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Ifá

January 12, 2023

For other uses, see IFA (disambiguation).

Ifá is a Yoruba religion and system of divination. Its literary corpus is the Odu Ifá. Orunmila is identified as the Grand Priest, as he revealed divinity and prophecy to the world. Babalawos or Iyanifas use either the divining chain known as Opele, or the sacred palm or kola nuts called Ikin, on the wooden divination tray called Opon Ifá.

Sixteen Principal Odu
Name 1 2 3 4
Ogbè I I I I
Ọ̀yẹ̀kú II II II II
Ìwòrì II I I II
Òdí I II II I
Ìrosùn I I II II
Ọ̀wọ́nrín II II I I
Ọ̀bàrà I II II II
Ọ̀kànràn II II II I
Ògúndá I I I II
Ọ̀ṣá II I I I
Ìká II I II II
Òtúúrúpọ̀n II II I II
Òtúrá I II I I
Ìrẹ̀tẹ̀ I I II I
Ọ̀ṣẹ́ I II I II
Òfún (Ọ̀ràngún) II I II I
Sixteen Principal Afa-du
(Yeveh Vodou)
Name 1 2 3 4
Eji-Ogbe I I I I
Ọyeku-Meji II II II II
Iwori-Meji II I I II
Odi-Meji I II II I
Irosun-Meji I I II II
Ọwanrin-Meji II II I I
Ọbara-Meji I II II II
Ọkanran-Meji II II II I
Ogunda-Meji I I I II
Ọsa-Meji II I I I
Ika-Meji II I II II
Oturupon-Meji II II I II
Otura-Meji I II I I
Irete-Maji I I II I
Ọse-Meji I II I II
Ofu meji II I II I

Ifá is practiced throughout the Americas, West Africa, and the Canary Islands, in the form of a complex religious system, and plays a critical role in the traditions of Santería, Candomblé, Palo, Umbanda, Vodou, and other Afro-American faiths, as well as in some traditional African religions.

History

The 16-principle system has its earliest history in West Africa. Each Niger–Congo-speaking ethnic group that practices it has its own myths of origin; Yoruba religion suggests that it was founded by Orunmila in Ilé-Ifẹ̀ when he initiated himself and then he initiated his students, Akoda and Aseda. Other myths suggest that it was brought to Ilé-Ifẹ̀ by Setiu, a Nupe man who settled in Ilé-Ifẹ̀. According to the book The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the British Protectorate (1921) by Nigerian historian Samuel Johnson and Obadiah Johnson, it was Arugba, the mother of Onibogi, the 8th Alaafin of Oyo who introduced Oyo to Ifá in the late 1400s. She initiated the Alado of Ato and conferred on him the rites to initiate others. The Alado, in turn, initiated the priests of Oyo and that was how Ifá came to be in the Oyo empire.[1]

Orunmila came to establish an oral literary corpus incorporating stories and experiences of priests and their clients along with the results. This odu corpus emerges as the leading documentation on the Ifá tradition to become a historical legacy.

Yoruba canon

In Yorubaland, divination gives priests unreserved access to the teachings of Orunmila.[2] Eshu is the one said to lend ashe to the oracle during provision of direction and or clarification of counsel. Eshu is also the one that holds the keys to one's ire (fortune or blessing)[3] and thus acts as Oluwinni (one's Creditor): he can grant ire or remove it.[4] Ifá divination rites provide an avenue of communication to the spiritual realm and the intent of one's destiny.[5]

In Igboland, Ifá is known as Afá, and is performed by specialists called Dibia. The Dibia is considered a doctor and specializes in the use of herbs for healing and transformation.[6]

Ewe canon

Among the Ewe people of southern Togo and southeast Ghana, Ifá is also known as Afá, where the Vodun spirits come through and speak. In many of their Egbes, it is Alaundje who is honored as the first Bokono to have been taught how to divine the destiny of humans using the holy system of Afá. The Amengansi are the living oracles who are higher than a bokono. A priest who is not a bokono is known as Hounan, similar to Houngan, a male priest in Haitian Vodou, a derivative religion of Vodun, the religion of the Ewe.

Odù Ifá

 
Divination tray

There are sixteen major books in the Odu Ifá[7] literary corpus. When combined, there are a total of 256 Odu (a collection of sixteen, each of which has sixteen alternatives ⇔ 162, or 44) that are believed to reference all situations, circumstances, actions and consequences in life based on the uncountable ese (or "poetic tutorials") relative to the 256 Odu coding. These form the basis of traditional Yoruba spiritual knowledge and are the foundation of all Yoruba divination systems. Ifá proverbs, stories, and poetry are not written down. Rather, they are passed down orally from one babalawo to another. Yoruba people consult Ifá for divine intervention and spiritual guidance.[8]

The Messenger sign of Ifá

In addition to the sixteen fundamental signs, Ifá divination includes a major sign, which is the combination of Ọse and Otura, from right to left (Ọse-Tura).

Ọse-Tura
I I
II II
I I
I II

That sign must be written each time a ritual is performed: Ọse-Tura is the messenger and the carrier of the sacrifice. It is closely associated with the god Eshu in the system of Ifá. That Messenger sign was known in Arab and Latin medieval geomancy as the Morning Star,[9] that is as the planet Venus. In other words, Ọse-Tura is a remainder of ancient astrology in Ifá divination[2].

International recognition

The Ifá divination system was added in 2005 by UNESCO to its list of the "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity".[10]

Ifá in Santería

Ifá is used in the Afro-Cuban religion of Santería;[11] it is the most complex and prestigious divinatory system used in the religion.[12] The two are closely linked, sharing the same mythology and conception of the universe,[13] although Ifá also has a separate existence from Santería.[14] High priests of Ifá are known as babalawos and although their presence is not essential to Santería ceremonies, they often attend in their capacity as diviners.[15] Many santeros are also babalawos,[16] although it is not uncommon for babalawos to perceive themselves as being superior to most santeros.[17] Traditionally, only heterosexual men are allowed to become babalawos,[18] although homosexual male babalawos now exist due to the more open policy for Santería initiates. [19] Women are typically prohibited from taking on this role,[20] a restriction explained through the story that the òrìṣà (pronounced "orisha" or "oricha" in Spanish) Orula was furious that Yemayá, his wife, had used his tabla divining board and subsequently decided to ban women from ever touching it again.[21] In spite of this legend, by the early 21st century, a small number of women have since been initiated as babalawos.[22] Initiation as a babalawo requires a payment to the initiator and is typically regarded as highly expensive.[23]

The òrìṣà of Ifá, Orula or Ọ̀rúnmila, also has a prominent place within Santería.[14] He is believed to oversee divination; once an individual is initiated as a babalawo they are given a pot containing various items, including palm nuts, which is believed to be the literal embodiment of Orula.[24] Babalawos provide offerings to Orula, including animal sacrifices and gifts of money.[25] In Cuba, Ifá typically involves the casting of consecrated palm nuts to answer a question. The babalawo then interprets the message of the nuts depending on how they have fallen; there are 256 possible configurations in the Ifá system, which the babalawo is expected to have memorised.[26] Individuals approach the babalawo seeking guidance, often on financial matters, at which the diviner will consult Orula through the established divinatory method.[27] In turn, those visiting the babalawos pay them for their services.[28]

Notable followers

See also

References

  1. ^ Johnson, Samuel (1921). History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate. Nigeria Bookshops.
  2. ^ Lijadu, E. M. Ifá: ImọLe Rẹ Ti I Ṣe Ipile Isin Ni Ilẹ Yoruba. Ado-Ekiti: Omolayo Standard Press, 1898. 1972.
  3. ^ "Ase Ire :: What is Ase Ire?".
  4. ^ [1] September 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Adéẹ̀kọ́, Adélékè. "'Writing' and 'Reference' in Ifá Divination Chants." Oral Tradition 25, no. 2 (2010).
  6. ^ "Igbo Medicine".
  7. ^ Sixteen major 'books in Odù Ifá July 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Karade, Baba I. (2020). The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts. Google Scholar. ISBN 9781578636679.
  9. ^ Dianteill, E. (2022). Venus, Issa, and the Moon Dog, International Journal of Divination and Prognostication, 3(2), 125-170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/25899201-12340025
  10. ^ "Ifa Divination System". Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  11. ^ Hagedorn 2001, p. 104; Holbraad 2012, p. 90.
  12. ^ Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, p. 70.
  13. ^ Holbraad 2005, p. 233; Holbraad 2012, p. 90.
  14. ^ a b Hagedorn 2001, p. 104.
  15. ^ Hagedorn 2001, pp. 104–105; Holbraad 2012, p. 90.
  16. ^ Hagedorn 2001, p. 105; Wirtz 2007, p. ix.
  17. ^ Holbraad 2005, pp. 233–234.
  18. ^ Holbraad 2005, p. 234; Holbraad 2012, p. 90.
  19. ^ Pérez y Mena 1998, p. 20.
  20. ^ Wedel 2004, p. 157; Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, p. 61.
  21. ^ Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, pp. 52–53.
  22. ^ Clark 2005, p. 63.
  23. ^ Holbraad 2005, pp. 235–236.
  24. ^ Holbraad 2012, pp. 90–91.
  25. ^ Holbraad 2005, p. 237–238.
  26. ^ Wedel 2004, p. 92; Holbraad 2012, p. 91.
  27. ^ Holbraad 2005, p. 234.
  28. ^ Holbraad 2005, pp. 234–235.
  29. ^ "Faculty Database - Koshikawa Yoshiaki".
  30. ^ "運命は自分で切り開くもの！ 精霊（オリチャ）から欲しいエネルギーを得て、2019年を良い年に！".
  31. ^ "The Role of Spirit in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement: A Conversation with Activist and Artist Patrisse Cullors". 24 June 2015.
  32. ^ "ATLANTA RAPPER 21 SAVAGE PRACTICES THE IFÁ RELIGION". 5 August 2016.
  33. ^ "A Cobra Kai actor practices a religion that predicts the future". Market Research Telecast. 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2022-02-28.

Sources

  • Clark, Mary Ann (2005). Where Men Are Wives And Mothers Rule: Santería Ritual Practices and their Gender Implications. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813028347.
  • Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011). Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo (second ed.). New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6228-8.
  • Hagedorn, Katherine J. (2001). Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro-Cuban Santería. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1560989479.
  • Holbraad, Martin (2005). "Expending Multiplicity: Money in Cuban Ifá Cults". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 11 (2): 231–254. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00234.x. JSTOR 3804208.
  • Holbraad, Martin (2012). "Truth Beyond Doubt: Ifá Oracles in Havana". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 2 (1): 81–109. doi:10.14318/hau2.1.006. S2CID 143785826.
  • Pérez y Mena, Andrés I. (1998). "Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodun, Puerto Rican Spiritualism: A Multiculturalist Inquiry into Syncretism". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 37 (1): 15–27. doi:10.2307/1388026. JSTOR 1388026.
  • Wedel, Johan (2004). Santería Healing: A Journey into the Afro-Cuban World of Divinities, Spirits, and Sorcery. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2694-7.
  • Wirtz, Kristina (2007). Ritual, Discourse, and Community in Cuban Santería: Speaking a Sacred World. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3064-7.

Further reading

  • Chief FAMA Fundamentals of the Yoruba Religion (Orisa Worship) ISBN 0-9714949-0-8 (works self-published through her company)
  • Chief FAMA Practitioners' Handbook for the Ifa Professional ISBN 0-9714949-3-2
  • Chief FAMA Fundamentos de la Religion Yoruba (Adorando Orisa) ISBN 0-9714949-6-7
  • Fama, Chief (1994). Sixteen mythological stories of Ifá = (Ìtàn Ífá mẹ́rìndínlógún). San Bernardino, CA: Ilé Ọ̀rúnmìlà Communications. ISBN 9780964424722.
  • Chief FAMA FAMA'S EDE AWO (Orisa Yoruba Dictionary) ISBN 0-9644247-8-9
  • Chief FAMA The Rituals (novela) ISBN 0-9644247-7-0
  • Awo Fasina Falade Ifa: The Key to Its Understanding ISBN 0-9663132-3-2
  • Chief Adedoja Aluko The Sixteen (16) Major Odu Ifa from Ile-Ife ISBN 978-37376-6-X
  • Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 1 , ISBN 978-0-9810013-1-9
  • Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC , ISBN 978-1-926538-12-9
  • Chief S. Solagbade Popoola & Fakunle Oyesanya ISBN 978-09810013-0-2
  • C. Osamaro Ibie Ifism the Complete Works of Orunmila ISBN 1-890157-05-8
  • William R. Bascom: Ifa Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa ISBN 0-253-20638-3
  • William R. Bascom: Sixteen Cowries: Yoruba Divination from Africa to the New World ISBN 0-253-20847-5
  • Rosenthal, J. ‘Possession Ecstasy & Law in Ewe Voodoo" ISBN 0-8139-1805-7
  • Maupoil, Bernard. "La Geomancie L'ancienne Côte des Esclaves
  • Alapini, Julien. Les noix sacrées. Etude complète de Fa-Ahidégoun génie de la sagesse et de la divination au Dahomey
  • Dr. Ron Eglash (1997) Recursion in ethnomathematics, Chaos Theory in West African divination.
  • Bàbálàwó Ifatunwase Tratados Enciclopédicos de Ifá (Colección Alafundé), ISBN 978-0-9810387-04

January 12, 2023
ifá, other, uses, disambiguation, yoruba, religion, system, divination, literary, corpus, orunmila, identified, grand, priest, revealed, divinity, prophecy, world, babalawos, iyanifas, either, divining, chain, known, opele, sacred, palm, kola, nuts, called, ik. For other uses see IFA disambiguation Ifa is a Yoruba religion and system of divination Its literary corpus is the Odu Ifa Orunmila is identified as the Grand Priest as he revealed divinity and prophecy to the world Babalawos or Iyanifas use either the divining chain known as Opele or the sacred palm or kola nuts called Ikin on the wooden divination tray called Opon Ifa Sixteen Principal OduName 1 2 3 4Ogbe I I I IỌ yẹ ku II II II IIIwori II I I IIOdi I II II IIrosun I I II IIỌ wọ nrin II II I IỌ bara I II II IIỌ kanran II II II IOgunda I I I IIỌ ṣa II I I IIka II I II IIOtuurupọ n II II I IIOtura I II I IIrẹ tẹ I I II IỌ ṣẹ I II I IIOfun Ọ rangun II I II ISixteen Principal Afa du Yeveh Vodou Name 1 2 3 4Eji Ogbe I I I IỌyeku Meji II II II IIIwori Meji II I I IIOdi Meji I II II IIrosun Meji I I II IIỌwanrin Meji II II I IỌbara Meji I II II IIỌkanran Meji II II II IOgunda Meji I I I IIỌsa Meji II I I IIka Meji II I II IIOturupon Meji II II I IIOtura Meji I II I IIrete Maji I I II IỌse Meji I II I IIOfu meji II I II IIfa is practiced throughout the Americas West Africa and the Canary Islands in the form of a complex religious system and plays a critical role in the traditions of Santeria Candomble Palo Umbanda Vodou and other Afro American faiths as well as in some traditional African religions Contents 1 History 2 Yoruba canon 3 Ewe canon 4 Odu Ifa 5 The Messenger sign of Ifa 6 International recognition 7 Ifa in Santeria 8 Notable followers 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Sources 11 Further readingHistory EditThe 16 principle system has its earliest history in West Africa Each Niger Congo speaking ethnic group that practices it has its own myths of origin Yoruba religion suggests that it was founded by Orunmila in Ile Ifẹ when he initiated himself and then he initiated his students Akoda and Aseda Other myths suggest that it was brought to Ile Ifẹ by Setiu a Nupe man who settled in Ile Ifẹ According to the book The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the British Protectorate 1921 by Nigerian historian Samuel Johnson and Obadiah Johnson it was Arugba the mother of Onibogi the 8th Alaafin of Oyo who introduced Oyo to Ifa in the late 1400s She initiated the Alado of Ato and conferred on him the rites to initiate others The Alado in turn initiated the priests of Oyo and that was how Ifa came to be in the Oyo empire 1 Orunmila came to establish an oral literary corpus incorporating stories and experiences of priests and their clients along with the results This odu corpus emerges as the leading documentation on the Ifa tradition to become a historical legacy Yoruba canon EditIn Yorubaland divination gives priests unreserved access to the teachings of Orunmila 2 Eshu is the one said to lend ashe to the oracle during provision of direction and or clarification of counsel Eshu is also the one that holds the keys to one s ire fortune or blessing 3 and thus acts as Oluwinni one s Creditor he can grant ire or remove it 4 Ifa divination rites provide an avenue of communication to the spiritual realm and the intent of one s destiny 5 In Igboland Ifa is known as Afa and is performed by specialists called Dibia The Dibia is considered a doctor and specializes in the use of herbs for healing and transformation 6 Ewe canon EditAmong the Ewe people of southern Togo and southeast Ghana Ifa is also known as Afa where the Vodun spirits come through and speak In many of their Egbes it is Alaundje who is honored as the first Bokono to have been taught how to divine the destiny of humans using the holy system of Afa The Amengansi are the living oracles who are higher than a bokono A priest who is not a bokono is known as Hounan similar to Houngan a male priest in Haitian Vodou a derivative religion of Vodun the religion of the Ewe Odu Ifa Edit Divination tray There are sixteen major books in the Odu Ifa 7 literary corpus When combined there are a total of 256 Odu a collection of sixteen each of which has sixteen alternatives 162 or 44 that are believed to reference all situations circumstances actions and consequences in life based on the uncountable ese or poetic tutorials relative to the 256 Odu coding These form the basis of traditional Yoruba spiritual knowledge and are the foundation of all Yoruba divination systems Ifa proverbs stories and poetry are not written down Rather they are passed down orally from one babalawo to another Yoruba people consult Ifa for divine intervention and spiritual guidance 8 The Messenger sign of Ifa EditIn addition to the sixteen fundamental signs Ifa divination includes a major sign which is the combination of Ọse and Otura from right to left Ọse Tura Ọse Tura I III III II IIThat sign must be written each time a ritual is performed Ọse Tura is the messenger and the carrier of the sacrifice It is closely associated with the god Eshu in the system of Ifa That Messenger sign was known in Arab and Latin medieval geomancy as the Morning Star 9 that is as the planet Venus In other words Ọse Tura is a remainder of ancient astrology in Ifa divination 2 International recognition EditThe Ifa divination system was added in 2005 by UNESCO to its list of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity 10 Ifa in Santeria EditIfa is used in the Afro Cuban religion of Santeria 11 it is the most complex and prestigious divinatory system used in the religion 12 The two are closely linked sharing the same mythology and conception of the universe 13 although Ifa also has a separate existence from Santeria 14 High priests of Ifa are known as babalawos and although their presence is not essential to Santeria ceremonies they often attend in their capacity as diviners 15 Many santeros are also babalawos 16 although it is not uncommon for babalawos to perceive themselves as being superior to most santeros 17 Traditionally only heterosexual men are allowed to become babalawos 18 although homosexual male babalawos now exist due to the more open policy for Santeria initiates 19 Women are typically prohibited from taking on this role 20 a restriction explained through the story that the oriṣa pronounced orisha or oricha in Spanish Orula was furious that Yemaya his wife had used his tabla divining board and subsequently decided to ban women from ever touching it again 21 In spite of this legend by the early 21st century a small number of women have since been initiated as babalawos 22 Initiation as a babalawo requires a payment to the initiator and is typically regarded as highly expensive 23 The oriṣa of Ifa Orula or Ọ runmila also has a prominent place within Santeria 14 He is believed to oversee divination once an individual is initiated as a babalawo they are given a pot containing various items including palm nuts which is believed to be the literal embodiment of Orula 24 Babalawos provide offerings to Orula including animal sacrifices and gifts of money 25 In Cuba Ifa typically involves the casting of consecrated palm nuts to answer a question The babalawo then interprets the message of the nuts depending on how they have fallen there are 256 possible configurations in the Ifa system which the babalawo is expected to have memorised 26 Individuals approach the babalawo seeking guidance often on financial matters at which the diviner will consult Orula through the established divinatory method 27 In turn those visiting the babalawos pay them for their services 28 Notable followers EditYoshiaki Koshikawa Japanese professor of literature at Meiji University and first Japanese person to be initiated as a babalawo 29 30 Susanne Wenger Austrian artist Patrisse Cullors American co founder of the Black Lives Matter movement 31 Sheyaa Bin Abraham Joseph 21 Savage British American rap artist 32 Xolo Mariduena American actor 33 See also EditAfrican diaspora religions Babalawo Iyalawo Orunmila Traditional African religion portalReferences Edit Johnson Samuel 1921 History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate Nigeria Bookshops Lijadu E M Ifa ImọLe Rẹ Ti I Ṣe Ipile Isin Ni Ilẹ Yoruba Ado Ekiti Omolayo Standard Press 1898 1972 Ase Ire What is Ase Ire 1 Archived September 25 2015 at the Wayback Machine Adeẹ kọ Adeleke Writing and Reference in Ifa Divination Chants Oral Tradition 25 no 2 2010 Igbo Medicine Sixteen major books in Odu Ifa Archived July 2 2008 at the Wayback Machine Karade Baba I 2020 The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts Google Scholar ISBN 9781578636679 Dianteill E 2022 Venus Issa and the Moon Dog International Journal of Divination and Prognostication 3 2 125 170 doi https doi org 10 1163 25899201 12340025 Ifa Divination System Retrieved 5 July 2017 Hagedorn 2001 p 104 Holbraad 2012 p 90 Fernandez Olmos amp Paravisini Gebert 2011 p 70 Holbraad 2005 p 233 Holbraad 2012 p 90 a b Hagedorn 2001 p 104 Hagedorn 2001 pp 104 105 Holbraad 2012 p 90 Hagedorn 2001 p 105 Wirtz 2007 p ix Holbraad 2005 pp 233 234 Holbraad 2005 p 234 Holbraad 2012 p 90 Perez y Mena 1998 p 20 Wedel 2004 p 157 Fernandez Olmos amp Paravisini Gebert 2011 p 61 Fernandez Olmos amp Paravisini Gebert 2011 pp 52 53 Clark 2005 p 63 Holbraad 2005 pp 235 236 Holbraad 2012 pp 90 91 Holbraad 2005 p 237 238 Wedel 2004 p 92 Holbraad 2012 p 91 Holbraad 2005 p 234 Holbraad 2005 pp 234 235 Faculty Database Koshikawa Yoshiaki 運命は自分で切り開くもの 精霊 オリチャ から欲しいエネルギーを得て 2019年を良い年に The Role of Spirit in the BlackLivesMatter Movement A Conversation with Activist and Artist Patrisse Cullors 24 June 2015 ATLANTA RAPPER 21 SAVAGE PRACTICES THE IFA RELIGION 5 August 2016 A Cobra Kai actor practices a religion that predicts the future Market Research Telecast 2022 01 03 Retrieved 2022 02 28 Sources Edit Clark Mary Ann 2005 Where Men Are Wives And Mothers Rule Santeria Ritual Practices and their Gender Implications Gainesville University Press of Florida ISBN 978 0813028347 Fernandez Olmos Margarite Paravisini Gebert Lizabeth 2011 Creole Religions of the Caribbean An Introduction from Vodou and Santeria to Obeah and Espiritismo second ed New York and London New York University Press ISBN 978 0 8147 6228 8 Hagedorn Katherine J 2001 Divine Utterances The Performance of Afro Cuban Santeria Washington D C Smithsonian Books ISBN 978 1560989479 Holbraad Martin 2005 Expending Multiplicity Money in Cuban Ifa Cults The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11 2 231 254 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9655 2005 00234 x JSTOR 3804208 Holbraad Martin 2012 Truth Beyond Doubt Ifa Oracles in Havana HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory 2 1 81 109 doi 10 14318 hau2 1 006 S2CID 143785826 Perez y Mena Andres I 1998 Cuban Santeria Haitian Vodun Puerto Rican Spiritualism A Multiculturalist Inquiry into Syncretism Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 1 15 27 doi 10 2307 1388026 JSTOR 1388026 Wedel Johan 2004 Santeria Healing A Journey into the Afro Cuban World of Divinities Spirits and Sorcery Gainesville University Press of Florida ISBN 978 0 8130 2694 7 Wirtz Kristina 2007 Ritual Discourse and Community in Cuban Santeria Speaking a Sacred World Gainesville University Press of Florida ISBN 978 0 8130 3064 7 Further reading EditChief FAMA Fundamentals of the Yoruba Religion Orisa Worship ISBN 0 9714949 0 8 works self published through her company Chief FAMA Practitioners Handbook for the Ifa Professional ISBN 0 9714949 3 2 Chief FAMA Fundamentos de la Religion Yoruba Adorando Orisa ISBN 0 9714949 6 7 Fama Chief 1994 Sixteen mythological stories of Ifa Itan Ifa mẹ rindinlogun San Bernardino CA Ile Ọ runmila Communications ISBN 9780964424722 Chief FAMA FAMA S EDE AWO Orisa Yoruba Dictionary ISBN 0 9644247 8 9 Chief FAMA The Rituals novela ISBN 0 9644247 7 0 Awo Fasina Falade Ifa The Key to Its Understanding ISBN 0 9663132 3 2 Chief Adedoja Aluko The Sixteen 16 Major Odu Ifa from Ile Ife ISBN 978 37376 6 X Chief S Solagbade Popoola library INC Ifa Dida Vol 1 EjiOgbe Orangun Meji ISBN 978 0 9810013 1 9 Chief S Solagbade Popoola library INC Ifa Dida Vol 2 Ogbe Oyeku Ogbe Ofun ISBN 978 1 926538 12 9 Chief S Solagbade Popoola amp Fakunle Oyesanya Ikunle Abiyamo The ASE of Motherhood ISBN 978 09810013 0 2 C Osamaro Ibie Ifism the Complete Works of Orunmila ISBN 1 890157 05 8 William R Bascom Ifa Divination Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa ISBN 0 253 20638 3 William R Bascom Sixteen Cowries Yoruba Divination from Africa to the New World ISBN 0 253 20847 5 Rosenthal J Possession Ecstasy amp Law in Ewe Voodoo ISBN 0 8139 1805 7 Maupoil Bernard La Geomancie L ancienne Cote des Esclaves Alapini Julien Les noix sacrees Etude complete de Fa Ahidegoun genie de la sagesse et de la divination au Dahomey Dr Ron Eglash 1997 American Anthropologist Recursion in ethnomathematics Chaos Theory in West African divination Babalawo Ifatunwase Tratados Enciclopedicos de Ifa Coleccion Alafunde ISBN 978 0 9810387 04 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ifa amp oldid 1131626747, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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