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Rainband

January 01, 1970

A rainband is a cloud and precipitation structure associated with an area of rainfall which is significantly elongated. Rainbands can be stratiform or convective,[1] and are generated by differences in temperature. When noted on weather radar imagery, this precipitation elongation is referred to as banded structure.[2] Rainbands within tropical cyclones are curved in orientation. Rainbands of tropical cyclones contain showers and thunderstorms that, together with the eyewall and the eye, constitute a hurricane or tropical storm. The extent of rainbands around a tropical cyclone can help determine the cyclone's intensity.

Band of thunderstorms seen on a weather radar display

Rainbands spawned near and ahead of cold fronts can be squall lines which are able to produce tornadoes. Rainbands associated with cold fronts can be warped by mountain barriers perpendicular to the front's orientation due to the formation of a low-level barrier jet. Bands of thunderstorms can form with sea breeze and land breeze boundaries, if enough moisture is present. If sea breeze rainbands become active enough just ahead of a cold front, they can mask the location of the cold front itself. Banding within the comma head precipitation pattern of an extratropical cyclone can yield significant amounts of rain or snow. Behind extratropical cyclones, rainbands can form downwind of relative warm bodies of water such as the Great Lakes. If the atmosphere is cold enough, these rainbands can yield heavy snow.

Extratropical cyclones edit

 
A February 24, 2007 radar image of a large extratropical cyclonic storm system at its peak over the central United States. Note the band of thunderstorms along its trailing cold front.
See also: Extratropical cyclone, Lake effect snow, and Squall line

Rainbands in advance of warm occluded fronts and warm fronts are associated with weak upward motion,[3] and tend to be wide and stratiform in nature.[4] In an atmosphere with rich low level moisture and vertical wind shear,[5] narrow, convective rainbands known as squall lines form generally in the cyclone's warm sector, ahead of strong cold fronts associated with extratropical cyclones.[6] Wider rain bands can occur behind cold fronts, which tend to have more stratiform, and less convective, precipitation.[7] Within the cold sector north to northwest of a cyclone center, in colder cyclones, small scale, or mesoscale, bands of heavy snow can occur within a cyclone's comma head precipitation pattern with a width of 32 kilometres (20 mi) to 80 kilometres (50 mi).[8] These bands in the comma head are associated with areas of frontogensis, or zones of strengthening temperature contrast.[9] Southwest of extratropical cyclones, curved flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm Great Lakes can lead to narrow lake-effect snow bands which bring significant localized snowfall.[10]

Narrow cold-frontal rainband edit

A narrow cold-frontal rainband (NCFR) is a characteristic of particularly sharp cold frontal boundaries. These can usually be seen very easily on satellite photos. NCFRs are typically accompanied by strong gusty winds and brief but intense rainfall. Convection may or may not occur depending on the stability of the air mass being lifted by the front. Such fronts usually are also marked by a sharp wind shift and temperature drop.[11]

Tropical cyclones edit

 
Photograph of rainbands in Hurricane Isidore
See also: Dvorak technique and Tropical cyclone

Rainbands exist in the periphery of tropical cyclones, which point towards the cyclone's center of low pressure.[12] Rainbands within tropical cyclones require ample moisture and a low level pool of cooler air.[13] Bands located 80 kilometres (50 mi) to 150 kilometres (93 mi) from a cyclone's center migrate outward.[14] They are capable of producing heavy rains and squalls of wind, as well as tornadoes,[15] particularly in the storm's right-front quadrant.[16]

Some rainbands move closer to the center, forming a secondary, or outer, eyewall within intense hurricanes.[17] Spiral rainbands are such a basic structure to a tropical cyclone that in most tropical cyclone basins, use of the satellite-based Dvorak technique is the primary method used to determine a tropical cyclone's maximum sustained winds.[18] Within this method, the extent of spiral banding and difference in temperature between the eye and eyewall is used to assign a maximum sustained wind and a central pressure.[19] Central pressure values for their centers of low pressure derived from this technique are approximate.

Different programs have been studying these rainbands, including the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment.

Forced by geography edit

Convective rainbands can form parallel to terrain on its windward side, due to lee waves triggered by hills just upstream of the cloud's formation.[20] Their spacing is normally 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) apart.[21] When bands of precipitation near frontal zones approach steep topography, a low-level barrier jet stream forms parallel to and just prior to the mountain ridge, which slows down the frontal rainband just prior to the mountain barrier.[22] If enough moisture is present, sea breeze and land breeze fronts can form convective rainbands. Sea breeze front thunderstorm lines can become strong enough to mask the location of an approaching cold front by evening.[23] The edge of ocean currents can lead to the development of thunderstorm bands due to heat differential at this interface.[24] Downwind of islands, bands of showers and thunderstorms can develop due to low level wind convergence downwind of the island edges. Offshore California, this has been noted in the wake of cold fronts.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Rainband. 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-24.
  2. ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Banded structure. 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-24.
  3. ^ Owen Hertzman (1988). Three-Dimensional Kinematics of Rainbands in Midlatitude Cyclones. Retrieved on 2008-12-24
  4. ^ Yuh-Lang Lin (2007). Mesoscale Dynamics. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  5. ^ Richard H. Grumm (2006). 16 November Narrow Frontal Rain band Floods and severe weather. 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-26.
  6. ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Prefrontal squall line. 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-24.
  7. ^ K. A. Browning and Robert J. Gurney (1999). Global Energy and Water Cycles. Retrieved on 2008-12-26.
  8. ^ KELLY HEIDBREDER (2007). Mesoscale snow banding. Retrieved on 2008-12-24.
  9. ^ David R. Novak, Lance F. Bosart, Daniel Keyser, and Jeff S. Waldstreicher (2002). A CLIMATOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITE STUDY OF COLD SEASON BANDED PRECIPITATION IN THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES. 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-26.
  10. ^ B. Geerts (1998). "Lake Effect Snow". University of Wyoming. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
  11. ^ de Orla-Barile, Marian; Cannon, Forest; Oakley, Nina S.; Martin Ralph, F. (January 2022). "A Climatology of Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands in Southern California". Geophysical Research Letters. 49 (2). Bibcode:2022GeoRL..4995362D. doi:10.1029/2021GL095362. S2CID 245415748.
  12. ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Tropical cyclone. 2008-12-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-24.
  13. ^ A. Murata, K. Saito and M. Ueno (1999). A Numerical Study of Typhoon Flo (1990) using the MRI Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model. 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  14. ^ Yuqing Wang (2007). How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity? Retrieved on 2008-12-26.
  15. ^ NWS JetStream – Online School for Weather (2008). Tropical Cyclone Structure.| National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2008-12-24.
  16. ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1999). Hurricane Basics. 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-24
  17. ^ Jasmine Cetrone (2006). Secondary eyewall structure in Hurricane Rita: Results from RAINEX. Retrieved on 2009-01-09.
  18. ^ University of Wisconsin–Madison (1998).Objective Dvorak Technique. Retrieved on 2006-05-29.
  19. ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2007). Subject: H1) What is the Dvorak technique and how is it used? Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
  20. ^ Daniel J. Kirshbaum, George H. Bryan, Richard Rotunno, and Dale R. Durran (2006). The Triggering of Orographic Rainbands by Small-Scale Topography. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  21. ^ Daniel J. Kirshbaum, Richard Rotunno, and George H. Bryan (2007). The Spacing of Orographic Rainbands Triggered by Small-Scale Topography. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  22. ^ J. D. Doyle (1997). The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband. 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  23. ^ A. Rodin (1995). Interaction of a cold front with a sea-breeze front numerical simulations. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  24. ^ Eric D. Conway (1997). An Introduction to Satellite Image Interpretation. Retrieved on 2008-12-26.
  25. ^ Ivory J. Small (1999). AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF ISLAND EFFECT BANDS: PRECIPITATION PRODUCERS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-12-26.

External links edit

  • "Anatomy of a Hurricane". Lecture Notes for Chapter 15 – Hurricanes – Survey of Meteorology and Lyndon State College.
  • "Rainbands Offer Better Forecasts of Hurricane Intensity". news release (Press release). National Science Foundation. 2005-08-08. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  • G.M. Barnes and E.J. Zipser (September 1983). "Mesoscale and Convective Structure of a Hurricane Rainband". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 40 (9): 2125–2137. Bibcode:1983JAtS...40.2125B. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<2125:MACSOA>2.0.CO;2.


January 01, 1970
rainband, rainband, cloud, precipitation, structure, associated, with, area, rainfall, which, significantly, elongated, stratiform, convective, generated, differences, temperature, when, noted, weather, radar, imagery, this, precipitation, elongation, referred. A rainband is a cloud and precipitation structure associated with an area of rainfall which is significantly elongated Rainbands can be stratiform or convective 1 and are generated by differences in temperature When noted on weather radar imagery this precipitation elongation is referred to as banded structure 2 Rainbands within tropical cyclones are curved in orientation Rainbands of tropical cyclones contain showers and thunderstorms that together with the eyewall and the eye constitute a hurricane or tropical storm The extent of rainbands around a tropical cyclone can help determine the cyclone s intensity Band of thunderstorms seen on a weather radar display Rainbands spawned near and ahead of cold fronts can be squall lines which are able to produce tornadoes Rainbands associated with cold fronts can be warped by mountain barriers perpendicular to the front s orientation due to the formation of a low level barrier jet Bands of thunderstorms can form with sea breeze and land breeze boundaries if enough moisture is present If sea breeze rainbands become active enough just ahead of a cold front they can mask the location of the cold front itself Banding within the comma head precipitation pattern of an extratropical cyclone can yield significant amounts of rain or snow Behind extratropical cyclones rainbands can form downwind of relative warm bodies of water such as the Great Lakes If the atmosphere is cold enough these rainbands can yield heavy snow Contents 1 Extratropical cyclones 1 1 Narrow cold frontal rainband 2 Tropical cyclones 3 Forced by geography 4 References 5 External linksExtratropical cyclones edit nbsp A February 24 2007 radar image of a large extratropical cyclonic storm system at its peak over the central United States Note the band of thunderstorms along its trailing cold front See also Extratropical cyclone Lake effect snow and Squall line Rainbands in advance of warm occluded fronts and warm fronts are associated with weak upward motion 3 and tend to be wide and stratiform in nature 4 In an atmosphere with rich low level moisture and vertical wind shear 5 narrow convective rainbands known as squall lines form generally in the cyclone s warm sector ahead of strong cold fronts associated with extratropical cyclones 6 Wider rain bands can occur behind cold fronts which tend to have more stratiform and less convective precipitation 7 Within the cold sector north to northwest of a cyclone center in colder cyclones small scale or mesoscale bands of heavy snow can occur within a cyclone s comma head precipitation pattern with a width of 32 kilometres 20 mi to 80 kilometres 50 mi 8 These bands in the comma head are associated with areas of frontogensis or zones of strengthening temperature contrast 9 Southwest of extratropical cyclones curved flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm Great Lakes can lead to narrow lake effect snow bands which bring significant localized snowfall 10 Narrow cold frontal rainband edit A narrow cold frontal rainband NCFR is a characteristic of particularly sharp cold frontal boundaries These can usually be seen very easily on satellite photos NCFRs are typically accompanied by strong gusty winds and brief but intense rainfall Convection may or may not occur depending on the stability of the air mass being lifted by the front Such fronts usually are also marked by a sharp wind shift and temperature drop 11 Tropical cyclones edit nbsp Photograph of rainbands in Hurricane Isidore See also Dvorak technique and Tropical cyclone Rainbands exist in the periphery of tropical cyclones which point towards the cyclone s center of low pressure 12 Rainbands within tropical cyclones require ample moisture and a low level pool of cooler air 13 Bands located 80 kilometres 50 mi to 150 kilometres 93 mi from a cyclone s center migrate outward 14 They are capable of producing heavy rains and squalls of wind as well as tornadoes 15 particularly in the storm s right front quadrant 16 Some rainbands move closer to the center forming a secondary or outer eyewall within intense hurricanes 17 Spiral rainbands are such a basic structure to a tropical cyclone that in most tropical cyclone basins use of the satellite based Dvorak technique is the primary method used to determine a tropical cyclone s maximum sustained winds 18 Within this method the extent of spiral banding and difference in temperature between the eye and eyewall is used to assign a maximum sustained wind and a central pressure 19 Central pressure values for their centers of low pressure derived from this technique are approximate Different programs have been studying these rainbands including the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment Forced by geography editConvective rainbands can form parallel to terrain on its windward side due to lee waves triggered by hills just upstream of the cloud s formation 20 Their spacing is normally 5 kilometres 3 1 mi to 10 kilometres 6 2 mi apart 21 When bands of precipitation near frontal zones approach steep topography a low level barrier jet stream forms parallel to and just prior to the mountain ridge which slows down the frontal rainband just prior to the mountain barrier 22 If enough moisture is present sea breeze and land breeze fronts can form convective rainbands Sea breeze front thunderstorm lines can become strong enough to mask the location of an approaching cold front by evening 23 The edge of ocean currents can lead to the development of thunderstorm bands due to heat differential at this interface 24 Downwind of islands bands of showers and thunderstorms can develop due to low level wind convergence downwind of the island edges Offshore California this has been noted in the wake of cold fronts 25 References edit Glossary of Meteorology 2009 Rainband Archived 2011 06 06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 24 Glossary of Meteorology 2009 Banded structure Archived 2011 06 06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 24 Owen Hertzman 1988 Three Dimensional Kinematics of Rainbands in Midlatitude Cyclones Retrieved on 2008 12 24 Yuh Lang Lin 2007 Mesoscale Dynamics Retrieved on 2008 12 25 Richard H Grumm 2006 16 November Narrow Frontal Rain band Floods and severe weather Archived 2011 07 20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 26 Glossary of Meteorology 2009 Prefrontal squall line Archived 2007 08 17 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 24 K A Browning and Robert J Gurney 1999 Global Energy and Water Cycles Retrieved on 2008 12 26 KELLY HEIDBREDER 2007 Mesoscale snow banding Retrieved on 2008 12 24 David R Novak Lance F Bosart Daniel Keyser and Jeff S Waldstreicher 2002 A CLIMATOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITE STUDY OF COLD SEASON BANDED PRECIPITATION IN THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES Archived 2011 07 19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 26 B Geerts 1998 Lake Effect Snow University of Wyoming Retrieved 2008 12 24 de Orla Barile Marian Cannon Forest Oakley Nina S Martin Ralph F January 2022 A Climatology of Narrow Cold Frontal Rainbands in Southern California Geophysical Research Letters 49 2 Bibcode 2022GeoRL 4995362D doi 10 1029 2021GL095362 S2CID 245415748 Glossary of Meteorology 2009 Tropical cyclone Archived 2008 12 27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 24 A Murata K Saito and M Ueno 1999 A Numerical Study of Typhoon Flo 1990 using the MRI Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model Archived 2011 07 22 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 25 Yuqing Wang 2007 How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity Retrieved on 2008 12 26 NWS JetStream Online School for Weather 2008 Tropical Cyclone Structure National Weather Service Retrieved on 2008 12 24 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1999 Hurricane Basics Archived 2012 02 12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 24 Jasmine Cetrone 2006 Secondary eyewall structure in Hurricane Rita Results from RAINEX Retrieved on 2009 01 09 University of Wisconsin Madison 1998 Objective Dvorak Technique Retrieved on 2006 05 29 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 2007 Subject H1 What is the Dvorak technique and how is it used Retrieved on 2006 12 08 Daniel J Kirshbaum George H Bryan Richard Rotunno and Dale R Durran 2006 The Triggering of Orographic Rainbands by Small Scale Topography Retrieved on 2008 12 25 Daniel J Kirshbaum Richard Rotunno and George H Bryan 2007 The Spacing of Orographic Rainbands Triggered by Small Scale Topography Retrieved on 2008 12 25 J D Doyle 1997 The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband Archived 2012 01 06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 25 A Rodin 1995 Interaction of a cold front with a sea breeze front numerical simulations Retrieved on 2008 12 25 Eric D Conway 1997 An Introduction to Satellite Image Interpretation Retrieved on 2008 12 26 Ivory J Small 1999 AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF ISLAND EFFECT BANDS PRECIPITATION PRODUCERS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Archived 2012 03 06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008 12 26 External links edit nbsp weather portal Anatomy of a Hurricane Lecture Notes for Chapter 15 Hurricanes Survey of Meteorology and Lyndon State College Rainbands Offer Better Forecasts of Hurricane Intensity news release Press release National Science Foundation 2005 08 08 Retrieved 2008 09 06 G M Barnes and E J Zipser September 1983 Mesoscale and Convective Structure of a Hurricane Rainband Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 40 9 2125 2137 Bibcode 1983JAtS 40 2125B doi 10 1175 1520 0469 1983 040 lt 2125 MACSOA gt 2 0 CO 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rainband amp oldid 1170309896, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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