fbpx
Wikipedia

Hurricane Manuel

February 24, 2023

Hurricane Manuel (/ˌmæn(j)uˈɛl, ˌmɑːn-/)[1] brought widespread flooding across much of Mexico in September 2013, in conjunction with Hurricane Ingrid. The fifteenth named storm and seventh hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Manuel originated from a strong area of low pressure south of Acapulco on September 13. Within favorable conditions aloft, the storm intensified into a tropical storm as it tracked northward. The following day, Manuel curved westward and strengthened to a point just shy of hurricane intensity before making its first landfall at that intensity on September 15. Due to interaction with land, the tropical storm quickly weakened, and its center dissipated over western Mexico on September 16. However, the storm's remnants continued to track northwestward into the Gulf of California, where they reorganized into a tropical cyclone the next day. Manuel regained tropical storm status on September 18 as it began to curve northeastward. Shortly thereafter, Manuel attained Category 1 hurricane intensity, before making its final landfall just west of Culiacán at peak intensity. Over land, Manuel quickly weakened due to interaction with Mexico's high terrain, and the storm dissipated early on September 20.

Hurricane Manuel
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Tropical Storm Manuel near hurricane strength on September 18
FormedSeptember 13, 2013
DissipatedSeptember 20, 2013
(Remnant low after September 19)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 75 mph (120 km/h)
Lowest pressure983 mbar (hPa); 29.03 inHg
Fatalities169 total
Damage$4.2 billion (2013 USD) (Costliest Pacific hurricane on record)
Areas affectedOaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Texas
Part of the 2013 Pacific hurricane season

Due to the impending threat of Manuel, several Mexican municipalities were put under disaster alerts. Upon making its first landfall, Manuel caused extreme flooding in southern Mexico. Property and agricultural damage as a result of the system was widespread, and roughly one million people were estimated to have been directly affected. In Guerrero, 97 people perished, including 18 in Acapulco. Seventy-one others died due to a mudslide in La Pintada. In Guerrero alone, around 30,000 homes were damaged and 46 rivers overflowed their banks. There, 20,000 persons were evacuated to shelters. Statewide, repairs to damage from the storm totaled MXN$3 billion ($230 million USD).[nb 1] Other impacts from Manuel spread as far east as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, where 300 families were displaced. In the region, at least 11,591 homes were destroyed by the floods. Meanwhile, the nation sustained additional impacts from Atlantic Hurricane Ingrid.

After its second landfall, additional floods occurred in several towns, and in Sinaloa over 100,000 people were rendered homeless and four people died. As a result of Manuel's impacts, 107 municipalities were declared disaster regions. Damage in Sinaloa totaled MXN$500 million (US$37.9 million). The Mexican Army was dispatched in several locations to aid in post-tropical cyclone relief operations. Following the storm, looting in heavily impacted areas became commonplace, and as such government forces were also dispatched to prevent further looting. Overall, 169 people lost their lives in Mexico, while damage exceeded MXN$55 billion (US$4.2 billion).

Meteorological history

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Manuel can be traced back to a tropical wave that left the African continent in late August. The wave entered the Caribbean Sea on September 5, although the northern portion of the wave axis later developed into Hurricane Ingrid.[2] On September 10, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) remarked the potential for a low-pressure area to develop off the southwest coast of Mexico during the subsequent few days, provided the system remained offshore.[3] The next day, a low formed while it was nearly stationary, accompanied by scattered convection.[4] Strong wind shear and proximity to land were expected to limit development,[5] although conditions became more favorable on September 12. On that day, the convection became better organized.[6] At 1200 UTC on September 13, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Thirteen-E,[2] noting that the system had enough of a well-defined circulation and convection. By that time, wind shear had diminished and warm waters were expected to allow intensification, and the main inhibiting factors for development were proximity to land and association with the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[7]

 
Tropical Storm Manuel over Western Mexico on September 15

Within a few hours of developing, the depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Manuel.[2] By early on September 14, an eye feature developed as rainbands increased. However, Manuel was embedded within a broad weather system that extended from the eastern Pacific across Mexico, which included Hurricane Ingrid in the Bay of Campeche on the Gulf of Mexico coast. The broad system, including Manuel, moved generally northward.[8] By early on September 15, Manuel had developed a central dense overcast, with a 17 mi (27 km) wide eye in the center. Based on the structure and satellite-intensity estimates, the NHC estimated Manuel attained secondary peak winds of 70 mph (115 km/h), just shy of hurricane status. The agency noted the potential for further strengthening into a hurricane, citing the warm waters, moist environment, and low shear.[9] A break in the subtropical ridge to the north allowed the storm to initially continue generally to the north-northeast, soon peaking as a low-end Category 1 hurricane;[2][10] however, after reaching its peak intensity, Manuel turned back to the northwest while accelerating.[2] On September 15, Manuel made landfall near Aquila in Michoacán as a high-end tropical storm,[2] though operationally, it was believed to have moved ashore near Manzanillo in Colima.[11] Early on September 16, the storm weakened into a tropical depression after the circulation became disrupted, although it continued dropping heavy rainfall.[12] Later that day, the surface center dissipated over western Mexico.[13]

The remnants of Manuel tracked northwest around a ridge situated over the southeastern United States,[2] and late on September 16, emerged over open waters.[14] Despite only marginally favorable conditions,[15] convection soon increased over the center.[2] At 1800 UTC on September 17 Manuel regenerated into a tropical depression after redeveloping a well-defined circulation.[2] Furthermore, conditions favored additional strengthening as the system tracked slowly northwestward around a ridge, although the cyclone was expected to move onshore the Baja California Peninsula in a few days.[16] Although the convection was initially ragged,[17] Manuel re-intensified into a tropical storm on September 18.[18] Later that day, an eye developed in the center of the increasingly organizing convection,[19] and at 0000 UTC on September 19, Manuel became a hurricane.[20] It thus became the first eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone since records began in 1949 to make landfall in mainland Mexico, and later redevelop into a hurricane.[2] The storm shifted more to the north, resulting in land interaction earlier than anticipated.[21] Around 1200 UTC on September 19, Manuel made landfall just west of Culiacán as a minimal hurricane.[22] Moving over the high terrain of western Mexico, Manuel quickly weakened into a tropical storm.[23] The storm's circulation dissipated at 0000 UTC on September 20, over the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range.[2][24]

Preparations

On the afternoon of September 13, a tropical storm warning was issued from Acapulco to Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán. Thirty-six hours later, a hurricane warning was issued from Lázaro Cárdenas to Manzanillo as the system was expected to become a hurricane prior to landfall. Later on September 15, a tropical storm watch was declared north of the hurricane warning. By early the next day, all watches and warnings were no longer in effect.[2] In addition to the aforementioned watches and warnings, an "orange" alert was issued in southern Michoacán, and "yellow" (moderate) alert was in place for the rest of Michoacán and Guerrero. Lower levels of alerts were issued in Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Oaxaca, and in the southern portion of Sinaloa.[25] Twenty-five families were evacuated in Lázaro Cárdenas, and Arteaga, Michoacán.[26] On September 17, all classes were suspended in Colima.[27]

After regenerating into a tropical cyclone in the Gulf of California, a tropical storm watch was issued just north of Mazatlán as well as the southwestern portion of the Baja California Peninsula The next day, a hurricane watch was issued for the area south of Topolobampo. At 2100 UTC on September 18, the hurricane watch was upgraded into a hurricane warning. Meanwhile, a tropical storm warning was designated south of the hurricane warning area to Mazatlán. On the evening of September 19, all watches and warnings were discontinued, as Manuel had moved inland.[2]

On September 18, when the cyclone first threatened the state, 13 municipalities were placed on alert in Sonora.[28] Along the Baja California Peninsula, seven ports were closed.[29] The ports of Mazatlán, Cabo San Lucas, and San José del Cabo were closed for small craft and night interests.[30] A "yellow" alert was issued for southern Baja California Sur while a "green" alert was issued for the northern portion of the state.[31] In Sinaloa, classes were suspended.[32] Prior to landfall, 700 people were evacuated statewide,[33] including 365 residents from two municipalities.[34] Over 60 families were evacuated in Navolato.[35] An "orange" alert was also activated for the state.[36]

Impact

Known Pacific hurricanes with at least $500 million in damage
Storm Season Damage Ref.
Manuel 2013 $4.2 billion [37]
Iniki 1992 $3.1 billion [38]
Odile 2014 $1.25 billion [39]
Agatha 2010 $1.1 billion [40]
Willa 2018 $825 million [41][42][43][44]
Madeline 1998 $750 million [45]
Rosa 1994 $700 million [46]
Paul 1982 $520 million [47][48][49]
Octave 1983 $512.5 million [50][51]
Norman 1978 $500 million [52]

Around the same time as Manuel's first landfall, Hurricane Ingrid made landfall along the eastern coast of the nation; this marked the first time two tropical cyclones struck the nation within 24 hours since 1958.[53] Overall, economic impact exceeded MXN$55 billion (US$4.2 billion).[54] Damage to roads alone totaled to $2 billion pesos ($153 million 2013 USD).[55] A total of 123 people were killed due to Hurricane Manuel, at least of 104 of which were direct.[2] Roughly 59,000 people were evacuated, including 39,000 that sought shelter.[56] Approximately 1 million people were directly affected by Manuel.[57]

Hurricane Manuel brought extremely heavy rains for eight days over much of Mexico, especially over mountainous terrain, although this precipitation was aided by Ingrid as well as large-scale southwesterly monsoonal flow. Numerous locations recorded more than 10 in (250 mm) of rain. A peak storm total of 43.6 in (1,110 mm) was measured in San Isidro, Guerrero. In nearby Acapulco, a secondary maximum of 17.8 in (450 mm) was recorded. Further north, in Michoacán, a statewide peak rainfall total of 22.11 in (562 mm) occurred. After making its second landfall, 18.52 in (470 mm) of precipitation fell in Culiacán and 15.32 in (389 mm) was observed in nearby Sanalona.[2]

Oaxaca

In Jicayan, Manuel damaged 10 homes and flooded a school. Offshore, one boat was reportedly missing.[58] Along the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 300 families were displaced from their homes.[59] Roughly 5,000 animals were killed by the storm.[60] A total of 200 ha (490 acres) of crop was destroyed in Oaxaca; however, damage in the state was considerably less than in Guerrero.[61] Within Oaxaca, 19 communities were isolated.[62] Four people were killed in the state.[63] Overall, 77 municipalities[64] or 10,000 people were directly affected by the floods.[65]

Guerrero

 
President Enrique Peña Nieto and Secretary of the Interior Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong visit affected zones around Acapulco de Juárez on 16 September 2013.

At least 97 people were killed throughout Guerrero.[2] Approximately 30,000 dwellings were damaged,[66] including 11,591 houses sustained severe damage.[64] Moreover, at least 11,000 homes were destroyed[67] 20,000 people were evacuated to shelters.[68] 12,000 of which were evacuated to 47 shelters.[67] Overall, 24 rivers flooded,[64] at least 32 roads sustained damage, and four bridges collapsed.[68]

In La Pintada, a remote fishing village of around 400 residents situated to the west of Acapulco,[69] a mudslide occurred on September 14, which within a few minutes, swept through the center of town. As such, many residents initially wandered throughout town in a state of panic and confusion;[66] it took two days for word of the mudslide to spread to the public.[70] Throughout the village, 71 people were killed.[71] Over half the town, including 20 homes, were demolished due to the mudslide. A total of 334 people were evacuated by police,[69] though 30 elected to stay in the area until all the victims had been identified.[72] Many surviving citizens of La Pintada were also hurt, including one seriously.[73]

In the municipality of Atlamajalcingo, a woman died after a collapse of a dwelling.[74] In Chilpancingo, the capital of Guerrero, four people perished.[75] Numerous trees were downed and power outages were reported. Additionally, the nearby Cerrito Rico dam nearly overflowed its banks.[76] In the Tecpan municipality, four rivers overflowed their banks and six people died because of landslides.[53] Many mountainous communities were isolated, thus making in difficult to receive aid.[66]

Acapulco

 
Debris on beach in the Acapulco Diamante [es] area.

The city of Acapulco sustained the worst damage from the storm;[77] the damage in Acapulco was described by the National Broadcasting Company as the "worst storm damage to hit Mexico in years".[57] There, 18 fatalities occurred,[78] including one person that died when a wall collapsed.[74] Nearby, six tourists perished in a car crash, including two minors.[77] The crash also damaged two fences, a boat, and injured two people.[79] Several homes were flooded in nearby neighborhoods of Acapulco when a nearby river overflowed its banks.[79] Isolated incidents of vandalism were reported.[64] Two mudslides were reported, resulting in the destruction of a home and the closure of a few roads.[80] A family of six perished in Acapulco when a landslide demolished their home.[53] At least 40,000 tourists who spent the Mexican Independence Day in Acapulco were stranded since the terminal of the airport was underwater.[57][81] Furthermore, the main roads out of the city were blocked by landslides. Even though by September 19, the military had evacuated 10,000 people via 100 flights to Mexico City,[73] this process was difficult because the radar was not functioning.[82] Citywide, 13,516 dwellings were damaged.[60]

Colima

Although flooding was minor in Colima,[83] a peak rainfall total of 144 mm (5.7 in) was measured in Chanal.[84] Many families were evacuated.[85] Several dams statewide reached their maximum capacity[86] while numerous roads that led to the Manzanillo airport were closed.[87] In Ixtlahuacán, 50 families were evacuated when a river threatened to overflow its banks;[88] thirty others were taken to shelter in the rest of the state.[89] A bridge collapsed in Villa de Alvarez.[90] One man was killed in the state when he unsuccessfully attempted to cross a river.[91] Four trees were brought down.[92] Around 15,000 ha (58 sq mi) of banana crop was wiped out.[93] In all, the municipalities of Ixtlahuacán, Tecomán, Manzanillo, and Comala Coquimatlán sustained the worst effects from Manuel in the state.[94] Manuel was considered the worst storm to hit the Mexican state since the 1959 Mexico hurricane.[95] Damage in the state exceeded $479 million pesos ($36.8 million 2013 USD).[96]

Jalisco

Further north, minor flooding was reported in Jalisco.[97] Statewide, four people were killed. A 26-year-old man died after being swept away by in the village of Juanacatlan while a 12-year-old boy drowned after falling in a dam in the municipality of Teocuitatlan de Corona. Another man perished when he drove his car into a ravine in Cuautitlan de Garcia Barragan. Fifteen hundred people were evacuated from their homes. Classes were briefly cancelled in 588 schools, leaving over 40,000 pupils home. Bridges collapsed in the Jalisco towns of Zacoalco de Torres and Tamazula de Gordiano. The worst-hit areas in the state were the southern and coastal areas of the state, as well as the Guadalajara area, where flooding and landslides occurred in some neighborhoods.[98] Through Jalisco, 56 municipalities sustained damage.[99]

Sinaloa

Just before its second landfall, one fisherman was killed in Tepechitlán.[100] Another casualty occurred when a person fell off a shrimp boat.[101] A truck driver and a 5 year old also died, while the toddler's mother was considered missing.[102] The towns of Escuinapa, El Rosario, and Mazatlán,[35] as well as the municipalities of Angostura, Mocorito, Navolato, and Culiacán sustained flooded, resulting in modest damage. In Angostura, numerous people were trapped on the roofs of their houses. Coastal areas of Navolato were flooded while authorities reported 500 homeless;[103] hundreds of threes were toppled and power lines were disconnected.[104] Parts of Mocorito were isolated due to overflow of the Humaya channel.[103] About 2 m (6.6 ft) of water and debris was reported in Mocorito.[105] In Culiacán, minor flooding happened.[103] Meanwhile, in Chinito, almost all roads were destroyed.[99] Offshore, 24 boats were damaged.[106] Throughout the state, 100,000 people were rendered as homeless.[102] A total of 3,000 persons were evacuated to 62 shelters. In all, 70 communities were damaged by the tropical cyclone.[106] Hurricane Manuel directly affected 146,000 persons in 10 municipalities in the state.[107] Damage in Sinaloa totaled $500 million pesos ($37.9 million 2013 USD).[108]

Elsewhere

Elsewhere, in Michoacán, flooding was reported; many people had to be rescued via air[109] and two casualties were reported.[63] In Durango, 42 homes were damaged,[110] stranding 50 residents.[61] While brushing the Baja California Peninsula, 2 ft (0.61 m) waves were measured in La Paz in addition to winds of 26 mph (42 km/h).[29] In Sinaloa, a peak rainfall total of 415 mm (15 in) was recorded at Culiacán.[102] After dissipating, the remnants of Manuel brought copious amounts of rainfall to a wide swath of Texas.[111] The precipitation was further enhanced by deepening moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and an approaching cold front.[112] In the Austin area, the rains resulted in localized flooding, forcing the closure of several low water crossings. A weather station in Camp Mabry recorded 2.92 in (74 mm) of rain on September 20, making it a daily record for the station.[113] Elsewhere, radar estimates indicated that as much as 8 in (200 mm) may have fallen in localized areas in West Texas.[111] In Kimble County, one road was closed due to flooding. Across central Arkansas, 2–4.5 in (51–114 mm) of rainfall was recorded.[114]

Aftermath

Known Pacific hurricanes that have killed at least 100 people
Hurricane Season Fatalities Ref.
"Mexico" 1959 1,800 [115]
Paul 1982 1,625 [116][117][118][119]
Liza 1976 1,263 [120][121][122]
Tara 1961 436 [123]
Aletta 1982 308 [124][125]
Pauline 1997 230–400 [126]
Agatha 2010 190 [127][128]
Manuel 2013 169 [129]
Tico 1983 141 [130][131]
Ismael 1995 116 [132]
"Lower California" 1931 110 [133][134]
"Mazatlán" 1943 100 [135]
Lidia 1981 100 [128]

During the aftermath of the storm, a state of emergency was declared for Acapulco;[136] about 12,000 items were airlifted to the region. overall.[137] In all, 662 donation centers were opened across Guerrero.[68] Damages repairs to Guerrero totaled to $3 billion MXN ($123 million 2013 USD).[138] The Minister of Economy granted an additional $100 million pesos to the devastated state.[139] Furthermore, the Finance Ministry declared it had $12 billion pesos (US$925.60 million) available in funds.[57] In addition, the Mexican Red Cross collected and subsequently delivered cargo to the devastated area, especially Guerrero[64] while also providing 400,079 tons of aid. Local authorities also provided 29,000 tons of personal and household items.[140] The Médicos Sin Fronteras distributed 2,800 L (620 imp gal) of water, food, and medicines in five shelters.[64] A total of 87 million Euros (US$118 million), from the National Fund for Natural Disasters, were allocated to provide essential items such as food, mattresses, drinking water, and medicine.[141] The Water Missions International provided water to about 20,000 persons.[142] World Vision Mexico disturbed plastic tends to help cover roofs for 80 families. Furthermore, the organization donated mosquito nets for 76 families. Grocery items such as rice, oil, sardines, sugar, salt, cookies, and beans were also provided.[143] ADRA Mexico was one of the first organizations to help victims, and by early October, had helped 8,000 people.[144]

In Oaxaca, 42 municipalities were declared disaster areas.[145] Throughout the state of Guerrero, 56 municipalities were declared a disaster area[146] while 9 municipalities in Michoacán were declared a disaster zone.[147] In all, 428 municipalities were designated as disaster areas[148] and 155 emergencies declarations were issued due to both Ingrid and Manuel.[60] State of emergencies were declared in Michoacán and 21 municipalities in Jalisco, though by mid-October, they were lifted.[149][150]

Thirty-two damage assessment committees were installed to help estimate and analyze the cost of damage to public infrastructure. Subcommittees were established to help assess damage to schools, houses, and water supplies.[148] Ten shelters were opened in both Chilpancingo and Acapulco.[76][151] All survivors form the La Pintada mudslide were transported to a basketball gym in Acapulco, who were all provided with a US$150 pension.[66] Due to the closure of the commercial terminal of the Acapulco airport, special flights provided by Aeroméxico and Interjet were used to deliver aid.[70]

 
Landslide in the highway Acapulco–Pie de la Cuesta, Guerrero

By September 18, power services had been restored to the state of Guerrero.[152] That day, gas and water services were revived in Acapulco.[153] Emergency declarations were requested in Angostura and Navolato.[154] Within 12 hours after its second landfall, power was retrieved to 26,000 dwellings in Sinaloa.[155] In La Pintada, the search process for victims was halted briefly due to the threat of another mudslide,[70] but on September 20, 100 rescuers resumed searching, who frequently had to dig through mud to recover bodies.[72]

The Mexican government received criticism by the press for being under-prepared for both Manuel and Ingrid. One newspaper said that the authorities underestimated both storms, due to a combination of a "lack of coordination" and "the distraction of the weekend's independence-related festivities."[67] Guerrero governor Angel Aguirre was criticized by many for attending a night-long party and drinking when the storm first threatened the state. However, Aguirre later acknowledged political corruption, as well as the construction of homes and hotels in unsafe areas in a televised speech. Consequently, the Mexican Senate requested an investigation in the amount of preparation that occurred.[156]

To cope with relief efforts, Mexican Army troops and marines forces helped families whose homes were flooded.[79] Additionally, the military provided 60 tonnes (132,275 lb) of food supplies and 8,000 litres (1,760 imp gal) of water to the city.[157] A military airbase was installed to transport aid via air.[151] Authorities rushed to clean rocks and other debris from two highways in order to liberate Acapulco from isolation.[69] The disaster also resulted in panic buying at supermarkets.[69] Looters were spotted in Acapulco many angry victims robbed shops, homes, luxury hotels, and apartments. Marines were posted outside stores to prevent further theft.[57] Mexico President Enrique Peña Nieto toured through most of the devastated areas, promising to rebuild La Pintada and Acapulco.[158] On May 26, 2014, La Pintada was re-opened, with 125 new homes.[71]

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aftermath of Hurricane Manuel in Acapulco.

Because of the severe damage caused by the storm in Mexico, the name Manuel was later retired by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never be used again for an Eastern Pacific hurricane. It was replaced with Mario for the 2019 Pacific hurricane season.[159]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Manuel (2013).

References

  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Richard J. Pasch; David A. Zelinsky (January 6, 2014). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Manuel: September 13 - 19, 2013 (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  3. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 10, 2013). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  4. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 11, 2013). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  5. ^ Jack L. Beven (September 12, 2013). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  6. ^ Christopher W. Landsea (September 12, 2013). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  7. ^ Eric S. Blake (September 13, 2013). Tropical Depression Thirteen-E Discussion One (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  8. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 14, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Three (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  9. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (September 15, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Seven (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  10. ^ Robbie J. Berg; Richard J. Pasch (September 15, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Eight (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  11. ^ Todd B. Kimberlain; David R. Zelinsky (September 15, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Ten (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  12. ^ John P. Cangialosi (September 16, 2013). Tropical Depression Manuel Discussion Eleven (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  13. ^ Robbbie J. Berg (September 16, 2013). Remnants of Manuel Discussion Twelve (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  14. ^ Todd B. Kimberlain (September 16, 2013). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  15. ^ Robbie J. Berg (September 17, 2013). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  16. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 17, 2013). Tropical Depression Manuel Discussion Thirteen (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  17. ^ Michael J. Brennan (September 18, 2013). Tropical Depression Manuel Discussion Fifteen (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  18. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 18, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Sixteen (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  19. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 18, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Eighteen (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  20. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 19, 2013). Hurricane Manuel Intermediate Advisory Number Eighteen-A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  21. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 19, 2013). Hurricane Manuel Discussion Nineteen (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  22. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 19, 2013). Hurricane Manuel Discussion Twenty-One (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  23. ^ Daniel P. Brown (September 19, 2013). Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Twenty-Two (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  24. ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 20, 2013). Remnants of Manuel Discussion Twenty-Three (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  25. ^ . El Nacional (in Spanish). September 14, 2013. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  26. ^ "Evacuan a familias damnificadas de Michoacán". El Universal (in Spanish). September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  27. ^ "Por la seguridad del alumnado, se suspenden las clases en todos los niveles escolares en el Estado". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  28. ^ "Activan alertas por tormenta Manuel en Sonora". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  29. ^ a b "Cierran 7 puertos en BCS por tormenta tropical Manuel". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  30. ^ "BCS cierra tres puertos por tormenta Manuel". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  31. ^ "Manuel mantiene rumbo a BCS; hay 8 estados en alerta". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  32. ^ "Malova llama a suspender clases en Sinaloa por 'Manuel'". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  33. ^ "Evacuan a más de 700 personas de Angostura y Navolato". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  34. ^ "Inician en Sinaloa evacuaciones ante cercanía de Manuel". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  35. ^ a b . NPR. Associated Press. September 18, 2013. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  36. ^ "Sinaloa, en alerta naranja por el huracán Manuel". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  37. ^ Jakubowski, Steve; Krovvidi, Adityam; Podlaha, Adam; Bowen, Steve. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap" (PDF). Impact Forecasting. AON Benefield. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  38. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  39. ^ Albarrán, Elizabeth (December 10, 2014). "Aseguradores pagaron 16,600 mdp por daños del huracán Odile" [Insurers paid 16,600 MDP for Hurricane Odile damages]. El Economista (in Spanish). Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  40. ^ Beven, Jack (January 10, 2011). "Tropical Storm Agatha Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  41. ^ "Hay daños evidentes en Lerdo por lluvias" [There is obvious damage in Lerdo due to rain]. El Siglo de Durango (in Spanish). November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  42. ^ Piña, Ireri (October 25, 2018). "Necesarios 35 mdp para solventar daños por "Willa"" [35 MDP required to address damages by "Willa"]. Contramuro (in Spanish). Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  43. ^ "Estiman en 6 mil millones de pesos los daños dejados por huracán Willa en Escuinapa". Noticias Digitales Sinaloa (in Spanish). February 6, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  44. ^ Espinosa, Gabriela (November 11, 2018). "Ascienden a $10 mil millones los daños que causó 'Willa' en Nayarit". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  45. ^ United States Department of Commerce (1999). "South Texas Floods- October 17 – 22, 1998" (PDF). Retrieved February 11, 2007.
  46. ^ "Floods in Southeast Texas, October 1994" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. January 1995. p. 1. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  47. ^ . Prevention Web. 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  48. ^ "5 day toll in El Salvador, 630 killed, crops, destroyed". Anchorage Daily Times. September 23, 1982. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  49. ^ "El Salvador Death Toll hits 565 as more bodies found". September 22, 1982. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  50. ^ Tucson, Arizona National Weather Service (2008). "Tropical Storm Octave 1983". National Weather Service. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  51. ^ Rotzull, Brenda (October 7, 1983). "Domestic News". United Press International.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  52. ^ Oard, Michael (March 1, 2015). The New Weather Book (Wonders of Creation). Master Books. p. 54. ISBN 0890518610.
  53. ^ a b c Allan Garcia (September 17, 2013). "Rare twin storms batter Mexico, 40 dead". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  54. ^ Steve Jakubowski; Adityam Krovvidi; Adam Podlaha; Steve Bowen. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap" (PDF). Impact Forecasting. AON Benefield. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  55. ^ "Ascienden a más de 2 mdp los daños de vialidades por Tormenta "Manuel"". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  56. ^ (in Spanish) Reunión de Evaluación de la situación en el estado de Guerrero, encabezada por el Presidente de la República, Enrique Peña Nieto (PDF). Mexican Government (Report). ReliefWeb. September 18, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  57. ^ a b c d e Alberto Fajardo; Luis Enrique Martinez (September 18, 2013). "Looting hits Acapulco as Mexico storm death toll reaches 80". NBC News. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  58. ^ "Tormenta Manuel Inundaciones Deslaves en Acapulco". El Universal (in Spanish). September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  59. ^ "Oaxaca en alerta por derrumbes en carreteras e inundaciones". Telenews (in Spanish). September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  60. ^ a b c . CNN Mexico. September 20, 2013. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  61. ^ a b "Considera Cué superada la emergencia por lluvias en Oaxaca". El Universal (in Spanish). September 20, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  62. ^ "Suman 13 mil incomunicados en Oaxaca". El Universal (in Spanish). September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  63. ^ a b "Cifras de la tragedia". Cifras. Excelisor. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  64. ^ a b c d e f MÉXICO – Ingrid y Manuel – Septiembre 2013 1 MÉXICO – Info Note Rem n ants of "Ingrid" and "Manuel " (PDF). National Disaster Response Advisor (Report). ReliefWeb. September 18, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  65. ^ "AGENDA POLÍTICA SOBRE COMENTARIOS RELATIVOS A LA SITUACIÓN DE EMERGENCIA PROVOCADA POR LOS DAÑOS OCURRIDOS EN DIVERSAS ENTIDADES DEL PAÍS" (PDF). Secretaría de Gobernación. October 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  66. ^ a b c d Will Grant (September 27, 2013). "La Pintada: the village wiped from the map of Mexico". BBC News. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  67. ^ a b c "Deadly tropical storms wreak havoc across Mexico". The Tequilafiles. September 19, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  68. ^ a b c "La recuperación será costosa, estima Segob". El Universal (in Spanish). September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  69. ^ a b c d Leticia Pineda (September 19, 2013). "Mudslide buries village as Hurricane Manuel lashes Mexico". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  70. ^ a b c Leticia Pineda (September 19, 2013). "Mexico death toll nears 100 as new hurricane hits". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  71. ^ a b "New homes for Mexican village after landslide". Yahoo! News. May 26, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  72. ^ a b Leticia Pineda (September 20, 2013). "Rescuers to resume search for victims of Mexico mudslide". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  73. ^ a b Weissenstein, Mark (September 19, 2013). "Hurricane Manuel hits land in northern Mexico". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  74. ^ a b "Suspenden "el Grito" en Guerrero por afectaciones". El Universal (in Spanish). September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  75. ^ "Lluvias incomunican Chilpancingo; se dificulta ayuda". El Universal (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  76. ^ a b "Chilpancingo, en emergencia por lluvias intensas". El Universal (in Spanish). September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  77. ^ a b "Tormenta Manuel deja 21 muertos en Guerrero". El Universal (in Spanish). September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  78. ^ . Infonews (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  79. ^ a b c "Suman siete los muertos por lluvias en Guerrero". El Universal (in Spanish). September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  80. ^ SUN (September 14, 2013). . Guanajuato Informa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  81. ^ "Suman 40 mil turistas varados en Acapulco: Robles". El Universal (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  82. ^ Allan Garcia (September 18, 2013). "Acapulco airlift begins as storms toll rises". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  83. ^ "Declaran emergencia por lluvia en Guerrero". El Universal (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  84. ^ "Reporta PC nivel de ríos y arroyos estables en la capital". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  85. ^ "Manuel azota Colima; evacuan a familias". El Universal (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  86. ^ "Presas de Colima llegan a su máxima capacidad". El Universal (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  87. ^ "Sigue cerrado el aeropuerto de Manzanillo". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  88. ^ "No se han registrado muertes por tormenta "Manuel"". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  89. ^ "Se atienden a 30 personas en albergue instalado en El Chavarín". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  90. ^ "Reportan hundimiento en puente deprimido". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  91. ^ "Suman mil 600 damnificados en Colima por 'Manuel'". El Universal (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  92. ^ "No se han registrado muertes por tormenta "Manuel"". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  93. ^ "Calculan 15 mil hectáreas dañadas de limón tras el paso de "Manuel"". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  94. ^ "Calcularán daños por "Manuel" para solicitar recursos al Fonden". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  95. ^ "Tormenta tropical "Manuel" dejó daños similares a los del ciclón de 1959: Federico Rangel". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  96. ^ "Daños totales por "Manuel" superan los 477 MdP". Colima Noticias (in Spanish). October 9, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  97. ^ "Evacuan jaliscienses zonas de riesgo por lluvias". El Universal (in Spanish). September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  98. ^ "Jalisco suffers as Manuel batters western Mexico". The Tequilafiles. September 17, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  99. ^ a b "Manuel deja incomunicados a municipios en Sinaloa". El Universal. September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  100. ^ "Reportan primera muerte por lluvias en Zacatecas". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  101. ^ "Sinaloa reporta primera muerte por Manuel". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  102. ^ a b c "En Sinaloa, tormenta mata a tres". El Universal (in Spanish). September 20, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  103. ^ a b c "Afecta Manuel a cuatro municipios de Sinaloa". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  104. ^ "Manuel derriba árboles y deja sin luz a sinaloenses". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  105. ^ "Registra Mocorito inundaciones de hasta 2 metros". El Universal (in Spanish). September 20, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  106. ^ a b . CNN Mexico (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  107. ^ "Aumenta número de damnificados en Sinaloa". El Universal (in Spanish). September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  108. ^ "Calculan en Sinaloa daños por 500 mdp". El Universal (in Spanish). September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  109. ^ "Rescatan vía aérea a damnificados en Michoacán". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  110. ^ "Lluvias dejan 42 viviendas afectadas en Durango". El Universal (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  111. ^ a b National Weather Service Office at Brownsville, Texas (September 20, 2013). "Sun(light) at the End of the Tunnel? (We Mean It This Time) What's Next for the RGV" (PDF). Brownsville, Texas: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  112. ^ Phys.org (September 20, 2013). "NASA sees remnants of Hurricane Manuel soaking northern Mexico, Texas". Phys.org. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  113. ^ Beach, Patrick; Forbes-Robards, Esther; Womack, Sam (September 20, 2013). "Flash flood watch canceled; sunny Saturday expected". Austin, Texas: Austin American Statesmen. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  114. ^ "September 2013 Storm Data" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  115. ^ Natural Hazards of North America. Supplement to National Geographic magazine (Map). National Geographic Society. April 1998.
  116. ^ "More Flood Victims found". The Spokesman-Review. September 28, 1982. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  117. ^ "More flood victims found". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. September 28, 1982. p. 12. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  118. ^ . Prevention Web. 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  119. ^ "24 killed from hurricane". The Hour. October 1, 1982. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  120. ^ "Mexico gives up to try and find storm victims". Bangor Daily News. United Press International. October 6, 1976. p. 8. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  121. ^ "Hurricane Liza rips Mexico". Beaver County Times. United Press International. October 2, 1976. p. 18. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  122. ^ "Historias y Anecdotas de Yavaros". Ecos del mayo (in Spanish). June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  123. ^ "Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present" (PDF). Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. August 1993. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  124. ^ "Nicaragua seeks aid as flood victims kill 108". The Montreal Gazette. May 28, 1982. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  125. ^ "Canada Aids Victims". The Leader-Post. June 10, 1982. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  126. ^ Lawrence, Miles B (November 7, 1997). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Pauline October 5 – 10, 1997 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center.
  127. ^ Beven, John L (January 10, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Agatha (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  128. ^ a b Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
  129. ^ Steve Jakubowski; Adityam Krovvidi; Adam Podlaha; Steve Bowen. "September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap" (PDF). Impact Forecasting. AON Benefield. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  130. ^ "Disaster History: Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900-Present". Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development. 1989. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  131. ^ "Oklahoma residents clean up in Hurricane's wake". The Evening independent. October 22, 1983. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
  132. ^ Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (2006). "Impacto Socioeconómico de los Ciclones Tropicales 2005" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  133. ^ Associated Press (1931-11-17). "Hurricane Toll Reaches 100 in Mexico Blow". The Evening Independent. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  134. ^ "World News". The Virgin Islands Daily News. 1931-09-18. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  135. ^ Sumber, Howard C (1944-01-04). "1943 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  136. ^ "Peña Nieto viaja por emergencia a Acapulco". El Universal (in Spanish). September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  137. ^ "Se entregan 12 mil despensas en Guerrero: Robles". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  138. ^ "Guerrero necesita al menos 5 mil mdp, estima Aguirre". El Universal (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  139. ^ "SE apoyará con 100 mdp a negocios afectados en Guerrero". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  140. ^ (in Spanish) Cruz Roja Mexicana envia 4 mil 079 toneladas de ayuda humanitaria a estados afectados por Ingrid y Manuel. Cruz Roja Mexicana (Report). ReliefWeb. October 7, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  141. ^ ECHO Daily Map – Tropical Cyclones (as of 19 September 2013). European Commission Humanitarian Aid department (Report). ReliefWeb. September 19, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  142. ^ U.S. safe water nonprofit aids Mexico flood victims (Report). Water Missons International. September 20, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  143. ^ "The rains have decreased, but the emergency continues, especially for the children and their families in the rural communities". World Vision. ReliefWeb. October 3, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  144. ^ "ADRA Responds to Hurricane Ingrid and Tropical Storm Manuel". ADRA International. ReliefWeb. October 9, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  145. ^ "Segob declara emergencia en 42 alcaldías de Oaxaca". El Universal (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  146. ^ "Segob emite 56 declaratorias para Guerrero". El Universal (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  147. ^ "Michoacán declara 9 municipios zonas de desastre". El Universal (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  148. ^ a b "De la se cretaría de gobernac ión, con la que remite contestación a punto de acuerdo aprobados por la cámara de diput ados, relativo a la liberación de los recursos financi eros destinados al fondo de desastres naturales a fin de aliviar las afectaci ones a las comunidad es de los estados de la república afectados por la tor menta manuel y el hu racán ingrid" (PDF) (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. December 13, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  149. ^ (in Spanish) Declara la Secretaría de Gobernación fin de la emergencia para nueve municipios del estado de Michoacán. Cruz Roja Mexicana (Report). ReliefWeb. October 14, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  150. ^ (in Spanish) Declara la Secretaría de Gobernación fin de la Emergencia para 21 municipios del estado de Jalisco. Cruz Roja Mexicana (Report). ReliefWeb. October 12, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  151. ^ a b "Ayudan a damnificados a través de puente aéreo". El Universal (in Spanish). September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  152. ^ "Restablece Telmex servicios de voz y datos en Guerrero". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  153. ^ "Regularizan abasto de gasolina y agua en Acapulco". El Universal (in Spanish). September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  154. ^ "Malova pedirá declaratoria de emergencia por Manuel". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  155. ^ "Restablecen 23% de luz en Sinaloa tras Manuel". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  156. ^ "Mexican officials under fire for storm preparation". United Press International. September 27, 2013.
  157. ^ Leticia Pineda (September 18, 2013). "Mexico death toll rises to 80 as new storms loom". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  158. ^ "Mexico storms: Village landslide missing 'probably dead'". BBC News. September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  159. ^ WMO retires Ingrid and Manuel for Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.

Notes

  1. ^ All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using Google.

February 24, 2023
hurricane, manuel, ɑː, brought, widespread, flooding, across, much, mexico, september, 2013, conjunction, with, hurricane, ingrid, fifteenth, named, storm, seventh, hurricane, annual, hurricane, season, manuel, originated, from, strong, area, pressure, south, . Hurricane Manuel ˌ m ae n j u ˈ ɛ l ˌ m ɑː n 1 brought widespread flooding across much of Mexico in September 2013 in conjunction with Hurricane Ingrid The fifteenth named storm and seventh hurricane of the annual hurricane season Manuel originated from a strong area of low pressure south of Acapulco on September 13 Within favorable conditions aloft the storm intensified into a tropical storm as it tracked northward The following day Manuel curved westward and strengthened to a point just shy of hurricane intensity before making its first landfall at that intensity on September 15 Due to interaction with land the tropical storm quickly weakened and its center dissipated over western Mexico on September 16 However the storm s remnants continued to track northwestward into the Gulf of California where they reorganized into a tropical cyclone the next day Manuel regained tropical storm status on September 18 as it began to curve northeastward Shortly thereafter Manuel attained Category 1 hurricane intensity before making its final landfall just west of Culiacan at peak intensity Over land Manuel quickly weakened due to interaction with Mexico s high terrain and the storm dissipated early on September 20 Hurricane ManuelCategory 1 hurricane SSHWS NWS Tropical Storm Manuel near hurricane strength on September 18FormedSeptember 13 2013DissipatedSeptember 20 2013 Remnant low after September 19 Highest winds1 minute sustained 75 mph 120 km h Lowest pressure983 mbar hPa 29 03 inHgFatalities169 totalDamage 4 2 billion 2013 USD Costliest Pacific hurricane on record Areas affectedOaxaca Guerrero Michoacan Colima Jalisco Sinaloa TexasPart of the 2013 Pacific hurricane seasonDue to the impending threat of Manuel several Mexican municipalities were put under disaster alerts Upon making its first landfall Manuel caused extreme flooding in southern Mexico Property and agricultural damage as a result of the system was widespread and roughly one million people were estimated to have been directly affected In Guerrero 97 people perished including 18 in Acapulco Seventy one others died due to a mudslide in La Pintada In Guerrero alone around 30 000 homes were damaged and 46 rivers overflowed their banks There 20 000 persons were evacuated to shelters Statewide repairs to damage from the storm totaled MXN 3 billion 230 million USD nb 1 Other impacts from Manuel spread as far east as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec where 300 families were displaced In the region at least 11 591 homes were destroyed by the floods Meanwhile the nation sustained additional impacts from Atlantic Hurricane Ingrid After its second landfall additional floods occurred in several towns and in Sinaloa over 100 000 people were rendered homeless and four people died As a result of Manuel s impacts 107 municipalities were declared disaster regions Damage in Sinaloa totaled MXN 500 million US 37 9 million The Mexican Army was dispatched in several locations to aid in post tropical cyclone relief operations Following the storm looting in heavily impacted areas became commonplace and as such government forces were also dispatched to prevent further looting Overall 169 people lost their lives in Mexico while damage exceeded MXN 55 billion US 4 2 billion Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 3 1 Oaxaca 3 2 Guerrero 3 2 1 Acapulco 3 3 Colima 3 4 Jalisco 3 5 Sinaloa 3 6 Elsewhere 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 References 7 NotesMeteorological history Edit Map plotting the storm s track and intensity according to the Saffir Simpson scaleMap keySaffir Simpson scale Tropical depression 38 mph 62 km h Tropical storm 39 73 mph 63 118 km h Category 1 74 95 mph 119 153 km h Category 2 96 110 mph 154 177 km h Category 3 111 129 mph 178 208 km h Category 4 130 156 mph 209 251 km h Category 5 157 mph 252 km h Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone remnant low tropical disturbance or monsoon depression The origins of Manuel can be traced back to a tropical wave that left the African continent in late August The wave entered the Caribbean Sea on September 5 although the northern portion of the wave axis later developed into Hurricane Ingrid 2 On September 10 the National Hurricane Center NHC remarked the potential for a low pressure area to develop off the southwest coast of Mexico during the subsequent few days provided the system remained offshore 3 The next day a low formed while it was nearly stationary accompanied by scattered convection 4 Strong wind shear and proximity to land were expected to limit development 5 although conditions became more favorable on September 12 On that day the convection became better organized 6 At 1200 UTC on September 13 the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Thirteen E 2 noting that the system had enough of a well defined circulation and convection By that time wind shear had diminished and warm waters were expected to allow intensification and the main inhibiting factors for development were proximity to land and association with the Intertropical Convergence Zone 7 Tropical Storm Manuel over Western Mexico on September 15 Within a few hours of developing the depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Manuel 2 By early on September 14 an eye feature developed as rainbands increased However Manuel was embedded within a broad weather system that extended from the eastern Pacific across Mexico which included Hurricane Ingrid in the Bay of Campeche on the Gulf of Mexico coast The broad system including Manuel moved generally northward 8 By early on September 15 Manuel had developed a central dense overcast with a 17 mi 27 km wide eye in the center Based on the structure and satellite intensity estimates the NHC estimated Manuel attained secondary peak winds of 70 mph 115 km h just shy of hurricane status The agency noted the potential for further strengthening into a hurricane citing the warm waters moist environment and low shear 9 A break in the subtropical ridge to the north allowed the storm to initially continue generally to the north northeast soon peaking as a low end Category 1 hurricane 2 10 however after reaching its peak intensity Manuel turned back to the northwest while accelerating 2 On September 15 Manuel made landfall near Aquila in Michoacan as a high end tropical storm 2 though operationally it was believed to have moved ashore near Manzanillo in Colima 11 Early on September 16 the storm weakened into a tropical depression after the circulation became disrupted although it continued dropping heavy rainfall 12 Later that day the surface center dissipated over western Mexico 13 The remnants of Manuel tracked northwest around a ridge situated over the southeastern United States 2 and late on September 16 emerged over open waters 14 Despite only marginally favorable conditions 15 convection soon increased over the center 2 At 1800 UTC on September 17 Manuel regenerated into a tropical depression after redeveloping a well defined circulation 2 Furthermore conditions favored additional strengthening as the system tracked slowly northwestward around a ridge although the cyclone was expected to move onshore the Baja California Peninsula in a few days 16 Although the convection was initially ragged 17 Manuel re intensified into a tropical storm on September 18 18 Later that day an eye developed in the center of the increasingly organizing convection 19 and at 0000 UTC on September 19 Manuel became a hurricane 20 It thus became the first eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone since records began in 1949 to make landfall in mainland Mexico and later redevelop into a hurricane 2 The storm shifted more to the north resulting in land interaction earlier than anticipated 21 Around 1200 UTC on September 19 Manuel made landfall just west of Culiacan as a minimal hurricane 22 Moving over the high terrain of western Mexico Manuel quickly weakened into a tropical storm 23 The storm s circulation dissipated at 0000 UTC on September 20 over the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range 2 24 Preparations EditOn the afternoon of September 13 a tropical storm warning was issued from Acapulco to Lazaro Cardenas Michoacan Thirty six hours later a hurricane warning was issued from Lazaro Cardenas to Manzanillo as the system was expected to become a hurricane prior to landfall Later on September 15 a tropical storm watch was declared north of the hurricane warning By early the next day all watches and warnings were no longer in effect 2 In addition to the aforementioned watches and warnings an orange alert was issued in southern Michoacan and yellow moderate alert was in place for the rest of Michoacan and Guerrero Lower levels of alerts were issued in Nayarit Colima Jalisco Oaxaca and in the southern portion of Sinaloa 25 Twenty five families were evacuated in Lazaro Cardenas and Arteaga Michoacan 26 On September 17 all classes were suspended in Colima 27 After regenerating into a tropical cyclone in the Gulf of California a tropical storm watch was issued just north of Mazatlan as well as the southwestern portion of the Baja California Peninsula The next day a hurricane watch was issued for the area south of Topolobampo At 2100 UTC on September 18 the hurricane watch was upgraded into a hurricane warning Meanwhile a tropical storm warning was designated south of the hurricane warning area to Mazatlan On the evening of September 19 all watches and warnings were discontinued as Manuel had moved inland 2 On September 18 when the cyclone first threatened the state 13 municipalities were placed on alert in Sonora 28 Along the Baja California Peninsula seven ports were closed 29 The ports of Mazatlan Cabo San Lucas and San Jose del Cabo were closed for small craft and night interests 30 A yellow alert was issued for southern Baja California Sur while a green alert was issued for the northern portion of the state 31 In Sinaloa classes were suspended 32 Prior to landfall 700 people were evacuated statewide 33 including 365 residents from two municipalities 34 Over 60 families were evacuated in Navolato 35 An orange alert was also activated for the state 36 Impact EditKnown Pacific hurricanes with at least 500 million in damage Storm Season Damage Ref Manuel 2013 4 2 billion 37 Iniki 1992 3 1 billion 38 Odile 2014 1 25 billion 39 Agatha 2010 1 1 billion 40 Willa 2018 825 million 41 42 43 44 Madeline 1998 750 million 45 Rosa 1994 700 million 46 Paul 1982 520 million 47 48 49 Octave 1983 512 5 million 50 51 Norman 1978 500 million 52 Around the same time as Manuel s first landfall Hurricane Ingrid made landfall along the eastern coast of the nation this marked the first time two tropical cyclones struck the nation within 24 hours since 1958 53 Overall economic impact exceeded MXN 55 billion US 4 2 billion 54 Damage to roads alone totaled to 2 billion pesos 153 million 2013 USD 55 A total of 123 people were killed due to Hurricane Manuel at least of 104 of which were direct 2 Roughly 59 000 people were evacuated including 39 000 that sought shelter 56 Approximately 1 million people were directly affected by Manuel 57 Hurricane Manuel brought extremely heavy rains for eight days over much of Mexico especially over mountainous terrain although this precipitation was aided by Ingrid as well as large scale southwesterly monsoonal flow Numerous locations recorded more than 10 in 250 mm of rain A peak storm total of 43 6 in 1 110 mm was measured in San Isidro Guerrero In nearby Acapulco a secondary maximum of 17 8 in 450 mm was recorded Further north in Michoacan a statewide peak rainfall total of 22 11 in 562 mm occurred After making its second landfall 18 52 in 470 mm of precipitation fell in Culiacan and 15 32 in 389 mm was observed in nearby Sanalona 2 Oaxaca Edit In Jicayan Manuel damaged 10 homes and flooded a school Offshore one boat was reportedly missing 58 Along the Isthmus of Tehuantepec 300 families were displaced from their homes 59 Roughly 5 000 animals were killed by the storm 60 A total of 200 ha 490 acres of crop was destroyed in Oaxaca however damage in the state was considerably less than in Guerrero 61 Within Oaxaca 19 communities were isolated 62 Four people were killed in the state 63 Overall 77 municipalities 64 or 10 000 people were directly affected by the floods 65 Guerrero Edit President Enrique Pena Nieto and Secretary of the Interior Miguel Angel Osorio Chong visit affected zones around Acapulco de Juarez on 16 September 2013 At least 97 people were killed throughout Guerrero 2 Approximately 30 000 dwellings were damaged 66 including 11 591 houses sustained severe damage 64 Moreover at least 11 000 homes were destroyed 67 20 000 people were evacuated to shelters 68 12 000 of which were evacuated to 47 shelters 67 Overall 24 rivers flooded 64 at least 32 roads sustained damage and four bridges collapsed 68 In La Pintada a remote fishing village of around 400 residents situated to the west of Acapulco 69 a mudslide occurred on September 14 which within a few minutes swept through the center of town As such many residents initially wandered throughout town in a state of panic and confusion 66 it took two days for word of the mudslide to spread to the public 70 Throughout the village 71 people were killed 71 Over half the town including 20 homes were demolished due to the mudslide A total of 334 people were evacuated by police 69 though 30 elected to stay in the area until all the victims had been identified 72 Many surviving citizens of La Pintada were also hurt including one seriously 73 In the municipality of Atlamajalcingo a woman died after a collapse of a dwelling 74 In Chilpancingo the capital of Guerrero four people perished 75 Numerous trees were downed and power outages were reported Additionally the nearby Cerrito Rico dam nearly overflowed its banks 76 In the Tecpan municipality four rivers overflowed their banks and six people died because of landslides 53 Many mountainous communities were isolated thus making in difficult to receive aid 66 Acapulco Edit Debris on beach in the Acapulco Diamante es area The city of Acapulco sustained the worst damage from the storm 77 the damage in Acapulco was described by the National Broadcasting Company as the worst storm damage to hit Mexico in years 57 There 18 fatalities occurred 78 including one person that died when a wall collapsed 74 Nearby six tourists perished in a car crash including two minors 77 The crash also damaged two fences a boat and injured two people 79 Several homes were flooded in nearby neighborhoods of Acapulco when a nearby river overflowed its banks 79 Isolated incidents of vandalism were reported 64 Two mudslides were reported resulting in the destruction of a home and the closure of a few roads 80 A family of six perished in Acapulco when a landslide demolished their home 53 At least 40 000 tourists who spent the Mexican Independence Day in Acapulco were stranded since the terminal of the airport was underwater 57 81 Furthermore the main roads out of the city were blocked by landslides Even though by September 19 the military had evacuated 10 000 people via 100 flights to Mexico City 73 this process was difficult because the radar was not functioning 82 Citywide 13 516 dwellings were damaged 60 Colima Edit Although flooding was minor in Colima 83 a peak rainfall total of 144 mm 5 7 in was measured in Chanal 84 Many families were evacuated 85 Several dams statewide reached their maximum capacity 86 while numerous roads that led to the Manzanillo airport were closed 87 In Ixtlahuacan 50 families were evacuated when a river threatened to overflow its banks 88 thirty others were taken to shelter in the rest of the state 89 A bridge collapsed in Villa de Alvarez 90 One man was killed in the state when he unsuccessfully attempted to cross a river 91 Four trees were brought down 92 Around 15 000 ha 58 sq mi of banana crop was wiped out 93 In all the municipalities of Ixtlahuacan Tecoman Manzanillo and Comala Coquimatlan sustained the worst effects from Manuel in the state 94 Manuel was considered the worst storm to hit the Mexican state since the 1959 Mexico hurricane 95 Damage in the state exceeded 479 million pesos 36 8 million 2013 USD 96 Jalisco Edit Further north minor flooding was reported in Jalisco 97 Statewide four people were killed A 26 year old man died after being swept away by in the village of Juanacatlan while a 12 year old boy drowned after falling in a dam in the municipality of Teocuitatlan de Corona Another man perished when he drove his car into a ravine in Cuautitlan de Garcia Barragan Fifteen hundred people were evacuated from their homes Classes were briefly cancelled in 588 schools leaving over 40 000 pupils home Bridges collapsed in the Jalisco towns of Zacoalco de Torres and Tamazula de Gordiano The worst hit areas in the state were the southern and coastal areas of the state as well as the Guadalajara area where flooding and landslides occurred in some neighborhoods 98 Through Jalisco 56 municipalities sustained damage 99 Sinaloa Edit Just before its second landfall one fisherman was killed in Tepechitlan 100 Another casualty occurred when a person fell off a shrimp boat 101 A truck driver and a 5 year old also died while the toddler s mother was considered missing 102 The towns of Escuinapa El Rosario and Mazatlan 35 as well as the municipalities of Angostura Mocorito Navolato and Culiacan sustained flooded resulting in modest damage In Angostura numerous people were trapped on the roofs of their houses Coastal areas of Navolato were flooded while authorities reported 500 homeless 103 hundreds of threes were toppled and power lines were disconnected 104 Parts of Mocorito were isolated due to overflow of the Humaya channel 103 About 2 m 6 6 ft of water and debris was reported in Mocorito 105 In Culiacan minor flooding happened 103 Meanwhile in Chinito almost all roads were destroyed 99 Offshore 24 boats were damaged 106 Throughout the state 100 000 people were rendered as homeless 102 A total of 3 000 persons were evacuated to 62 shelters In all 70 communities were damaged by the tropical cyclone 106 Hurricane Manuel directly affected 146 000 persons in 10 municipalities in the state 107 Damage in Sinaloa totaled 500 million pesos 37 9 million 2013 USD 108 Elsewhere Edit Elsewhere in Michoacan flooding was reported many people had to be rescued via air 109 and two casualties were reported 63 In Durango 42 homes were damaged 110 stranding 50 residents 61 While brushing the Baja California Peninsula 2 ft 0 61 m waves were measured in La Paz in addition to winds of 26 mph 42 km h 29 In Sinaloa a peak rainfall total of 415 mm 15 in was recorded at Culiacan 102 After dissipating the remnants of Manuel brought copious amounts of rainfall to a wide swath of Texas 111 The precipitation was further enhanced by deepening moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and an approaching cold front 112 In the Austin area the rains resulted in localized flooding forcing the closure of several low water crossings A weather station in Camp Mabry recorded 2 92 in 74 mm of rain on September 20 making it a daily record for the station 113 Elsewhere radar estimates indicated that as much as 8 in 200 mm may have fallen in localized areas in West Texas 111 In Kimble County one road was closed due to flooding Across central Arkansas 2 4 5 in 51 114 mm of rainfall was recorded 114 Aftermath EditKnown Pacific hurricanes that have killed at least 100 people Hurricane Season Fatalities Ref Mexico 1959 1 800 115 Paul 1982 1 625 116 117 118 119 Liza 1976 1 263 120 121 122 Tara 1961 436 123 Aletta 1982 308 124 125 Pauline 1997 230 400 126 Agatha 2010 190 127 128 Manuel 2013 169 129 Tico 1983 141 130 131 Ismael 1995 116 132 Lower California 1931 110 133 134 Mazatlan 1943 100 135 Lidia 1981 100 128 During the aftermath of the storm a state of emergency was declared for Acapulco 136 about 12 000 items were airlifted to the region overall 137 In all 662 donation centers were opened across Guerrero 68 Damages repairs to Guerrero totaled to 3 billion MXN 123 million 2013 USD 138 The Minister of Economy granted an additional 100 million pesos to the devastated state 139 Furthermore the Finance Ministry declared it had 12 billion pesos US 925 60 million available in funds 57 In addition the Mexican Red Cross collected and subsequently delivered cargo to the devastated area especially Guerrero 64 while also providing 400 079 tons of aid Local authorities also provided 29 000 tons of personal and household items 140 The Medicos Sin Fronteras distributed 2 800 L 620 imp gal of water food and medicines in five shelters 64 A total of 87 million Euros US 118 million from the National Fund for Natural Disasters were allocated to provide essential items such as food mattresses drinking water and medicine 141 The Water Missions International provided water to about 20 000 persons 142 World Vision Mexico disturbed plastic tends to help cover roofs for 80 families Furthermore the organization donated mosquito nets for 76 families Grocery items such as rice oil sardines sugar salt cookies and beans were also provided 143 ADRA Mexico was one of the first organizations to help victims and by early October had helped 8 000 people 144 In Oaxaca 42 municipalities were declared disaster areas 145 Throughout the state of Guerrero 56 municipalities were declared a disaster area 146 while 9 municipalities in Michoacan were declared a disaster zone 147 In all 428 municipalities were designated as disaster areas 148 and 155 emergencies declarations were issued due to both Ingrid and Manuel 60 State of emergencies were declared in Michoacan and 21 municipalities in Jalisco though by mid October they were lifted 149 150 Thirty two damage assessment committees were installed to help estimate and analyze the cost of damage to public infrastructure Subcommittees were established to help assess damage to schools houses and water supplies 148 Ten shelters were opened in both Chilpancingo and Acapulco 76 151 All survivors form the La Pintada mudslide were transported to a basketball gym in Acapulco who were all provided with a US 150 pension 66 Due to the closure of the commercial terminal of the Acapulco airport special flights provided by Aeromexico and Interjet were used to deliver aid 70 Landslide in the highway Acapulco Pie de la Cuesta Guerrero By September 18 power services had been restored to the state of Guerrero 152 That day gas and water services were revived in Acapulco 153 Emergency declarations were requested in Angostura and Navolato 154 Within 12 hours after its second landfall power was retrieved to 26 000 dwellings in Sinaloa 155 In La Pintada the search process for victims was halted briefly due to the threat of another mudslide 70 but on September 20 100 rescuers resumed searching who frequently had to dig through mud to recover bodies 72 The Mexican government received criticism by the press for being under prepared for both Manuel and Ingrid One newspaper said that the authorities underestimated both storms due to a combination of a lack of coordination and the distraction of the weekend s independence related festivities 67 Guerrero governor Angel Aguirre was criticized by many for attending a night long party and drinking when the storm first threatened the state However Aguirre later acknowledged political corruption as well as the construction of homes and hotels in unsafe areas in a televised speech Consequently the Mexican Senate requested an investigation in the amount of preparation that occurred 156 To cope with relief efforts Mexican Army troops and marines forces helped families whose homes were flooded 79 Additionally the military provided 60 tonnes 132 275 lb of food supplies and 8 000 litres 1 760 imp gal of water to the city 157 A military airbase was installed to transport aid via air 151 Authorities rushed to clean rocks and other debris from two highways in order to liberate Acapulco from isolation 69 The disaster also resulted in panic buying at supermarkets 69 Looters were spotted in Acapulco many angry victims robbed shops homes luxury hotels and apartments Marines were posted outside stores to prevent further theft 57 Mexico President Enrique Pena Nieto toured through most of the devastated areas promising to rebuild La Pintada and Acapulco 158 On May 26 2014 La Pintada was re opened with 125 new homes 71 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aftermath of Hurricane Manuel in Acapulco Because of the severe damage caused by the storm in Mexico the name Manuel was later retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will never be used again for an Eastern Pacific hurricane It was replaced with Mario for the 2019 Pacific hurricane season 159 See also Edit Tropical cyclones portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Manuel 2013 Tropical cyclones in 2013 Other storms of the same name List of Category 1 Pacific hurricanes Hurricane Ismael 1995 Hurricane Willa 2018 References Edit Jones Daniel 2003 1917 Peter Roach James Hartmann Jane Setter eds English Pronouncing Dictionary Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 3 12 539683 2 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Richard J Pasch David A Zelinsky January 6 2014 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Manuel September 13 19 2013 PDF Report United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s National Hurricane Center Archived from the original PDF on May 16 2014 Retrieved May 16 2014 Daniel P Brown September 10 2013 Tropical Weather Outlook TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Lixion A Avila September 11 2013 Tropical Weather Outlook TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Jack L Beven September 12 2013 Tropical Weather Outlook TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Christopher W Landsea September 12 2013 Tropical Weather Outlook TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Eric S Blake September 13 2013 Tropical Depression Thirteen E Discussion One Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Stacy R Stewart September 14 2013 Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Three Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Stacy R Stewart September 15 2013 Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Seven Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Robbie J Berg Richard J Pasch September 15 2013 Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Eight Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Todd B Kimberlain David R Zelinsky September 15 2013 Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Ten Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 John P Cangialosi September 16 2013 Tropical Depression Manuel Discussion Eleven Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Robbbie J Berg September 16 2013 Remnants of Manuel Discussion Twelve Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 16 2013 Todd B Kimberlain September 16 2013 Tropical Weather Outlook TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 17 2013 Robbie J Berg September 17 2013 Tropical Weather Outlook TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 17 2013 Daniel P Brown September 17 2013 Tropical Depression Manuel Discussion Thirteen Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2013 Michael J Brennan September 18 2013 Tropical Depression Manuel Discussion Fifteen Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2013 Daniel P Brown September 18 2013 Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Sixteen Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2013 Daniel P Brown September 18 2013 Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Eighteen Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2013 Lixion A Avila September 19 2013 Hurricane Manuel Intermediate Advisory Number Eighteen A Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 19 2013 Lixion A Avila September 19 2013 Hurricane Manuel Discussion Nineteen Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 19 2013 Daniel P Brown September 19 2013 Hurricane Manuel Discussion Twenty One Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 19 2013 Daniel P Brown September 19 2013 Tropical Storm Manuel Discussion Twenty Two Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 20 2013 Lixion A Avila September 20 2013 Remnants of Manuel Discussion Twenty Three Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 20 2013 La tormenta tropical Manuel pone en alerta a estados del suroeste de Mexico El Nacional in Spanish September 14 2013 Archived from the original on February 1 2014 Retrieved September 14 2013 Evacuan a familias damnificadas de Michoacan El Universal in Spanish September 15 2013 Retrieved September 15 2013 Por la seguridad del alumnado se suspenden las clases en todos los niveles escolares en el Estado Colima Noticias in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Activan alertas por tormenta Manuel en Sonora El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 a b Cierran 7 puertos en BCS por tormenta tropical Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 BCS cierra tres puertos por tormenta Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Manuel mantiene rumbo a BCS hay 8 estados en alerta El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Malova llama a suspender clases en Sinaloa por Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Evacuan a mas de 700 personas de Angostura y Navolato El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Inician en Sinaloa evacuaciones ante cercania de Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 a b Manuel A Hurricane After Deadly Mexico Flooding NPR Associated Press September 18 2013 Archived from the original on September 19 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Sinaloa en alerta naranja por el huracan Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Jakubowski Steve Krovvidi Adityam Podlaha Adam Bowen Steve September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap PDF Impact Forecasting AON Benefield Retrieved October 25 2013 Costliest U S tropical cyclones tables update PDF Report United States National Hurricane Center January 12 2018 Archived PDF from the original on January 26 2018 Retrieved January 12 2018 Albarran Elizabeth December 10 2014 Aseguradores pagaron 16 600 mdp por danos del huracan Odile Insurers paid 16 600 MDP for Hurricane Odile damages El Economista in Spanish Retrieved February 28 2015 Beven Jack January 10 2011 Tropical Storm Agatha Tropical Cyclone Report PDF National Hurricane Center Retrieved January 14 2011 Hay danos evidentes en Lerdo por lluvias There is obvious damage in Lerdo due to rain El Siglo de Durango in Spanish November 3 2018 Retrieved November 4 2018 Pina Ireri October 25 2018 Necesarios 35 mdp para solventar danos por Willa 35 MDP required to address damages by Willa Contramuro in Spanish Retrieved October 26 2018 Estiman en 6 mil millones de pesos los danos dejados por huracan Willa en Escuinapa Noticias Digitales Sinaloa in Spanish February 6 2019 Retrieved February 10 2019 Espinosa Gabriela November 11 2018 Ascienden a 10 mil millones los danos que causo Willa en Nayarit La Jornada in Spanish Retrieved January 14 2019 United States Department of Commerce 1999 South Texas Floods October 17 22 1998 PDF Retrieved February 11 2007 Floods in Southeast Texas October 1994 PDF United States Geological Survey January 1995 p 1 Retrieved October 1 2008 Guatemala Disaster Statistics Prevention Web 2008 Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Retrieved April 12 2010 5 day toll in El Salvador 630 killed crops destroyed Anchorage Daily Times September 23 1982 Retrieved August 5 2011 El Salvador Death Toll hits 565 as more bodies found September 22 1982 Retrieved August 5 2011 Tucson Arizona National Weather Service 2008 Tropical Storm Octave 1983 National Weather Service Retrieved July 12 2013 Rotzull Brenda October 7 1983 Domestic News United Press International via Lexis Nexis subscription required Oard Michael March 1 2015 The New Weather Book Wonders of Creation Master Books p 54 ISBN 0890518610 a b c Allan Garcia September 17 2013 Rare twin storms batter Mexico 40 dead ReliefWeb Agence France Presse Retrieved May 1 2014 Steve Jakubowski Adityam Krovvidi Adam Podlaha Steve Bowen September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap PDF Impact Forecasting AON Benefield Retrieved October 25 2013 Ascienden a mas de 2 mdp los danos de vialidades por Tormenta Manuel Colima Noticias in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 in Spanish Reunion de Evaluacion de la situacion en el estado de Guerrero encabezada por el Presidente de la Republica Enrique Pena Nieto PDF Mexican Government Report ReliefWeb September 18 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 a b c d e Alberto Fajardo Luis Enrique Martinez September 18 2013 Looting hits Acapulco as Mexico storm death toll reaches 80 NBC News Retrieved September 19 2013 Tormenta Manuel Inundaciones Deslaves en Acapulco El Universal in Spanish September 14 2013 Retrieved September 14 2013 Oaxaca en alerta por derrumbes en carreteras e inundaciones Telenews in Spanish September 14 2013 Retrieved September 14 2013 permanent dead link a b c La cifra de muertos en Guerrero sube a 72 tras afectaciones por Manuel CNN Mexico September 20 2013 Archived from the original on August 15 2015 Retrieved September 20 2013 a b Considera Cue superada la emergencia por lluvias en Oaxaca El Universal in Spanish September 20 2013 Retrieved September 20 2013 Suman 13 mil incomunicados en Oaxaca El Universal in Spanish September 21 2013 Retrieved September 22 2013 a b Cifras de la tragedia Cifras Excelisor Retrieved September 20 2013 a b c d e f MEXICO Ingrid y Manuel Septiembre 2013 1 MEXICO Info Note Rem n ants of Ingrid and Manuel PDF National Disaster Response Advisor Report ReliefWeb September 18 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 AGENDA POLITICA SOBRE COMENTARIOS RELATIVOS A LA SITUACIoN DE EMERGENCIA PROVOCADA POR LOS DANOS OCURRIDOS EN DIVERSAS ENTIDADES DEL PAIS PDF Secretaria de Gobernacion October 2013 Retrieved June 4 2014 a b c d Will Grant September 27 2013 La Pintada the village wiped from the map of Mexico BBC News Retrieved May 2 2014 a b c Deadly tropical storms wreak havoc across Mexico The Tequilafiles September 19 2013 Retrieved April 30 2014 a b c La recuperacion sera costosa estima Segob El Universal in Spanish September 21 2013 Retrieved September 22 2013 a b c d Leticia Pineda September 19 2013 Mudslide buries village as Hurricane Manuel lashes Mexico ReliefWeb Agence France Presse Retrieved May 2 2014 a b c Leticia Pineda September 19 2013 Mexico death toll nears 100 as new hurricane hits ReliefWeb Agence France Presse Retrieved May 2 2014 a b New homes for Mexican village after landslide Yahoo News May 26 2014 Retrieved June 4 2014 a b Leticia Pineda September 20 2013 Rescuers to resume search for victims of Mexico mudslide ReliefWeb Agence France Presse Retrieved May 2 2014 a b Weissenstein Mark September 19 2013 Hurricane Manuel hits land in northern Mexico USA Today Associated Press Retrieved June 4 2014 a b Suspenden el Grito en Guerrero por afectaciones El Universal in Spanish September 15 2013 Retrieved September 15 2013 Lluvias incomunican Chilpancingo se dificulta ayuda El Universal in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 a b Chilpancingo en emergencia por lluvias intensas El Universal in Spanish September 15 2013 Retrieved September 15 2013 a b Tormenta Manuel deja 21 muertos en Guerrero El Universal in Spanish September 15 2013 Retrieved September 15 2013 Al menos 80 muertos 58 desaparecidos y nuevo huracan en Mexico Infonews in Spanish September 19 2013 Archived from the original on February 2 2014 Retrieved September 20 2013 a b c Suman siete los muertos por lluvias en Guerrero El Universal in Spanish September 14 2013 Retrieved September 14 2013 SUN September 14 2013 Manuel deja inundaciones y deslaves en Acapulco Guanajuato Informa in Spanish Archived from the original on September 21 2013 Retrieved September 14 2013 Suman 40 mil turistas varados en Acapulco Robles El Universal in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 Allan Garcia September 18 2013 Acapulco airlift begins as storms toll rises ReliefWeb Agence France Presse Retrieved May 2 2014 Declaran emergencia por lluvia en Guerrero El Universal in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 Reporta PC nivel de rios y arroyos estables en la capital Colima Noticias in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Manuel azota Colima evacuan a familias El Universal in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 Presas de Colima llegan a su maxima capacidad El Universal in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 Sigue cerrado el aeropuerto de Manzanillo El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 No se han registrado muertes por tormenta Manuel Colima Noticias in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Se atienden a 30 personas en albergue instalado en El Chavarin Colima Noticias in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Reportan hundimiento en puente deprimido Colima Noticias in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Suman mil 600 damnificados en Colima por Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 No se han registrado muertes por tormenta Manuel Colima Noticias in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Calculan 15 mil hectareas danadas de limon tras el paso de Manuel Colima Noticias in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Calcularan danos por Manuel para solicitar recursos al Fonden Colima Noticias in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Tormenta tropical Manuel dejo danos similares a los del ciclon de 1959 Federico Rangel Colima Noticias in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Danos totales por Manuel superan los 477 MdP Colima Noticias in Spanish October 9 2013 Retrieved May 3 2014 Evacuan jaliscienses zonas de riesgo por lluvias El Universal in Spanish September 15 2013 Retrieved September 15 2013 Jalisco suffers as Manuel batters western Mexico The Tequilafiles September 17 2013 Retrieved April 30 2014 a b Manuel deja incomunicados a municipios en Sinaloa El Universal September 19 2013 Retrieved September 20 2013 Reportan primera muerte por lluvias en Zacatecas El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Sinaloa reporta primera muerte por Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 a b c En Sinaloa tormenta mata a tres El Universal in Spanish September 20 2013 Retrieved September 20 2013 a b c Afecta Manuel a cuatro municipios de Sinaloa El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Manuel derriba arboles y deja sin luz a sinaloenses El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Registra Mocorito inundaciones de hasta 2 metros El Universal in Spanish September 20 2013 Retrieved September 20 2013 a b 100 000 afectados en Sinaloa por el paso del huracan Manuel CNN Mexico in Spanish September 19 2013 Archived from the original on August 15 2015 Retrieved September 20 2013 Aumenta numero de damnificados en Sinaloa El Universal in Spanish September 21 2013 Retrieved September 22 2013 Calculan en Sinaloa danos por 500 mdp El Universal in Spanish September 22 2013 Retrieved September 22 2013 Rescatan via aerea a damnificados en Michoacan El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Lluvias dejan 42 viviendas afectadas en Durango El Universal in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 a b National Weather Service Office at Brownsville Texas September 20 2013 Sun light at the End of the Tunnel We Mean It This Time What s Next for the RGV PDF Brownsville Texas United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s National Weather Service Retrieved 21 September 2013 Phys org September 20 2013 NASA sees remnants of Hurricane Manuel soaking northern Mexico Texas Phys org Retrieved 21 September 2013 Beach Patrick Forbes Robards Esther Womack Sam September 20 2013 Flash flood watch canceled sunny Saturday expected Austin Texas Austin American Statesmen Retrieved 21 September 2013 September 2013 Storm Data PDF National Climatic Data Center Archived from the original PDF on July 1 2014 Retrieved June 4 2014 Natural Hazards of North America Supplement to National Geographic magazine Map National Geographic Society April 1998 More Flood Victims found The Spokesman Review September 28 1982 Retrieved August 5 2011 More flood victims found The Spokesman Review Associated Press September 28 1982 p 12 Retrieved August 18 2011 Mexico Disaster Statistics Prevention Web 2008 Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Retrieved April 12 2010 24 killed from hurricane The Hour October 1 1982 Retrieved August 6 2011 Mexico gives up to try and find storm victims Bangor Daily News United Press International October 6 1976 p 8 Retrieved March 2 2013 Hurricane Liza rips Mexico Beaver County Times United Press International October 2 1976 p 18 Retrieved March 3 2013 Historias y Anecdotas de Yavaros Ecos del mayo in Spanish June 14 2010 Retrieved June 11 2013 Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900 present PDF Office of U S Foreign Disaster Assistance August 1993 Retrieved 2009 03 25 Nicaragua seeks aid as flood victims kill 108 The Montreal Gazette May 28 1982 Retrieved September 18 2011 Canada Aids Victims The Leader Post June 10 1982 Retrieved September 17 2011 Lawrence Miles B November 7 1997 Preliminary Report Hurricane Pauline October 5 10 1997 PDF Report United States National Hurricane Center Beven John L January 10 2011 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Agatha PDF Report United States National Hurricane Center Retrieved January 14 2011 a b Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters EM DAT The Emergency Events Database Universite catholique de Louvain Steve Jakubowski Adityam Krovvidi Adam Podlaha Steve Bowen September 2013 Global Catasrophe Recap PDF Impact Forecasting AON Benefield Retrieved October 25 2013 Disaster History Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900 Present Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance U S Agency for International Development 1989 Retrieved 2008 11 14 Oklahoma residents clean up in Hurricane s wake The Evening independent October 22 1983 Retrieved September 11 2011 Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres 2006 Impacto Socioeconomico de los Ciclones Tropicales 2005 PDF in Spanish Retrieved 2006 11 09 Associated Press 1931 11 17 Hurricane Toll Reaches 100 in Mexico Blow The Evening Independent Retrieved 2011 01 18 World News The Virgin Islands Daily News 1931 09 18 Retrieved 2011 01 18 Sumber Howard C 1944 01 04 1943 Monthly Weather Review PDF U S Weather Bureau Archived PDF from the original on 23 September 2008 Retrieved 2008 09 07 Pena Nieto viaja por emergencia a Acapulco El Universal in Spanish September 16 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 Se entregan 12 mil despensas en Guerrero Robles El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Guerrero necesita al menos 5 mil mdp estima Aguirre El Universal in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 SE apoyara con 100 mdp a negocios afectados en Guerrero El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 in Spanish Cruz Roja Mexicana envia 4 mil 079 toneladas de ayuda humanitaria a estados afectados por Ingrid y Manuel Cruz Roja Mexicana Report ReliefWeb October 7 2013 Retrieved July 1 2014 ECHO Daily Map Tropical Cyclones as of 19 September 2013 European Commission Humanitarian Aid department Report ReliefWeb September 19 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 U S safe water nonprofit aids Mexico flood victims Report Water Missons International September 20 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 The rains have decreased but the emergency continues especially for the children and their families in the rural communities World Vision ReliefWeb October 3 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 ADRA Responds to Hurricane Ingrid and Tropical Storm Manuel ADRA International ReliefWeb October 9 2013 Retrieved July 1 2014 Segob declara emergencia en 42 alcaldias de Oaxaca El Universal in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 Segob emite 56 declaratorias para Guerrero El Universal in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Michoacan declara 9 municipios zonas de desastre El Universal in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 a b De la se cretaria de gobernac ion con la que remite contestacion a punto de acuerdo aprobados por la camara de diput ados relativo a la liberacion de los recursos financi eros destinados al fondo de desastres naturales a fin de aliviar las afectaci ones a las comunidad es de los estados de la republica afectados por la tor menta manuel y el hu racan ingrid PDF in Spanish Secretaria de Gobernacion December 13 2013 Retrieved June 4 2014 in Spanish Declara la Secretaria de Gobernacion fin de la emergencia para nueve municipios del estado de Michoacan Cruz Roja Mexicana Report ReliefWeb October 14 2013 Retrieved July 1 2014 in Spanish Declara la Secretaria de Gobernacion fin de la Emergencia para 21 municipios del estado de Jalisco Cruz Roja Mexicana Report ReliefWeb October 12 2013 Retrieved July 1 2014 a b Ayudan a damnificados a traves de puente aereo El Universal in Spanish September 17 2013 Retrieved September 17 2013 Restablece Telmex servicios de voz y datos en Guerrero El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Regularizan abasto de gasolina y agua en Acapulco El Universal in Spanish September 18 2013 Retrieved September 18 2013 Malova pedira declaratoria de emergencia por Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Restablecen 23 de luz en Sinaloa tras Manuel El Universal in Spanish September 19 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Mexican officials under fire for storm preparation United Press International September 27 2013 Leticia Pineda September 18 2013 Mexico death toll rises to 80 as new storms loom ReliefWeb Agence France Presse Retrieved May 2 2014 Mexico storms Village landslide missing probably dead BBC News September 21 2013 Retrieved September 21 2013 WMO retires Ingrid and Manuel for Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins Report National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration April 10 2014 Retrieved April 10 2014 Notes Edit All currencies are converted to United States Dollars using Google Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hurricane Manuel amp oldid 1133148557, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.