fbpx
Wikipedia

Hurricane Iris (1995)

December 15, 2023

Hurricane Iris was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect the Lesser Antilles in a three-week period, preceding the more destructive hurricanes Luis and Marilyn. The ninth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, Iris developed from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles on August 22 and attained hurricane status within 30 hours. The hurricane weakened to a tropical storm before crossing the islands of the eastern Caribbean from August 26 through August 28. During that time, Iris became one of four active tropical storms in the Atlantic basin. Earlier it had interacted with Hurricane Humberto, and beginning on August 30, Iris interacted with Tropical Storm Karen. Iris re-intensified into a hurricane and attained peak sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) while moving slowly across the central Atlantic. The hurricane accelerated to the north and absorbed a dissipating Karen on September 3. Iris weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical on September 4, though its remnants re-attained hurricane-force winds, before affecting western Europe on September 7. The storm dissipated soon afterward.

Hurricane Iris
Iris a day after reaching peak intensity, well to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles, on September 2
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 22, 1995
ExtratropicalSeptember 4, 1995
DissipatedSeptember 7, 1995
Category 2 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds110 mph (175 km/h)
Lowest pressure965 mbar (hPa); 28.50 inHg
(957 mbar (28.88 inHg) while extratropical)
Overall effects
Fatalities5 direct
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedLeeward Islands, Western Europe
IBTrACS
Part of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season

As a tropical storm, Iris produced heavy rainfall across much of the Leeward Islands. In the southern Lesser Antilles, high waves caused coastal flooding in Trinidad, while in Martinique further north, significant amounts of precipitation led to flooding and landslides. The threat from the hurricane halted airplane evacuations on Montserrat, which was being threatened by the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano. There were five deaths in association with Iris—four in Martinique, and one in Guadeloupe.

Meteorological history edit

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A tropical wave exited western Africa on August 16, with a circulation emerging just south of Dakar, Senegal. It was the first of four consecutive waves that would later develop into tropical cyclones. As the system moved westward, thunderstorms diminished on August 18, before they gradually redeveloped. At around 1200 UTC, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified the system as Tropical Depression Ten about 690 mi (1,110 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[1] Around that time, the depression had a well-organized area of convection and evident circulation, as confirmed by a nearby ship.[2] Within six hours of developing, the depression had intensified into a tropical storm.[1] Initially, tropical cyclone forecast models had difficulty predicting the future of the storm, due to uncertain interaction between it and Tropical Storm Humberto to its northeast.[3] In real-time, the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Iris at 1500 UTC on August 23,[4] or about 21 hours later than assessed in post-analysis. The intensity was based on satellite intensity estimates.[1] At that time, the storm had a ragged central dense overcast—a uniformly circular area of thunderstorms—as well as rainbands to the north and south.[4] A hurricane hunters flight late on August 23 indicated that Iris was significantly stronger, reporting 10–second sustained winds of 106 mph (171 km/h) at flight-level.[1] Based on the reading, it is estimated Iris attained hurricane status around 1800 UTC that day, or about three hours after it was named.[1][4]

After Iris strengthened into a hurricane, it turned to the west-southwest due to interaction with Hurricane Humberto. An upper-level low north of Puerto Rico increased wind shear over the hurricane, which dislocated the center from the deep convection. As a result, Iris weakened to tropical storm status on August 24 after being a hurricane for about 24 hours.[1] As the storm approached the Lesser Antilles, the thunderstorms decreased markedly and the cloud pattern became disorganized.[5] As late as August 25, there was uncertainty whether Iris would continue toward the islands or turn to the north.[6] A new circulation became the dominant center as the storm continued westward, and Iris brushed Saint Lucia early on August 26. An approaching trough turned the storm to the northwest, bringing it near most of the Lesser Antilles. Early on August 27, Iris weakened to an intensity of 40 mph (64 km/h), although it immediately began restrengthening. Later that day, the center made landfall on Montserrat, Anguilla, and Barbuda with winds of over 60 mph (95 km/h).[1] By that time, an eye began reforming,[7] and the structure became better organized as wind shear decreased.[8]

 
A satellite image of the Atlantic Ocean on August 24 including Humberto, Iris, Jerry, and two waves that would ultimately become Karen and Luis

On August 28, Iris moved away from the Lesser Antilles, and at 1800 UTC re-attained hurricane status as it began a steady motion to the north-northwest.[1] By that time, there was uncertainty in its future track due to the possible interactions among Iris, Humberto to the northeast, Tropical Storm Karen to the southeast, and the remnants of Tropical Storm Jerry to the west.[9] In addition, after Tropical Storm Luis formed on August 27, there were four active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic.[10] A few days later, there were three simultaneous hurricanes, which is a rare event, when Luis attained hurricane status.[11] On August 30, Iris turned to the northeast while it began interacting directly with Tropical Storm Karen. Over the next few days, the smaller tropical storm moved around the larger circulation of Iris, potentially causing the hurricane to move erratically.[1] Iris' intensity did not change significantly during that time, and it maintained strong outflow but a weak eyewall. An eastward-moving trough bypassed the storm to the north, causing the motion to become nearly stationary.[12] A building ridge to the northeast caused Iris to turn to a northwest drift on September 1. By that time, the eye had become distinct and well-organized,[13] and at 0600 UTC that day, Iris attained peak winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) to the southeast of Bermuda.[1]

After reaching peak intensity, the hurricane began weakening due to increasing shear and cooler waters.[1] An approaching trough turned Iris to the north,[14] and early on September 3, the hurricane passed about 350 mi (565 km) east of Bermuda.[15] That day, Iris absorbed the dissipating Tropical Depression Karen.[1] It accelerated to the northeast as it lost tropical characteristics, and after weakening to a tropical storm, Iris transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 4 to the southeast of Newfoundland. The remnants of Iris turned to the east,[1] moving in tandem with an extratropical storm to its north.[16] On September 5, the barometric pressure dropped by more than 24 millibars (0.71 inHg), which qualified as being classified as a meteorological bomb.[16] The next day, the winds strengthened to hurricane-status,[1] and the storm maintained a track to the east due to a ridge weakening to the north. The pressure reached a minimum of 957 mbar (28.3 inHg) early on September 7, lower than when Iris was tropical.[16] That day, the storm weakened as it entered the English Channel, and the extratropical remnants continued across western Europe.[1]

Preparations and impact edit

 
Weather radar image of Hurricane Iris on August 29

Before Iris moved through the Lesser Antilles, tropical storm watches, and later warnings, were issued from Barbados through the British Virgin Islands. The storm produced tropical storm force winds across the eastern Caribbean, although the primary meteorological event occurred from heavy rainfall.[1] Flooding prompted evacuations in communities in Saint Lucia, Dominica, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[17] Iris was the first of three storms in a three-week period to affect the region, preceding the more destructive hurricanes Luis and Marilyn.[18]

In western Trinidad, a feeder produced winds of 37 mph (60 km/h) along the Gulf of Paria. The winds increased waves that caused coastal flooding and some damage to boats.[19] On Martinique, Iris produced gusts of 56 mph (90 km/h), with torrential rainfall occurring on the island. A station in Les Trois-Îlets recorded 1.89 in (48 mm) in a 30-minute period, and the highest total on the island was 17.72 in (450 mm) at Ducos. The rains caused mudslides that killed four people,[1] including two after a house was swept off a cliff in Le Vauclin. Flooding was reported across coastal areas of Martinique, and heavy damage was reported in the southern city of Le Vauclin.[20] To the north of Martinique, winds reached 43 mph (69 km/h) on Dominica.[1] While the storm passed Guadeloupe, it produced sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h), with gusts to 65 mph (105 km/h) on La Désirade.[21] There was one death on the island after a person drowned in a storm-flooded river.[22] To the northwest, the hurricane moved over Montserrat,[1] causing additional problems on the island just weeks after the Soufrière Hills volcano began erupting.[23] Officials on the island closed the primary airport due to the storm, which prevented residents from evacuating from the island from the volcano threat.[24] Further north, Iris dropped 6 in (150 mm) of rain on Antigua, which destroyed banana trees and caused flooding in low-lying areas.[1]

Due to uncertainties in Iris' track, the government of Bermuda issued a tropical storm watch on September 1. This was downgraded on September 3 after the hurricane bypassed the island.[1][25] Later, after Iris became extratropical, the storm produced winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) at La Rochelle on the Atlantic coast of France.[16]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Edward N. Rappaport (2000-11-02). "Hurricane Iris Preliminary Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  2. ^ Richard Pasch (1995-08-22). "Tropical Depression Ten Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  3. ^ Lixion Avila (1995-08-23). "Tropical Depression Ten Discussion Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  4. ^ a b c Richard Pasch (1995-08-23). "Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  5. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1995-08-25). "Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Eleven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  6. ^ Lixion Avila (1995-08-25). "Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twelve". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  7. ^ Ed Rappaport (1995-08-27). "Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twenty-Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  8. ^ Richard Pasch (1995-08-28). "Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twenty-Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  9. ^ Ed Rappaport (1995-08-28). "Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twenty-Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  10. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1996-01-06). "Hurricane Luis Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  11. ^ Todd B. Kimberlain; James B. Elsner (August 1998). "The 1995 and 1996 North Atlantic Hurricane Seasons: A Return of the Tropical-Only Hurricane". Journal of Climate. 11 (8): 2062–2069. Bibcode:1998JCli...11.2062K. doi:10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.2062. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  12. ^ Richard Pasch (1995-08-30). "Hurricane Iris Discussion Thirty-One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  13. ^ Ed Rappaport (1995-09-01). "Hurricane Iris Discussion Forty". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  14. ^ Ed Rappaport (1995-09-02). "Hurricane Iris Discussion Forty-Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  15. ^ Lixion Avila (1995-09-02). "Hurricane Iris Public Advisory Forty-Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  16. ^ a b c d Chris Thorncrof; Sarah C. Jones (April 2000). "The Extratropical Transitions of Hurricanes Felix and Iris in 1995". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 128 (4): 947. Bibcode:2000MWRv..128..947T. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0947:TETOHF>2.0.CO;2.
  17. ^ "Iris Leaves One Dead in Eastern Caribbean". The Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. 1995-08-28. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
  18. ^ "Winter tourism may key rebound in Caribbean". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. 1995-10-06. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
  19. ^ C.B. Daniel; R. Maharaj (May 2001). Tropical Cyclones Affecting Trinidad and Tobago, 1725 to 2000 (Report). Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service. p. 14. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  20. ^ Javier Maymi (1995-08-26). "Tropical Storm Iris is cause of at least three deaths in Caribbean". The Bryan Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
  21. ^ Roland Mazurie (1995-09-18). Compte Rendu Meteorlogique, Passage de la tempête tropicale <Iris> sur l'archipel de la Guadeloupe le 27 août 1995 (GIF) (Report) (in French). Météo-France, archived by the National Hurricane Center in "Hurricane Iris: Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives". p. 3. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  22. ^ "Iris blooms into a hurricane again, more storms form". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. 1995-08-25. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  23. ^ Michelle Faul (1995-08-25). "Montserrat prepares for hurricane, volcano". The Daily Gazette. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
  24. ^ Wire Service Reports (1995-08-28). "Tropical Storm Iris kills 1 in Martinique, steams toward the Virgin Islands". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
  25. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-01). "Hurricane Iris Discussion Forty-Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-01-09.

December 15, 2023
hurricane, iris, 1995, hurricane, iris, first, three, tropical, cyclones, affect, lesser, antilles, three, week, period, preceding, more, destructive, hurricanes, luis, marilyn, ninth, named, storm, fifth, hurricane, 1995, atlantic, hurricane, season, iris, de. Hurricane Iris was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect the Lesser Antilles in a three week period preceding the more destructive hurricanes Luis and Marilyn The ninth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season Iris developed from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles on August 22 and attained hurricane status within 30 hours The hurricane weakened to a tropical storm before crossing the islands of the eastern Caribbean from August 26 through August 28 During that time Iris became one of four active tropical storms in the Atlantic basin Earlier it had interacted with Hurricane Humberto and beginning on August 30 Iris interacted with Tropical Storm Karen Iris re intensified into a hurricane and attained peak sustained winds of 110 mph 175 km h while moving slowly across the central Atlantic The hurricane accelerated to the north and absorbed a dissipating Karen on September 3 Iris weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical on September 4 though its remnants re attained hurricane force winds before affecting western Europe on September 7 The storm dissipated soon afterward Hurricane Iris Iris a day after reaching peak intensity well to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles on September 2Meteorological historyFormedAugust 22 1995ExtratropicalSeptember 4 1995DissipatedSeptember 7 1995Category 2 hurricane1 minute sustained SSHWS NWS Highest winds110 mph 175 km h Lowest pressure965 mbar hPa 28 50 inHg 957 mbar 28 88 inHg while extratropical Overall effectsFatalities5 directDamageUnknownAreas affectedLeeward Islands Western EuropeIBTrACSPart of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane seasonAs a tropical storm Iris produced heavy rainfall across much of the Leeward Islands In the southern Lesser Antilles high waves caused coastal flooding in Trinidad while in Martinique further north significant amounts of precipitation led to flooding and landslides The threat from the hurricane halted airplane evacuations on Montserrat which was being threatened by the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano There were five deaths in association with Iris four in Martinique and one in Guadeloupe Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations and impact 3 See also 4 ReferencesMeteorological history edit nbsp Map plotting the storm s track and intensity according to the Saffir Simpson scaleMap keySaffir Simpson scale Tropical depression 38 mph 62 km h Tropical storm 39 73 mph 63 118 km h Category 1 74 95 mph 119 153 km h Category 2 96 110 mph 154 177 km h Category 3 111 129 mph 178 208 km h Category 4 130 156 mph 209 251 km h Category 5 157 mph 252 km h Unknown Storm type nbsp Tropical cyclone nbsp Subtropical cyclone nbsp Extratropical cyclone remnant low tropical disturbance or monsoon depressionA tropical wave exited western Africa on August 16 with a circulation emerging just south of Dakar Senegal It was the first of four consecutive waves that would later develop into tropical cyclones As the system moved westward thunderstorms diminished on August 18 before they gradually redeveloped At around 1200 UTC the National Hurricane Center NHC classified the system as Tropical Depression Ten about 690 mi 1 110 km east of the Lesser Antilles 1 Around that time the depression had a well organized area of convection and evident circulation as confirmed by a nearby ship 2 Within six hours of developing the depression had intensified into a tropical storm 1 Initially tropical cyclone forecast models had difficulty predicting the future of the storm due to uncertain interaction between it and Tropical Storm Humberto to its northeast 3 In real time the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Iris at 1500 UTC on August 23 4 or about 21 hours later than assessed in post analysis The intensity was based on satellite intensity estimates 1 At that time the storm had a ragged central dense overcast a uniformly circular area of thunderstorms as well as rainbands to the north and south 4 A hurricane hunters flight late on August 23 indicated that Iris was significantly stronger reporting 10 second sustained winds of 106 mph 171 km h at flight level 1 Based on the reading it is estimated Iris attained hurricane status around 1800 UTC that day or about three hours after it was named 1 4 After Iris strengthened into a hurricane it turned to the west southwest due to interaction with Hurricane Humberto An upper level low north of Puerto Rico increased wind shear over the hurricane which dislocated the center from the deep convection As a result Iris weakened to tropical storm status on August 24 after being a hurricane for about 24 hours 1 As the storm approached the Lesser Antilles the thunderstorms decreased markedly and the cloud pattern became disorganized 5 As late as August 25 there was uncertainty whether Iris would continue toward the islands or turn to the north 6 A new circulation became the dominant center as the storm continued westward and Iris brushed Saint Lucia early on August 26 An approaching trough turned the storm to the northwest bringing it near most of the Lesser Antilles Early on August 27 Iris weakened to an intensity of 40 mph 64 km h although it immediately began restrengthening Later that day the center made landfall on Montserrat Anguilla and Barbuda with winds of over 60 mph 95 km h 1 By that time an eye began reforming 7 and the structure became better organized as wind shear decreased 8 nbsp A satellite image of the Atlantic Ocean on August 24 including Humberto Iris Jerry and two waves that would ultimately become Karen and LuisOn August 28 Iris moved away from the Lesser Antilles and at 1800 UTC re attained hurricane status as it began a steady motion to the north northwest 1 By that time there was uncertainty in its future track due to the possible interactions among Iris Humberto to the northeast Tropical Storm Karen to the southeast and the remnants of Tropical Storm Jerry to the west 9 In addition after Tropical Storm Luis formed on August 27 there were four active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic 10 A few days later there were three simultaneous hurricanes which is a rare event when Luis attained hurricane status 11 On August 30 Iris turned to the northeast while it began interacting directly with Tropical Storm Karen Over the next few days the smaller tropical storm moved around the larger circulation of Iris potentially causing the hurricane to move erratically 1 Iris intensity did not change significantly during that time and it maintained strong outflow but a weak eyewall An eastward moving trough bypassed the storm to the north causing the motion to become nearly stationary 12 A building ridge to the northeast caused Iris to turn to a northwest drift on September 1 By that time the eye had become distinct and well organized 13 and at 0600 UTC that day Iris attained peak winds of 110 mph 175 km h to the southeast of Bermuda 1 After reaching peak intensity the hurricane began weakening due to increasing shear and cooler waters 1 An approaching trough turned Iris to the north 14 and early on September 3 the hurricane passed about 350 mi 565 km east of Bermuda 15 That day Iris absorbed the dissipating Tropical Depression Karen 1 It accelerated to the northeast as it lost tropical characteristics and after weakening to a tropical storm Iris transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 4 to the southeast of Newfoundland The remnants of Iris turned to the east 1 moving in tandem with an extratropical storm to its north 16 On September 5 the barometric pressure dropped by more than 24 millibars 0 71 inHg which qualified as being classified as a meteorological bomb 16 The next day the winds strengthened to hurricane status 1 and the storm maintained a track to the east due to a ridge weakening to the north The pressure reached a minimum of 957 mbar 28 3 inHg early on September 7 lower than when Iris was tropical 16 That day the storm weakened as it entered the English Channel and the extratropical remnants continued across western Europe 1 Preparations and impact edit nbsp Weather radar image of Hurricane Iris on August 29Before Iris moved through the Lesser Antilles tropical storm watches and later warnings were issued from Barbados through the British Virgin Islands The storm produced tropical storm force winds across the eastern Caribbean although the primary meteorological event occurred from heavy rainfall 1 Flooding prompted evacuations in communities in Saint Lucia Dominica and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17 Iris was the first of three storms in a three week period to affect the region preceding the more destructive hurricanes Luis and Marilyn 18 In western Trinidad a feeder produced winds of 37 mph 60 km h along the Gulf of Paria The winds increased waves that caused coastal flooding and some damage to boats 19 On Martinique Iris produced gusts of 56 mph 90 km h with torrential rainfall occurring on the island A station in Les Trois Ilets recorded 1 89 in 48 mm in a 30 minute period and the highest total on the island was 17 72 in 450 mm at Ducos The rains caused mudslides that killed four people 1 including two after a house was swept off a cliff in Le Vauclin Flooding was reported across coastal areas of Martinique and heavy damage was reported in the southern city of Le Vauclin 20 To the north of Martinique winds reached 43 mph 69 km h on Dominica 1 While the storm passed Guadeloupe it produced sustained winds of 45 mph 72 km h with gusts to 65 mph 105 km h on La Desirade 21 There was one death on the island after a person drowned in a storm flooded river 22 To the northwest the hurricane moved over Montserrat 1 causing additional problems on the island just weeks after the Soufriere Hills volcano began erupting 23 Officials on the island closed the primary airport due to the storm which prevented residents from evacuating from the island from the volcano threat 24 Further north Iris dropped 6 in 150 mm of rain on Antigua which destroyed banana trees and caused flooding in low lying areas 1 Due to uncertainties in Iris track the government of Bermuda issued a tropical storm watch on September 1 This was downgraded on September 3 after the hurricane bypassed the island 1 25 Later after Iris became extratropical the storm produced winds of 45 mph 72 km h at La Rochelle on the Atlantic coast of France 16 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portalOther storms named Iris Timeline of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane seasonReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Edward N Rappaport 2000 11 02 Hurricane Iris Preliminary Report PDF National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2016 11 29 Richard Pasch 1995 08 22 Tropical Depression Ten Discussion One National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 03 Lixion Avila 1995 08 23 Tropical Depression Ten Discussion Four National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 05 a b c Richard Pasch 1995 08 23 Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Five National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 05 Miles B Lawrence 1995 08 25 Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Eleven National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Lixion Avila 1995 08 25 Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twelve National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Ed Rappaport 1995 08 27 Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twenty Two National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Richard Pasch 1995 08 28 Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twenty Three National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Ed Rappaport 1995 08 28 Tropical Storm Iris Discussion Twenty Six National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Miles B Lawrence 1996 01 06 Hurricane Luis Tropical Cyclone Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Todd B Kimberlain James B Elsner August 1998 The 1995 and 1996 North Atlantic Hurricane Seasons A Return of the Tropical Only Hurricane Journal of Climate 11 8 2062 2069 Bibcode 1998JCli 11 2062K doi 10 1175 1520 0442 11 8 2062 Retrieved 2012 01 08 Richard Pasch 1995 08 30 Hurricane Iris Discussion Thirty One National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Ed Rappaport 1995 09 01 Hurricane Iris Discussion Forty National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Ed Rappaport 1995 09 02 Hurricane Iris Discussion Forty Four National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 Lixion Avila 1995 09 02 Hurricane Iris Public Advisory Forty Seven National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 08 a b c d Chris Thorncrof Sarah C Jones April 2000 The Extratropical Transitions of Hurricanes Felix and Iris in 1995 Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 128 4 947 Bibcode 2000MWRv 128 947T doi 10 1175 1520 0493 2000 128 lt 0947 TETOHF gt 2 0 CO 2 Iris Leaves One Dead in Eastern Caribbean The Gettysburg Times Associated Press 1995 08 28 Retrieved 2012 01 11 Winter tourism may key rebound in Caribbean Reading Eagle Associated Press 1995 10 06 Retrieved 2012 01 11 C B Daniel R Maharaj May 2001 Tropical Cyclones Affecting Trinidad and Tobago 1725 to 2000 Report Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service p 14 Retrieved 2012 01 09 Javier Maymi 1995 08 26 Tropical Storm Iris is cause of at least three deaths in Caribbean The Bryan Times Associated Press Retrieved 2012 01 11 Roland Mazurie 1995 09 18 Compte Rendu Meteorlogique Passage de la tempete tropicale lt Iris gt sur l archipel de la Guadeloupe le 27 aout 1995 GIF Report in French Meteo France archived by the National Hurricane Center in Hurricane Iris Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives p 3 Retrieved 2012 01 09 Iris blooms into a hurricane again more storms form The Tuscaloosa News Associated Press 1995 08 25 Retrieved 2011 01 11 Michelle Faul 1995 08 25 Montserrat prepares for hurricane volcano The Daily Gazette Associated Press Retrieved 2012 01 11 Wire Service Reports 1995 08 28 Tropical Storm Iris kills 1 in Martinique steams toward the Virgin Islands Lewiston Morning Tribune Retrieved 2012 01 11 Miles B Lawrence 1995 09 01 Hurricane Iris Discussion Forty Two National Hurricane Center Retrieved 2012 01 09 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hurricane Iris 1995 amp oldid 1178956880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.