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Hurricane Norman (1978)

April 11, 2024

Hurricane Norman was a rare tropical cyclone that impacted California in early September 1978. The fourteenth named storm, eleventh hurricane, and sixth major hurricane of the 1978 Pacific season, Norman originated from an tropical wave that spawned an area of disturbed weather south of Acapulco. The system coalesced into a tropical depression on August 30 and thrived amid favorable environmental conditions, becoming a powerful Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) at its peak intensity. The system curved northward, passing into cooler waters that brought an end to its status as a tropical cyclone on September 6. However, its remnants combined with an trough and front over California, contributing to locally heavy rainfall that caused dozens of traffic accidents and sporadic power outages. In higher elevations, the system produced accumulating snow which stranded and killed many hikers throughout Sierra Nevada. Most heavily affected was California's raisin crop, which suffered a record-breaking 95 percent loss. Overall, Norman killed eight people and caused over $300 million in damage.

Hurricane Norman
Hurricane Norman at peak intensity south of the Baja Peninsula on September 2
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 30, 1978
DissipatedSeptember 6, 1978
Category 4 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds140 mph (220 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities8
Missing4
Damage$300 million (1978 USD)
Areas affectedMexico, California, Nevada
IBTrACS
Part of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season

Meteorological history edit

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At 18:00 UTC on August 29, an area of disturbed weather was first observed about 460 miles (740 km) southeast of Acapulco.[1] This disturbance appeared to have ties to a tropical wave that originated from Africa.[2] The system moved west and organized,[1] becoming a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on August 30 and further intensifying into Tropical Storm Norman six hours later.[3] The newly formed system curved toward the west-northwest and tracked over sea surface temperatures of 85 °F (29 °C), which continued to facilitate its development. Norman intensified into a hurricane by 06:00 UTC on September 1 while it was located about 265 miles (426 km) southwest of Acapulco. A few hours later, forecasters at the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center observed the system's small eye for the first time via visible satellite imagery.[1]

Norman intensified rapidly on September 2. It intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale around 00:00 UTC but vaulted to Category 4 intensity six hours later. Around this time, the Asia Honesty – passing about 35 miles (56 km) north of Norman's center – recorded easterly winds up to 107 mph (172 km/h), along with ocean waves up to 41 ft (12 m) in height. The hurricane passed over the northeastern coast of Socorro Island between 17:00–18:00 UTC on September 2. A few hours later, the first aircraft reconnaissance plane intercepted the cyclone, reporting a closed eyewall 45 miles (72 km) in diameter. Data from that mission was used to raise Norman's winds to 140 mph (230 km/h), the storm's peak intensity. Upper-level high pressure centered over Baja California continued to direct the cyclone west-northwest, which brought the system over increasingly cool waters.[1]

A second aircraft reconnaissance plane investigated Norman around 18:00 UTC on September 3, and the storm was operationally downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane as its inner core became ill-defined.[1] Later analysis suggests that the hurricane weakened to Category 3 intensity at this time.[3] By September 4, Norman was located on the southwest side of upper-level ridging and embedded within strong southwesterly flow aloft. This caused the system to curve north and then north-northeast over sharply colder water around 68 °F (20 °C). It rapidly weakened to Category 1 intensity by 00:00 UTC that day before falling under hurricane intensity eighteen hours later. The Hurricane Hunters intercepted Norman for a final time around 17:30 UTC on September 5. The cyclone barely maintained tropical storm-force winds at that time, and indeed, it was downgraded to a tropical depression 30 minutes later.[1] Norman's final advisory was written at 00:00 UTC on September 6, when it was located about 25 miles (40 km) south of San Clemente Island off the coastline of California. The former hurricane accelerated north-northeast,[1] transitioning into an extratropical cyclone around 06:00 UTC on September 6. It degenerated to a disturbance northeast of Los Angeles after 00:00 UTC on September 7.[3]

Preparations and impact edit

 
Accumulating rainfall produced by Norman

Offshore the coastline of Mexico, the bodies of a father and one of his sons were recovered after rough seas overwhelmed their boat. The father's second son washed ashore while unconscious and was transported to a hospital in Cabo San Lucas by two hikers, where communications were severed in the wake of the cyclone.[4] Meanwhile, in advance of Norman in California, a weather front contributed to rainfall that staved off wildfire risk in a normally dry time of the year there. However, as this front interacted with the remnants of the cyclone, it prompted flash flood and mudslide warnings across southern portions of the state,[5] in addition to heavy surf and small craft advisories along the coast. Waves of 6–9 ft (1.8–2.7 m), locally as high as 15 ft (4.6 m) along south-facing beaches in North County, were expected.[6] Rough seas battered the coastline, with waves up to 10 ft (3.0 m) observed at Newport Beach and 8 ft (2.4 m) at Imperial Beach. Hundreds of rescues were carried out by lifeguards, including a record 586 people at Newport Beach, an additional 200 individuals throughout Orange County, 62 people at all San Diego beaches, and 10 swimmers in Coronado.[7] Two ships were slammed into their berths and a third had its steel mooring cable snapped in the Port of Los Angeles. A 10,000 t (10,000,000 kg) oil tanker was also swept from its moorings. In Orange County, a 262 ft (80 m) vessel and two barges were ripped from their anchors and ran aground in Dana Point Harbor.[8]

The remnants of Norman combined with an upper-level trough over California to produce locally heavy rainfall. Although accumulations were lower than expected and allowed forecasters to expire the preexisting flash flood warnings,[9] a rainfall maxima of 7.01 in (178 mm) was still recorded at Lodgepole Campground.[10] These rains slowed an outbreak of botulism among anseriformes in Tulare Lake, cutting weekly fatality rates in half.[11] Several baseball games were canceled or rescheduled.[12] Traffic accidents were reported along freeways between San Diego and Santa Barbara,[9] including 21 traffic collisions with injuries near Ontario.[13] One such accident on U.S. Route 50 near Twin Bridges resulted in the death of a 24-year-old man who collided head-on with another vehicle after swerving to avoid large rocks that had washed onto the road. Both the passenger of his vehicle, and the driver of the vehicle he collided with, were severely injured and hospitalized.[14]: 2  On Interstate 10 in California, 8,500 US gal (32,000 L) gasoline truck collided with a tanker truck carrying nitrogen, causing the death of one man owing to severe head injuries as well as the hospitalization of the passenger. A truck overturned in a separate accident, spilling scrap iron over three lanes of the freeway and injuring one man as well.[13] A 16-year-old boy was hospitalized after wrecking his car on wet roads in Riverside.[15] California State Route 180 was closed for a time after being eclipsed by rocks and water. A portion of a street collapsed in Point Loma, San Diego.[5] The storm also contributed to localized power outages affecting 15,000 customers,[9] including 2,000 homes in Mission Bay, La Jolla, and Del Mar.[5] These outages were primarily caused by power pole fires resultant from rainfall moistening an accumulation of dust on the insulators.[16] Norman caused severe crop losses throughout California. The raisin crop in particular suffered the state's largest loss on record, with 95 percent of that crop destroyed. Agricultural losses exceeded $300 million.[1] The cyclone inflicted an additional $300,000 in damage to roads, bridges, and private property across Inyo County.[17]

Moisture from the storm contributed to accumulating snow up to 5 in (13 cm) across the Sierra Nevada, catching many hikers off-guard.[8] The bodies of three men and a woman were recovered at higher elevations. All four of the deceased were dressed in summer-like clothing and had little other equipment with them.[18] The freshly laid snow, followed by a blanket of fog across the region, slowed rescue efforts.[19] Some 21 hikers near Convict Lake and Mount McGee were stranded but later recovered, and 3 others near Lake Italy were rescued as well. Initial reports suggested 17 hikers were also missing around Mount Whitney,[8] but these individuals were later said to be part of a search and rescue team.[18] Chains were temporarily required along Nevada State Route 431, and a traveler advisory was issued across northeastern portions of the state.[20]: 1  Meanwhile, a hang glider was reported missing on Mount Shasta after he was met by strong winds at an elevation of 11,000 ft (3,400 m).[14]: 6  A plane, harboring three travelers on a route from Porterville, California, to Reno, Nevada, also went missing in a mixture of rain and snow produced by the remnants of Norman and a nearby front. The Civil Air Patrol established search headquarters and readied aircraft to search the Sierra Nevada.[20]: 3 

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Norman (1978).

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Emil B. Gunther (July 1979). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1978". Monthly Weather Review. 107 (7). American Meteorological Society: 911. Bibcode:1979MWRv..107..911G. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0911:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2.
  2. ^ Neil L. Frank; Gilbert B. Clark (August 1979). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1978". Monthly Weather Review. 107 (8). Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society: 1035. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1035:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  3. ^ a b c National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 4, 2023). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2022". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ "Oil Executive Is Found Dead". The Bismarck Tribune. Vol. 105, no. 213. Bismarck, North Dakota. September 9, 1978. p. 15. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c "Storm". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40044. Sacramento, California. September 6, 1978. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "Heavy rains anticipated for county". Daily Times-Advocate. Escondido, California. September 5, 1978. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Associated Press (September 5, 1978). "Southland Braces For Tropical Storm". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz, California. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b c "Sierra snows trap hikers". Messenger-Inquirer. Vol. 104, no. 251. Owensboro, Kentucky. September 8, 1978. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b c "Storm kills four hikers, hurt crops". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. September 8, 1978. p. 24. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Hurricane Norman - September 4–7, 1978". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  11. ^ "Rain Slows Growth Of Botulism". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40047. Sacramento, California. September 9, 1978. p. 47. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ Bob Pastin (September 6, 1978). "Dodgers, California rained out". The San Bernardino Sun. San Bernardino, California. p. 41. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ a b Dick Cooper (September 6, 1978). "Tropical rain drops on county". The San Bernardino Sun. San Bernardino, California. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
    • "Tropical rain drops on county", p.1
    • "Tropical rain", p.2
  14. ^ a b Thom Akeman (September 7, 1978). "Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40045. Sacramento, California. p. 2,6. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
    • "Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing", p. 2
    • "Storms", p. 6
  15. ^ "Youth's car, ego smashed in first drive". Austin American-Statesman. Vol. 108, no. 45. Austin, Texas. September 8, 1978. p. 10. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Raisins: Rains Could Mean Trouble". The Fresno Bee. Fresno, California. September 5, 1978. p. 16. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ (PDF). 20 (9). National Centers for Environmental Information. September 1978: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ a b "Storm turns summer hike into tragedy in mountains". The San Bernardino Sun. San Bernardino, California. September 8, 1978. p. 5. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Thom Akeman (September 7, 1978). "Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40045. Sacramento, California. p. 6. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b Phil Barker (September 7, 1978). "Sierra snow storm kills 4 hikers". Reno Gazette Journal. Reno, Nevada. p. 1,3. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
    • "Sierra snow storm kills 4 hikers", p.1
    • "Sierra snow storm", p.3

April 11, 2024
hurricane, norman, 1978, hurricane, norman, rare, tropical, cyclone, that, impacted, california, early, september, 1978, fourteenth, named, storm, eleventh, hurricane, sixth, major, hurricane, 1978, pacific, season, norman, originated, from, tropical, wave, th. Hurricane Norman was a rare tropical cyclone that impacted California in early September 1978 The fourteenth named storm eleventh hurricane and sixth major hurricane of the 1978 Pacific season Norman originated from an tropical wave that spawned an area of disturbed weather south of Acapulco The system coalesced into a tropical depression on August 30 and thrived amid favorable environmental conditions becoming a powerful Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph 230 km h at its peak intensity The system curved northward passing into cooler waters that brought an end to its status as a tropical cyclone on September 6 However its remnants combined with an trough and front over California contributing to locally heavy rainfall that caused dozens of traffic accidents and sporadic power outages In higher elevations the system produced accumulating snow which stranded and killed many hikers throughout Sierra Nevada Most heavily affected was California s raisin crop which suffered a record breaking 95 percent loss Overall Norman killed eight people and caused over 300 million in damage Hurricane Norman Hurricane Norman at peak intensity south of the Baja Peninsula on September 2Meteorological historyFormedAugust 30 1978DissipatedSeptember 6 1978Category 4 hurricane1 minute sustained SSHWS NWS Highest winds140 mph 220 km h Overall effectsFatalities8Missing4Damage 300 million 1978 USD Areas affectedMexico California NevadaIBTrACSPart of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations and impact 3 See also 4 ReferencesMeteorological history edit nbsp Map plotting the storm s track and intensity according to the Saffir Simpson scaleMap keySaffir Simpson scale Tropical depression 38 mph 62 km h Tropical storm 39 73 mph 63 118 km h Category 1 74 95 mph 119 153 km h Category 2 96 110 mph 154 177 km h Category 3 111 129 mph 178 208 km h Category 4 130 156 mph 209 251 km h Category 5 157 mph 252 km h Unknown Storm type nbsp Tropical cyclone nbsp Subtropical cyclone nbsp Extratropical cyclone remnant low tropical disturbance or monsoon depressionAt 18 00 UTC on August 29 an area of disturbed weather was first observed about 460 miles 740 km southeast of Acapulco 1 This disturbance appeared to have ties to a tropical wave that originated from Africa 2 The system moved west and organized 1 becoming a tropical depression by 18 00 UTC on August 30 and further intensifying into Tropical Storm Norman six hours later 3 The newly formed system curved toward the west northwest and tracked over sea surface temperatures of 85 F 29 C which continued to facilitate its development Norman intensified into a hurricane by 06 00 UTC on September 1 while it was located about 265 miles 426 km southwest of Acapulco A few hours later forecasters at the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center observed the system s small eye for the first time via visible satellite imagery 1 Norman intensified rapidly on September 2 It intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson scale around 00 00 UTC but vaulted to Category 4 intensity six hours later Around this time the Asia Honesty passing about 35 miles 56 km north of Norman s center recorded easterly winds up to 107 mph 172 km h along with ocean waves up to 41 ft 12 m in height The hurricane passed over the northeastern coast of Socorro Island between 17 00 18 00 UTC on September 2 A few hours later the first aircraft reconnaissance plane intercepted the cyclone reporting a closed eyewall 45 miles 72 km in diameter Data from that mission was used to raise Norman s winds to 140 mph 230 km h the storm s peak intensity Upper level high pressure centered over Baja California continued to direct the cyclone west northwest which brought the system over increasingly cool waters 1 A second aircraft reconnaissance plane investigated Norman around 18 00 UTC on September 3 and the storm was operationally downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane as its inner core became ill defined 1 Later analysis suggests that the hurricane weakened to Category 3 intensity at this time 3 By September 4 Norman was located on the southwest side of upper level ridging and embedded within strong southwesterly flow aloft This caused the system to curve north and then north northeast over sharply colder water around 68 F 20 C It rapidly weakened to Category 1 intensity by 00 00 UTC that day before falling under hurricane intensity eighteen hours later The Hurricane Hunters intercepted Norman for a final time around 17 30 UTC on September 5 The cyclone barely maintained tropical storm force winds at that time and indeed it was downgraded to a tropical depression 30 minutes later 1 Norman s final advisory was written at 00 00 UTC on September 6 when it was located about 25 miles 40 km south of San Clemente Island off the coastline of California The former hurricane accelerated north northeast 1 transitioning into an extratropical cyclone around 06 00 UTC on September 6 It degenerated to a disturbance northeast of Los Angeles after 00 00 UTC on September 7 3 Preparations and impact edit nbsp Accumulating rainfall produced by NormanOffshore the coastline of Mexico the bodies of a father and one of his sons were recovered after rough seas overwhelmed their boat The father s second son washed ashore while unconscious and was transported to a hospital in Cabo San Lucas by two hikers where communications were severed in the wake of the cyclone 4 Meanwhile in advance of Norman in California a weather front contributed to rainfall that staved off wildfire risk in a normally dry time of the year there However as this front interacted with the remnants of the cyclone it prompted flash flood and mudslide warnings across southern portions of the state 5 in addition to heavy surf and small craft advisories along the coast Waves of 6 9 ft 1 8 2 7 m locally as high as 15 ft 4 6 m along south facing beaches in North County were expected 6 Rough seas battered the coastline with waves up to 10 ft 3 0 m observed at Newport Beach and 8 ft 2 4 m at Imperial Beach Hundreds of rescues were carried out by lifeguards including a record 586 people at Newport Beach an additional 200 individuals throughout Orange County 62 people at all San Diego beaches and 10 swimmers in Coronado 7 Two ships were slammed into their berths and a third had its steel mooring cable snapped in the Port of Los Angeles A 10 000 t 10 000 000 kg oil tanker was also swept from its moorings In Orange County a 262 ft 80 m vessel and two barges were ripped from their anchors and ran aground in Dana Point Harbor 8 The remnants of Norman combined with an upper level trough over California to produce locally heavy rainfall Although accumulations were lower than expected and allowed forecasters to expire the preexisting flash flood warnings 9 a rainfall maxima of 7 01 in 178 mm was still recorded at Lodgepole Campground 10 These rains slowed an outbreak of botulism among anseriformes in Tulare Lake cutting weekly fatality rates in half 11 Several baseball games were canceled or rescheduled 12 Traffic accidents were reported along freeways between San Diego and Santa Barbara 9 including 21 traffic collisions with injuries near Ontario 13 One such accident on U S Route 50 near Twin Bridges resulted in the death of a 24 year old man who collided head on with another vehicle after swerving to avoid large rocks that had washed onto the road Both the passenger of his vehicle and the driver of the vehicle he collided with were severely injured and hospitalized 14 2 On Interstate 10 in California 8 500 US gal 32 000 L gasoline truck collided with a tanker truck carrying nitrogen causing the death of one man owing to severe head injuries as well as the hospitalization of the passenger A truck overturned in a separate accident spilling scrap iron over three lanes of the freeway and injuring one man as well 13 A 16 year old boy was hospitalized after wrecking his car on wet roads in Riverside 15 California State Route 180 was closed for a time after being eclipsed by rocks and water A portion of a street collapsed in Point Loma San Diego 5 The storm also contributed to localized power outages affecting 15 000 customers 9 including 2 000 homes in Mission Bay La Jolla and Del Mar 5 These outages were primarily caused by power pole fires resultant from rainfall moistening an accumulation of dust on the insulators 16 Norman caused severe crop losses throughout California The raisin crop in particular suffered the state s largest loss on record with 95 percent of that crop destroyed Agricultural losses exceeded 300 million 1 The cyclone inflicted an additional 300 000 in damage to roads bridges and private property across Inyo County 17 Moisture from the storm contributed to accumulating snow up to 5 in 13 cm across the Sierra Nevada catching many hikers off guard 8 The bodies of three men and a woman were recovered at higher elevations All four of the deceased were dressed in summer like clothing and had little other equipment with them 18 The freshly laid snow followed by a blanket of fog across the region slowed rescue efforts 19 Some 21 hikers near Convict Lake and Mount McGee were stranded but later recovered and 3 others near Lake Italy were rescued as well Initial reports suggested 17 hikers were also missing around Mount Whitney 8 but these individuals were later said to be part of a search and rescue team 18 Chains were temporarily required along Nevada State Route 431 and a traveler advisory was issued across northeastern portions of the state 20 1 Meanwhile a hang glider was reported missing on Mount Shasta after he was met by strong winds at an elevation of 11 000 ft 3 400 m 14 6 A plane harboring three travelers on a route from Porterville California to Reno Nevada also went missing in a mixture of rain and snow produced by the remnants of Norman and a nearby front The Civil Air Patrol established search headquarters and readied aircraft to search the Sierra Nevada 20 3 See also edit nbsp Tropical Cyclones portal nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Norman 1978 Other storms named Norman 1858 San Diego Hurricane 1939 California tropical storm Hurricane Ismael 1983 Hurricane Ramon List of California hurricanesReferences edit a b c d e f g h Emil B Gunther July 1979 Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1978 Monthly Weather Review 107 7 American Meteorological Society 911 Bibcode 1979MWRv 107 911G doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1979 107 lt 0911 ENPTCO gt 2 0 CO 2 Neil L Frank Gilbert B Clark August 1979 Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1978 Monthly Weather Review 107 8 Miami Florida American Meteorological Society 1035 doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1979 107 lt 1035 ATSO gt 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 1520 0493 a b c National Hurricane Center Hurricane Research Division Central Pacific Hurricane Center April 4 2023 The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949 2022 United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s National Weather Service A guide on how to read the database is available here nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Oil Executive Is Found Dead The Bismarck Tribune Vol 105 no 213 Bismarck North Dakota September 9 1978 p 15 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com a b c Storm The Sacramento Bee Vol 241 no 40044 Sacramento California September 6 1978 p 2 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Heavy rains anticipated for county Daily Times Advocate Escondido California September 5 1978 p 1 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Associated Press September 5 1978 Southland Braces For Tropical Storm Santa Cruz Sentinel Santa Cruz California p 1 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com a b c Sierra snows trap hikers Messenger Inquirer Vol 104 no 251 Owensboro Kentucky September 8 1978 p 2 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com a b c Storm kills four hikers hurt crops Wisconsin State Journal Madison Wisconsin September 8 1978 p 24 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Hurricane Norman September 4 7 1978 Weather Prediction Center Retrieved January 6 2022 Rain Slows Growth Of Botulism The Sacramento Bee Vol 241 no 40047 Sacramento California September 9 1978 p 47 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Bob Pastin September 6 1978 Dodgers California rained out The San Bernardino Sun San Bernardino California p 41 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com a b Dick Cooper September 6 1978 Tropical rain drops on county The San Bernardino Sun San Bernardino California p 2 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Tropical rain drops on county p 1 Tropical rain p 2 a b Thom Akeman September 7 1978 Sierra Storms Toll Is 5 16 Still Missing The Sacramento Bee Vol 241 no 40045 Sacramento California p 2 6 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Sierra Storms Toll Is 5 16 Still Missing p 2 Storms p 6 Youth s car ego smashed in first drive Austin American Statesman Vol 108 no 45 Austin Texas September 8 1978 p 10 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Raisins Rains Could Mean Trouble The Fresno Bee Fresno California September 5 1978 p 16 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena PDF 20 9 National Centers for Environmental Information September 1978 2 Archived from the original PDF on January 8 2022 Retrieved January 7 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Storm turns summer hike into tragedy in mountains The San Bernardino Sun San Bernardino California September 8 1978 p 5 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Thom Akeman September 7 1978 Sierra Storms Toll Is 5 16 Still Missing The Sacramento Bee Vol 241 no 40045 Sacramento California p 6 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com a b Phil Barker September 7 1978 Sierra snow storm kills 4 hikers Reno Gazette Journal Reno Nevada p 1 3 Retrieved January 6 2022 via Newspapers com Sierra snow storm kills 4 hikers p 1 Sierra snow storm p 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hurricane Norman 1978 amp oldid 1171419962, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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