Khetrānī, or Khetranki,[2] is an Indo-Aryan language of north-eastern Balochistan. It is spoken by the majority of the Khetrans,[3] an ethnolinguistic tribe that occupies a hilly tract in the Sulaiman Mountains comprising the whole of Barkhan District as well as small parts of neighbouring Kohlu District to the south-west, and Musakhel District to the north. The ethnic Khetran population found to the east in the Vehova Tehsil of Taunsa Sharif District of Punjab instead speak Saraiki.[4] Alternative names for the language attested at the start of the 20th century are Barāzai and Jāfaraki.[5]
Khetrani is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in Barkhan District, it is given a space in this map.
Khetrani has grammatical features in common with both Sindhi and with Saraiki,[6] but is not mutually intelligible with either.[7] Khetrani has a relatively small number of Balochi loanwords in its vocabulary.[8] Khetrani was formerly a dialect continuum of both Sindhi and Saraiki.[6]
It is likely to have been formerly spoken over a wider area, which has been reduced with the expansion of Pashto from the north and Balochi from the south-east.[9] The earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a Dardic language[10] has been found "difficult to substantiate" by more detailed recent research.[11]
Historyedit
The Khetrans. It is certain that the whole of the triangular block of hill now occupied by the Marris was in the possession of Indian tribes before the Baloch invasion. They were gradually destroyed or absorbed by the Baloch from the south and the Afghans from the north and such names as Shahdedja among the Marris and Haripal among the Afghans to the north indicate that fragments of these tribes remain among the Baloch and the Afghans. The Khetrans however between the Afghan and the Baloch have preserved their identity and their peculiar Indian dialect to the present day.[12]
Footnotesedit
^Birmani & Ahmed (2017, pp. 4–5) estimate that it is spoken by at least 100,000 people out of an ethnic population of about 150,000. Two decades previously, Elfenbein (1994, p. 72) had estimated the number of speakers between 40,000 and 45,000.
^E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 By M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck page 631
Bibliographyedit
Birmani, Ali H.; Ahmed, Fasih (2017). "Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan: A preliminary description". Lingua. 191–192: 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2016.12.003. ISSN 0024-3841.
Elfenbein, Joseph H. (1994). "Notes on Khetrāni phonology". Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik. 19: 71–82. ISSN 0341-4191.
Grierson, George A. (1919). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII, Part 1, Indo-Aryan family. North-western group. Specimens of Sindhī and Lahndā. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
Khetrani language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Worldview of Khetran
April 13, 2024
khetrani, language, khetrānī, khetranki, indo, aryan, language, north, eastern, balochistan, spoken, majority, khetrans, ethnolinguistic, tribe, that, occupies, hilly, tract, sulaiman, mountains, comprising, whole, barkhan, district, well, small, parts, neighb. Khetrani or Khetranki 2 is an Indo Aryan language of north eastern Balochistan It is spoken by the majority of the Khetrans 3 an ethnolinguistic tribe that occupies a hilly tract in the Sulaiman Mountains comprising the whole of Barkhan District as well as small parts of neighbouring Kohlu District to the south west and Musakhel District to the north The ethnic Khetran population found to the east in the Vehova Tehsil of Taunsa Sharif District of Punjab instead speak Saraiki 4 Alternative names for the language attested at the start of the 20th century are Barazai and Jafaraki 5 KhetraniNative toPakistanNative speakersover 100 000 2017 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanNorthwesternLahnda Sindhic KhetraniLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code xhe class extiw title iso639 3 xhe xhe a Glottologkhet1238Khetrani is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in Barkhan District it is given a space in this map Khetrani has grammatical features in common with both Sindhi and with Saraiki 6 but is not mutually intelligible with either 7 Khetrani has a relatively small number of Balochi loanwords in its vocabulary 8 Khetrani was formerly a dialect continuum of both Sindhi and Saraiki 6 It is likely to have been formerly spoken over a wider area which has been reduced with the expansion of Pashto from the north and Balochi from the south east 9 The earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a Dardic language 10 has been found difficult to substantiate by more detailed recent research 11 History editThe Khetrans It is certain that the whole of the triangular block of hill now occupied by the Marris was in the possession of Indian tribes before the Baloch invasion They were gradually destroyed or absorbed by the Baloch from the south and the Afghans from the north and such names as Shahdedja among the Marris and Haripal among the Afghans to the north indicate that fragments of these tribes remain among the Baloch and the Afghans The Khetrans however between the Afghan and the Baloch have preserved their identity and their peculiar Indian dialect to the present day 12 Footnotes edit Birmani amp Ahmed 2017 pp 4 5 estimate that it is spoken by at least 100 000 people out of an ethnic population of about 150 000 Two decades previously Elfenbein 1994 p 72 had estimated the number of speakers between 40 000 and 45 000 Grierson 1919 p 372 Birmani amp Ahmed 2017 pp 4 5 Birmani amp Ahmed 2017 p 3 5 Minchin 1907 p 71 a b Birmani amp Ahmed 2017 Elfenbein 1994 pp 71 72 Elfenbein 1994 p 73 Birmani amp Ahmed 2017 p 5 Masica 1991 p 443 Birmani amp Ahmed 2017 p 21 E J Brill s first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 By M Th Houtsma A J Wensinck page 631Bibliography editBirmani Ali H Ahmed Fasih 2017 Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan A preliminary description Lingua 191 192 3 21 doi 10 1016 j lingua 2016 12 003 ISSN 0024 3841 Elfenbein Joseph H 1994 Notes on Khetrani phonology Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 19 71 82 ISSN 0341 4191 Grierson George A 1919 Linguistic Survey of India Vol VIII Part 1 Indo Aryan family North western group Specimens of Sindhi and Lahnda Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India Masica Colin P 1991 The Indo Aryan languages Cambridge language surveys Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 23420 7 Minchin C F 1907 Loralai District Baluchistan district gazetteers Vol 2 Allahabad Pioneer Press External links edit nbsp Khetrani language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Worldview of Khetran Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khetrani language amp oldid 1208762310, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
