic Computing - Next Generation of AI". Intel.
  25. ^ "Research Groups: APT - Advanced Processor Technologies (School of Computer Science - the University of Manchester)".
  26. ^ Neumeier, Marty (2012). Metaskills: Five Talents for the Robotic Age. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders. ISBN 9780133359329.
  27. ^ Hurwitz, Judith; Kaufman, Marcia; Bowles, Adrian (2015). Cognitive Computing and Big Data Analytics. Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. ISBN 9781118896624.
  28. ^ Lohr, Steve (2021-07-16). "What Ever Happened to IBM's Watson?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  29. ^ Simon, George; DiNardo, Courtney D.; Takahashi, Koichi; Cascone, Tina; Powers, Cynthia; Stevens, Rick; Allen, Joshua; Antonoff, Mara B.; Gomez, Daniel; Keane, Pat; Suarez Saiz, Fernando; Nguyen, Quynh; Roarty, Emily; Pierce, Sherry; Zhang, Jianjun (June 2019). "Applying Artificial Intelligence to Address the Knowledge Gaps in Cancer Care". The Oncologist. 24 (6): 772–782. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0257. ISSN 1083-7159. PMC 6656515. PMID 30446581.

Further reading Edit

  • CES 2018: Intel gives glimpse into mind-blowing future of computing
  • Schank, Roger C.; Childers, Peter G. (1984). The cognitive computer: on language, learning, and artificial intelligence. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 9780201064438.
  • Wilson, Stephen (1988). "The Cognitive Computer: On Language, Learning, and Artificial Intelligence by Roger C. Schank, Peter Childers (review)". Leonardo. 21 (2): 210. doi:10.2307/1578563. ISSN 1530-9282. JSTOR 1578563. S2CID 56814452. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  • SERVICE, ROBERT F. (20 May 2022). "Microchips that mimic the human brain could make AI far more energy efficient". Science magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  • Whitten, Allison (November 10, 2022). "New Chip Expands the Possibilities for AI". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

August 29, 2023
cognitive, computer, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, require, copy, editing, grammar, style, cohesion, tone, spelling, assist, editing, 2. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may require copy editing for grammar style cohesion tone or spelling You can assist by editing it May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information May 2023 This article contains content that is written like an advertisement Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view January 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message A cognitive computer is a computer that hardwires artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into an integrated circuit printed circuit board that closely reproduces the behavior of the human brain 1 It generally adopts a neuromorphic engineering approach Synonyms are neuromorphic chip and cognitive chip 2 3 An example of an cognitive computer implemented using neural networks and deep learning techniques is IBM s Watson machine 4 A subsequent development by IBM is the 2014 TrueNorth microchip architecture 5 which is designed to be closer in structure to the human brain than the von Neumann architecture used in conventional computers 1 In 2017 Intel also announced its own version of a cognitive chip in Loihi which it intended to be available to university and research labs in 2018 Intel Qualcomm and others are improving neuromorphic processors steadily Intel with its Pohoiki Beach and Springs systems 6 7 Contents 1 IBM TrueNorth chip 1 1 Details 1 2 Research 2 Intel Loihi chip 3 SpiNNaker 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingIBM TrueNorth chip Edit DARPA SyNAPSE board with 16 TrueNorth chipsTrueNorth was a neuromorphic CMOS integrated circuit produced by IBM in 2014 8 It is a manycore processor network on a chip design with 4096 cores each one having 256 programmable simulated neurons for a total of just over a million neurons In turn each neuron has 256 programmable synapses that convey the signals between them Hence the total number of programmable synapses is just over 268 million 228 Its basic transistor count is 5 4 billion Details Edit Since memory computation and communication are handled in each of the 4096 neurosynaptic cores TrueNorth circumvents the von Neumann architecture bottleneck and is very energy efficient with IBM claiming a power consumption of 70 milliwatts and a power density that is 1 10 000th of conventional microprocessors 9 The SyNAPSE chip operates at lower temperatures and power because it only draws power necessary for computation 10 Skyrmions have been proposed as models of the synapse on a chip 11 12 The neurons are emulated using a Linear Leak Integrate and Fire LLIF model a simplification of the leaky integrate and fire model 13 According to IBM it doesn t have a clock 14 and operates on unary numbers and computes by counting up to a maximum of 19 bits 5 15 The said cores are event driven by using both a synchronous logic and are interconnected through an asynchronous packet switched mesh network on chip NOC 15 IBM developed a new network to program and use TrueNorth It included simulator a new programming language an integrated programming environment and even libraries 14 This lack of backward compatibility with any previous technology e g C compilers poses serious vendor lock in risks and other adverse consequences that may prevent it from commercialization in the future 14 failed verification Research Edit In 2018 a cluster of TrueNorth network linked to a master computer were used in stereo vision research that attempted to extract the depth of rapidly moving objects in a scene 16 Intel Loihi chip EditIntel s self learning neuromorphic chip named Loihi produced in 2017 perhaps named after the Hawaiian seamount Lōʻihi offers substantial power efficiency designed after the human brain Intel claims Loihi is about 1000 times more energy efficient than the general purpose computing power needed to train the neural networks that rival Loihi s performance In theory this would support both machine learning training and inference on the same silicon independently of a cloud connection and more efficient than using convolutional neural networks CNNs or deep learning neural networks Intel points to a system for monitoring a person s heartbeat taking readings after events such as exercise or eating and using the cognitive computing chip to normalize the data and work out the normal heartbeat It can then spot abnormalities but also deal with any new events or conditions The first iteration of the Loihi chip was made using Intel s 14 nm fabrication process and houses 128 clusters of 1 024 artificial neurons each for a total of 131 072 simulated neurons 17 This offers around 130 million synapses which is still a rather long way from the human brain s 800 trillion synapses and behind IBM s TrueNorth which has around 256 million by using 64 by 4 096 cores 18 Loihi is now available for research purposes among more than 40 academic research groups as a USB form factor 19 20 Recent developments include a 64 core chip named Pohoiki Beach after Isaac Hale Beach Park also known as Pohoiki 21 In October 2019 researchers from Rutgers University published a research paper to demonstrate the energy efficiency of Intel s Loihi in solving Simultaneous localization and mapping 22 In March 2020 Intel and Cornell University published a research paper to demonstrate the ability of Intel s Loihi to recognize different hazardous materials which could eventually aid to diagnose diseases detect weapons and explosives find narcotics and spot signs of smoke and carbon monoxide 23 In September 2021 Intel released Loihi 2 which it claims is roughly the same but faster 24 SpiNNaker EditSpiNNaker Spiking Neural Network Architecture is a massively parallel manycore supercomputer architecture designed by the Advanced Processor Technologies Research Group at the Department of Computer Science University of Manchester 25 Criticism EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2023 Critics argue that a room sized computer as in the case of IBM s Watson is not a viable alternative to a three pound human brain 26 Some also cite the difficulty for a single system to bring so many elements together such as the disparate sources of information as well as computing resources 27 In 2021 The New York Times released Steve Lohr s article What Ever Happened to IBM s Watson 28 He wrote about some costly failures of IBM Watson One of them the cancer related project named the Oncology Expert Advisor 29 was abandoned in 2016 as a costly failure During the collaboration Watson could not use patient data Watson struggled to decipher doctors notes and patient histories See also EditAI accelerator Cognitive computing Computational cognition Neuromorphic engineering Tensor Processing Unit Turing test Spiking neural networkReferences Edit a b Witchalls Clint November 2014 A computer that thinks New Scientist 224 2994 28 29 Bibcode 2014NewSc 224 28W doi 10 1016 S0262 4079 14 62145 X Seo Jae sun Brezzo Bernard Liu Yong Parker Benjamin D Esser Steven K Montoye Robert K Rajendran Bipin Tierno Jose A Chang Leland Modha Dharmendra S Friedman Daniel J September 2011 A 45nm CMOS neuromorphic chip with a scalable architecture for learning in networks of spiking neurons 2011 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference CICC pp 1 4 doi 10 1109 CICC 2011 6055293 ISBN 978 1 4577 0222 8 S2CID 18690998 Retrieved 21 December 2021 Samsung plugs IBM s brain imitating chip into an advanced sensor Engadget Retrieved 21 December 2021 KELLY JOHN E HAMM STEVE 2013 Smart Machines IBM s Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing Columbia University Press doi 10 7312 kell16856 ISBN 9780231537278 JSTOR 10 7312 kell16856 a b The brain s architecture efficiency on a chip IBM Research Blog 2016 12 19 Retrieved 2021 08 21 Intel s Pohoiki Beach a 64 Chip Neuromorphic System Delivers Breakthrough Results in Research Tests Intel Newsroom Korean Researchers Devel 30 March 2020 Merolla P A Arthur J V Alvarez Icaza R Cassidy A S Sawada J Akopyan F Jackson B L Imam N Guo C Nakamura Y Brezzo B Vo I Esser S K Appuswamy R Taba B Amir A Flickner M D Risk W P Manohar R Modha D S 2014 A million spiking neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface Science 345 6197 668 73 Bibcode 2014Sci 345 668M doi 10 1126 science 1254642 PMID 25104385 S2CID 12706847 https spectrum ieee org computing hardware how ibm got brainlike efficiency from the truenorth chip How IBM Got Brainlike Efficiency From the TrueNorth Chip Cognitive computing Neurosynaptic chips IBM 11 December 2015 Song Kyung Mee Jeong Jae Seung Pan Biao Zhang Xichao Xia Jing Cha Sunkyung Park Tae Eon Kim Kwangsu Finizio Simone Raabe Jorg Chang Joonyeon Zhou Yan Zhao Weisheng Kang Wang Ju Hyunsu Woo Seonghoon March 2020 Skyrmion based artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing Nature Electronics 3 3 148 155 arXiv 1907 00957 doi 10 1038 s41928 020 0385 0 S2CID 195767210 Neuromorphic computing The long path from roots to real life 15 December 2020 The brain s architecture efficiency on a chip IBM Research Blog 2016 12 19 Retrieved 2022 09 28 a b c IBM Research Brain inspired Chip www research ibm com 9 February 2021 Retrieved 2021 08 21 a b Andreou Andreas G Dykman Andrew A Fischl Kate D Garreau Guillaume Mendat Daniel R Orchard Garrick Cassidy Andrew S Merolla Paul Arthur John Alvarez Icaza Rodrigo Jackson Bryan L May 2016 Real time sensory information processing using the TrueNorth Neurosynaptic System 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems ISCAS p 2911 doi 10 1109 ISCAS 2016 7539214 ISBN 978 1 4799 5341 7 S2CID 29335047 Stereo Vision Using Computing Architecture Inspired by the Brain IBM Research Blog 2018 06 19 Retrieved 2021 08 21 Why Intel built a neuromorphic chip ZDNET Intel unveils Loihi neuromorphic chip chases IBM in artificial brains October 17 2017 AITrends com Intel Ramps up Neuromorphic Computing Effort with New Research Partners TOP500 Supercomputer Sites http niceworkshop org wp content uploads 2018 05 Mike Davies NICE Loihi Intro Talk 2018 pdf bare URL PDF Intel s Neuromorphic Loihi Processor Scales to 8M Neurons 64 Cores ExtremeTech Tang Guangzhi Shah Arpit Michmizos Konstantinos 2019 Spiking Neural Network on Neuromorphic Hardware for Energy Efficient Unidimensional SLAM 2019 IEEE RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems IROS pp 4176 4181 arXiv 1903 02504 doi 10 1109 IROS40897 2019 8967864 ISBN 978 1 7281 4004 9 S2CID 70349899 Imam Nabil Cleland Thomas A 2020 Rapid online learning and robust recall in a neuromorphic olfactory circuit Nature Machine Intelligence 2 3 181 191 arXiv 1906 07067 doi 10 1038 s42256 020 0159 4 S2CID 189928531 Neuromorphic Computing Next Generation of AI Intel Research Groups APT Advanced Processor Technologies School of Computer Science the University of Manchester Neumeier Marty 2012 Metaskills Five Talents for the Robotic Age Indianapolis IN New Riders ISBN 9780133359329 Hurwitz Judith Kaufman Marcia Bowles Adrian 2015 Cognitive Computing and Big Data Analytics Indianapolis IN John Wiley amp Sons p 110 ISBN 9781118896624 Lohr Steve 2021 07 16 What Ever Happened to IBM s Watson The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 09 28 Simon George DiNardo Courtney D Takahashi Koichi Cascone Tina Powers Cynthia Stevens Rick Allen Joshua Antonoff Mara B Gomez Daniel Keane Pat Suarez Saiz Fernando Nguyen Quynh Roarty Emily Pierce Sherry Zhang Jianjun June 2019 Applying Artificial Intelligence to Address the Knowledge Gaps in Cancer Care The Oncologist 24 6 772 782 doi 10 1634 theoncologist 2018 0257 ISSN 1083 7159 PMC 6656515 PMID 30446581 Further reading EditCES 2018 Intel gives glimpse into mind blowing future of computing Schank Roger C Childers Peter G 1984 The cognitive computer on language learning and artificial intelligence Addison Wesley Pub Co ISBN 9780201064438 Wilson Stephen 1988 The Cognitive Computer On Language Learning and Artificial Intelligence by Roger C Schank Peter Childers review Leonardo 21 2 210 doi 10 2307 1578563 ISSN 1530 9282 JSTOR 1578563 S2CID 56814452 Retrieved 13 January 2017 SERVICE ROBERT F 20 May 2022 Microchips that mimic the human brain could make AI far more energy efficient Science magazine Retrieved 2022 08 21 Whitten Allison November 10 2022 New Chip Expands the Possibilities for AI Quanta Magazine Retrieved November 11 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cognitive computer amp oldid 1170818806 Intel Loihi chip, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.