The IBM 1400 series were second-generation (transistor) mid-range business decimal computers that IBM marketed in the early 1960s. The computers were offered to replace tabulating machines like the IBM 407. The 1400-series machines stored information in magnetic cores as variable-length character strings separated on the left by a special bit, called a "wordmark," and on the right by a "record mark." Arithmetic was performed digit-by-digit. Input and output support included punched card, magnetic tape, and high-speed line printers. Disk storage was also available.
IBM 1400 series
IBM 1401 Data Processing System, the first member of the 1400 series
Many members of the series could be used as independent systems, as extensions to IBM punched-card equipment, or as auxiliary equipment to other computer systems. Some, however, were intended for specific applications or were economical only as independent systems.
The 1401, announced on October 5, 1959, was the first member of the IBM 1400 series. It was the first computer to deploy over 10,000 units.[1] The IBM 1410 was a similar design, but with a larger address space. The IBM 1460 was logically, but not physically, identical to a fully optioned 1401 with 16,000 characters of memory, and twice as fast. The 1240 was a banking system, equivalent to the 1440 system with MICR support. The IBM 7010 was logically, but not physically, identical to a 1410, and twice as fast.
IBM provided several models compatible (or nearly so) with the 1401.
1460 was twice as fast, and many special features of 1401 were standard.
1440 was a popular lower-cost alternative, although not fully compatible with the 1401.
1240, 1420, 1450 were systems specially designed for banking.
1410 was a much faster system in the same spirit as 1401, but with significant differences, such as larger memory (up to 100,000 characters), more index registers (fifteen), and additional instructions. A remarkable feature in the pre-microprogramming era was a "compatibility mode" switch that allowed it to run 1401 programs without change.
7010 was a faster and exactly compatible version of 1410.
The IBM System/360 Model 30 could be ordered with a 1401 compatibility microprogram feature. Several 1400 series peripherals were adapted for use with System/360.
Honeywell's Honeywell 200 provided approximate 1401 compatibility through a combination of architectural similarity and software support.
Field and character coding
With the 1400 series, the smallest addressable unit in core-storage is called a character. The 1400 stores alphameric characters internally in binary-coded decimal (BCD) form, spanning six bits called BA8421. When the character is an operation code or is the first character in a field, another bit, called the "word mark", is included. An odd parity bit, called "C", is also included.
Arithmetic is 10-based with the one's position at the high- and the most-significant decimal digit at the low-address end of a multi-digit field, thus of ″big-endian″ style. This pertains for both, the (possibly indexed) address calculation for the access of operands and for the various operands of the arithmetic instructions. Whereas an address field in an instruction, designating an operand, is of fixed length (which depends on the size of the storage), the numeric operands of arithmetic instructions may be of arbitrary (positive) length. The word mark approach allows the 1410 to access a field (depending on the instruction to be performed) at either end, so that the most efficient access can be chosen. This way, the compiler of a higher-level programming language has to take care of the initial increment of the operand address (by operand length minus 1) for example, for add, subtract, or multiply instructions.[5]
1400, series, were, second, generation, transistor, range, business, decimal, computers, that, marketed, early, 1960s, computers, were, offered, replace, tabulating, machines, like, 1400, series, machines, stored, information, magnetic, cores, variable, length. The IBM 1400 series were second generation transistor mid range business decimal computers that IBM marketed in the early 1960s The computers were offered to replace tabulating machines like the IBM 407 The 1400 series machines stored information in magnetic cores as variable length character strings separated on the left by a special bit called a wordmark and on the right by a record mark Arithmetic was performed digit by digit Input and output support included punched card magnetic tape and high speed line printers Disk storage was also available IBM 1400 seriesIBM 1401 Data Processing System the first member of the 1400 seriesTypeminicomputer small mainframeRelease date1959 64 years ago 1959 PredecessorIBM 407SuccessorIBM 8000 not released IBM midrange computersRelatedIBM 700 7000 seriesIBM 1130Many members of the series could be used as independent systems as extensions to IBM punched card equipment or as auxiliary equipment to other computer systems Some however were intended for specific applications or were economical only as independent systems Contents 1 History 2 Compatible systems 3 Field and character coding 4 Programming languages 5 Retirement 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditThe 1401 announced on October 5 1959 was the first member of the IBM 1400 series It was the first computer to deploy over 10 000 units 1 The IBM 1410 was a similar design but with a larger address space The IBM 1460 was logically but not physically identical to a fully optioned 1401 with 16 000 characters of memory and twice as fast The 1240 was a banking system equivalent to the 1440 system with MICR support The IBM 7010 was logically but not physically identical to a 1410 and twice as fast Members of the 1400 series included IBM 1240 1963 banking system 2 IBM 1401 1959 IBM 1410 1960 IBM 1420 1962 high speed bank transit system 3 IBM 1440 1962 IBM 1450 1968 Bank Data Processing System for small banks 4 IBM 1460 1963 IBM 7010 1962Peripherals used with 1400 series machines included Card reader punches IBM 1402 IBM 1442 IBM 1444 Printers IBM 1403 IBM 1404 IBM 1443 IBM 1445 7 track tape drives IBM 729 IBM 7330 IBM 7335 Disk drives IBM 1301 IBM 1311 IBM 1405 RAMAC Check processing IBM 1210 Paper tape input output Console typewriter IBM 1407 IBM 1447Compatible systems EditIBM provided several models compatible or nearly so with the 1401 1460 was twice as fast and many special features of 1401 were standard 1440 was a popular lower cost alternative although not fully compatible with the 1401 1240 1420 1450 were systems specially designed for banking 1410 was a much faster system in the same spirit as 1401 but with significant differences such as larger memory up to 100 000 characters more index registers fifteen and additional instructions A remarkable feature in the pre microprogramming era was a compatibility mode switch that allowed it to run 1401 programs without change 7010 was a faster and exactly compatible version of 1410 The IBM System 360 Model 30 could be ordered with a 1401 compatibility microprogram feature Several 1400 series peripherals were adapted for use with System 360 Honeywell s Honeywell 200 provided approximate 1401 compatibility through a combination of architectural similarity and software support Field and character coding EditWith the 1400 series the smallest addressable unit in core storage is called a character The 1400 stores alphameric characters internally in binary coded decimal BCD form spanning six bits called BA8421 When the character is an operation code or is the first character in a field another bit called the word mark is included An odd parity bit called C is also included Arithmetic is 10 based with the one s position at the high and the most significant decimal digit at the low address end of a multi digit field thus of big endian style This pertains for both the possibly indexed address calculation for the access of operands and for the various operands of the arithmetic instructions Whereas an address field in an instruction designating an operand is of fixed length which depends on the size of the storage the numeric operands of arithmetic instructions may be of arbitrary positive length The word mark approach allows the 1410 to access a field depending on the instruction to be performed at either end so that the most efficient access can be chosen This way the compiler of a higher level programming language has to take care of the initial increment of the operand address by operand length minus 1 for example for add subtract or multiply instructions 5 Programming languages EditProgramming languages for the 1400 series included Symbolic Programming System SPS an assembly language Autocoder a more fully featured assembly language COBOL FORTRAN Report Program Generator RPG and FARGO Retirement EditThe 1400 series was replaced by System 360 and later by low end machines like the IBM System 3 System 32 System 34 System 36 System 38 and AS 400 The 1400s were officially withdrawn in the early 1970s however some 1400 series peripherals were still marketed with third generation systems Two 1401 computers have been restored to full operational status at the Computer History Museum Notes Edit da Cruz Frank 7 September 2015 The IBM 1401 Columbia University Computing History Columbia University Retrieved 11 September 2017 1963 IBM Archives History of IBM IBM 23 January 2003 Retrieved 11 September 2017 The Bank in the 1960s A history of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 1914 1989 Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Retrieved 11 September 2017 DPD chronology IBM Archives The IBM Data Processing Division IBM 23 January 2003 Retrieved 11 September 2017 IBM 1410 Principles of Operation PDF Technical report IBM Systems Reference Library Vol Form A22 0526 International Business Machines Corporation 1 May 1963 References EditIBM Archives Pre 360 IBM Mainframe Family tree amp chronology IBM April 1969 Catalog of Programs for IBM 1240 1401 1420 1440 1450 and 1460 PDF C20 1601 9 Archived from the original PDF on 2006 10 19 Retrieved 2006 09 24 IBM October 1967 IBM 1401 and 1460 Bibliography PDF A24 1495 4 Archived from the original PDF on 2006 02 12 Retrieved 2006 09 26 A source for 1401 1460 components IBM n d IBM 1410 7010 Bibliography PDF A22 6826 4 A source for 1410 7010 components External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to IBM 1400 series Many IBM 1400 series manuals are online pdf files at http bitsavers org pdf ibm 1410 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title IBM 1400 series amp oldid 1147566339, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
