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1992 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season was a significantly below average season for overall tropical or subtropical cyclones as only ten formed. Six of them became named tropical storms, and four of those became hurricanes; one hurricane became a major hurricane (Category 3 to 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale). The season was also near-average in terms of accumulated cyclone energy. The season officially started on June 1 and officially ended on November 30. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by formation in April of an unnamed subtropical storm in the central Atlantic.

1992 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedApril 21, 1992
Last system dissipatedOctober 27, 1992
Strongest storm
NameAndrew
 • Maximum winds175 mph (280 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure922 mbar (hPa; 27.23 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions10
Total storms7
Hurricanes4
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)
1
Total fatalities73 total
Total damage$27.302 billion (1992 USD)
Related articles
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994

A June tropical depression caused flooding in Cuba and in Florida, where two people were killed. In August, Hurricane Andrew, the season's only major hurricane, struck the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. It was the costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, caused $27.3 billion (1992 USD) in damage; it also caused as 65 fatalities. Its greatest impact was in South Florida, where the storm made landfall with 1-minute sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h).

One month later, Hurricanes Bonnie and Charley produced tropical storm-force winds in the Azores, and the former caused one fatality. Tropical Storm Danielle was one of few tropical cyclones known to make landfall on the Delmarva Peninsula. The storm caused minor damage and two fatalities in the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions of the United States. One other hurricane in the season, Frances, did not significantly affect land. It developed in the central Atlantic, and tracked well away from land, and brought only light rainfall to Newfoundland. Collectively, the storms in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season caused $27.3 billion in losses and 73 fatalities.

Seasonal forecasts edit

Pre-season forecasts edit

Predictions of tropical activity in the 1992 season
Source Date Named
storms
Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1981–2010)
12.1 6.4 2.7 [1]
Record high activity 30 15 7 (Tie) [2]
Record low activity 1 0 (tie) 0 [2]

CSU December 1991 8 4 1 [3]
WRC Early 1992 6 3 N/A [4]
CSU April 1992 8 4 1 [5]
CSU June 1992 8 4 1 [5]
CSU August 1992 8 4 1 [6]

Actual activity 7 4 1

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU) and the Weather Research Center (WRC). A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has 12.1 named storms, of which 6.4 reach hurricane strength, and 2.7 become major hurricanes.[1] In December 1991, CSU issued its first forecast for the year and predicted that 1992 would see eight named storms, four hurricanes, and one major hurricane.[3] CSU also issued a forecast in April, June and August; however, no revisions were made to the numbers of named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricane predicted in 1992.[5][6] Prior to the season starting, the WRC predicted that the season would see six named storms, with three of those becoming a hurricane while no forecast was made on the numbers of major hurricanes.[4]

Season summary edit

Tropical Storm Danielle (1992)Hurricane Bonnie (1992)Hurricane AndrewTropical Depression One (1992)Saffir-Simpson scale
List of costliest Atlantic hurricane seasons (as of 2022)
Rank Cost Season
1 ≥ $294.803 billion 2017
2 $172.297 billion 2005
3 $120.425 billion 2022
4 ≥ $80.727 billion 2021
5 $72.341 billion 2012
6 $61.148 billion 2004
7 ≥ $51.114 billion 2020
8 ≥ $50.526 billion 2018
9 ≥ $48.855 billion 2008
10 $27.302 billion 1992

The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1,[7] but activity in 1992 began more than a month earlier with the formation of Subtropical Storm One on April 21. It was a below average season in which 10 tropical or subtropical depressions formed. Seven of the depressions attained tropical storm status, and four of these attained hurricane status. In addition, one tropical cyclone eventually attained major hurricane status,[8] which is below the 1981–2010 average of 2.7 per season.[1] The low amount of activity is partially attributed to weaker than normal tropical waves, the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones.[9] Only two hurricanes and one tropical storm made landfall during the season. However, damage from Hurricane Andrew was astronomical, causing most of the season's 73 deaths and $27.3 billion (1992 USD) damage toll.[8][10][11][12][13][14]

Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season began with the development of Subtropical Storm One on April 21. However, over the next three months, minimal activity occurred, with only two depressions developing, one in June and the other in July.[8] Although wind shear was relatively weak in August,[9] only one tropical cyclone occurred in that month. However, that one tropical cyclone, Hurricane Andrew, was the strongest and costliest of the season.[8] Though September is the climatological peak of hurricane season,[15] an increase in wind shear prevented tropical cyclogenesis in the first half of the month. After September 16, however, five tropical cyclones developed in a span of nine days, from September 17 to 26. Thereafter, activity abruptly halted, and only one tropical cyclone developed in October, Hurricane Frances. By October 27, Frances became extratropical, ending season activity.[16]

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 76, which is classified as "near normal". ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm strength.[17]

Systems edit

Subtropical Storm One edit

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationApril 21 – April 24
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1002 mbar (hPa)

On April 21, a low-pressure area separated from the prevailing westerlies about 600 miles (970 km) southeast of Bermuda, and developed into a subtropical depression at 1200 UTC. The system maintained a large comma-shaped cloud pattern around the low-level circulation.[18] Operationally, it was not classified until 27 hours later.[19] Isolated from strong steering currents, the depression tracked northwestward at 12 mph (19 km/h), and intensified into a subtropical storm early on April 22.[18] It gradually became better organized, with a large convective band in the eastern semicircle. Reports from a nearby ship indicated peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h),[19] with swells of 64.4 feet (19.6 m).[20]

The National Hurricane Center remarked the potential for the system transitioning into a tropical cyclone.[19] An approaching trough caused the storm to stall and weaken the deep convection.[21] On April 23, the cyclone weakened to depression status due to strong wind shear.[18] A hurricane hunter's flight into the system confirmed the weakening, and also reported a 1.8 °F (1 °C) temperature rise in the center, suggesting a warm core and some tropical characteristics.[22] Early on April 24, the subtropical depression turned eastward, maintaining limited convection. At the time, forecasters anticipated the depression would continue east-northeastward and become an extratropical cyclone.[23] By late on April 24, the system was too weak to classify using the Dvorak technique, and the NHC ceased issuing advisories.[24] Within 24 hours, the circulation dissipated as the system continued eastward through the westerlies.[18]

Tropical Depression One edit

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
   
DurationJune 25 – June 26
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 12, and eventually developed into Tropical Depression One in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.[25] Operationally, the National Hurricane Center designated this system as Tropical Depression Two, which led to confusion because of Subtropical Storm One in April, and then another Tropical Depression Two in July.[26] Outflow from Hurricane Celia in the Pacific Ocean and a trough in the Gulf of Mexico generated wind shear on the depression, which prevented it from intensifying into a tropical storm.[25] The depression curved north-northeastward and eventually made landfall in near Tampa, Florida, on June 26 around 1500 UTC. As it was moving ashore, the National Hurricane Center noted that the depression was too poorly organized to locate the center of circulation, and discontinued advisories on the system.[27]

The depression dropped heavy rainfall in Cuba, peaking at 33.43 inches (849 mm).[28] Large amounts of precipitation resulted in flooding, which damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and caused two fatalities in provinces of Pinar del Río and La Habana.[12] As the system was only a tropical depression, light winds were reported; however, a peak gust of 56 mph (90 km/h) was reported at MacDill Air Force Base.[29] Heavy rainfall fell on the west coast of Florida, with local amounts exceeded 20 inches (510 mm). Precipitation throughout the state peaked at 25 inches (640 mm) in Arcadia Tower.[30] Heavy rainfall caused flooding in portions of Florida, which in turn, destroyed 70 houses.[10] In addition, five homes destroyed and twelve were damaged by a tornado spawned in Nokomis.[11] Severe crop damage to orange trees was also reported.[31] The depression caused two fatalities in Florida and damage totaled to $2.6 million (1992 USD).[10][11]

Tropical Depression Two edit

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
   
DurationJuly 24 – July 26
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1015 mbar (hPa)

A squall line which moved offshore New York and southern New England formed a mesoscale convective vortex, which fired new thunderstorm activity each day as it moved within the westerlies across the northern Atlantic. Once it reached mid-ocean, an increasingly northerly steering flow dropped the system down into the subtropics to the east of Bermuda, and it maintained decent organization.[32] By 2100 UTC on July 24, the National Hurricane Center began classifying the system as Tropical Depression Two. In the first advisory on the depression, it was noted that the previous tropical depression was erroneously classified as Tropical Depression Two.[33]

Due to northeasterly wind shear, the depression failed to intensified or organize further, as predicted.[34] Instead, the depression weakened by late on July 25, with satellite imagery indicating that much of the deep convection was removed from the surface circulation.[35] By July 26, the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory, noting that it was "too weak to classify and is rapidly losing its identity".[36] The depression dissipated about three hours later.[32]

Hurricane Andrew edit

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationAugust 16 – August 28
Peak intensity175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min);
922 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 14, and organized into Tropical Depression Three on August 16 while located about halfway between the Windward Islands and the coast of Africa. It moved to the west-northwest, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew on August 17. After reaching winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), strong southwesterly shear weakened the storm, and by August 20 it weakened to a minimal storm with a pressure of 1,015 mbar (30.0 inHg). It bypassed the Lesser Antilles completely, and turned to the west in response to a building high pressure system to the north. Upon turning to the west, a trough of low pressure positioned to the southwest of Andrew created an environment with little vertical shear and well-defined outflow. The storm quickly intensified due to its small size, and became a hurricane on August 22. Andrew rapidly intensified under ideal conditions for development,[13] and on August 23 the hurricane peaked with winds of 175 mph (282 km/h). It crossed the Bahamas at that intensity, weakened slightly, and re-intensified to a 165 mph (266 km/h) Category 5 hurricane before making landfall near Homestead, Florida. It weakened slightly over the state to a 135 mph (217 km/h) hurricane, but restrengthened to a 145 mph (233 km/h) hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico. A strong mid-latitude trough turned Andrew northward, where it greatly weakened before hitting west of Morgan City, Louisiana on August 26 as a 115 mph (185 km/h) Category 3 hurricane. It turned northeastward, and lost its tropical identity over Tennessee on August 28,[37] before merging with the remnants of Hurricane Lester and another frontal system over Pennsylvania on August 29.[38][39]

In the Bahamas, Andrew brought high tides, hurricane-force winds,[40] and tornadoes,[41] which caused significant damage in the archipelago, especially on Cat Cays.[42] At least 800 houses were destroyed and left damage to the transport, communications, water, sanitation, agriculture, and fishing sectors.[43] Overall, Andrew caused four fatalities and $250 million in damage in the Bahamas. Throughout the southern portions of Florida, Andrew brought very high winds; a wind gust of 177 mph (285 km/h) was reported at a house in Perrine, Florida.[13] High winds caused catastrophic damage in Florida, especially in Miami-Dade County, where approximately 117,000 houses were either severely damaged or destroyed.[44] In the Everglades, 70,000 acres (280 km2) of trees were knocked down and about 182 million fish were killed.[45] Rainfall in Florida was moderate, peaking at 13.98 inches (355 mm) in western Miami-Dade County.[46] Significant damage to oil platforms was reported, with one company losing 13 platforms, had 104 structures damaged, and five drilling wells blown off course. In Louisiana, Andrew produced hurricane-force winds along its path,[13] damaging 23,000 homes and destroying 985 homes and 1,951 mobile homes.[47] An F3 tornado in St. John the Baptist Parish damaged or destroyed 163 structures.[48] 17 fatalities were reported in Louisiana, six of which were drowning victims offshore.[13] Elsewhere, the storm spawned at least 28 tornadoes, especially in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi.[13][49] Overall, Andrew caused 65 fatalities and $27.3 billion (1992 USD) in damage,[13][50] making it the ninth-costliest hurricane in U.S. history, behind Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Hurricane Ike in 2008, Hurricane Sandy in 2012, hurricanes Harvey, Irma, Maria in 2017, Hurricane Florence in 2018, and Hurricane Ida in 2021 and Hurricane Ian in 2022 [51]

Hurricane Bonnie edit

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 17 – September 30
Peak intensity110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min);
965 mbar (hPa)

In mid-September, a tropical low detached from a cold front and developed into Tropical Depression Four late on September 17, while located about 340 miles (550 km) east-northeast of Bermuda. Early on the following day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bonnie. Due to light vertical wind shear, Bonnie quickly strengthened, and became a hurricane late on September 18. Further deepening occurred, and at 1800 UTC on September 21, Bonnie peaked as a 110 mph (180 km/h) Category 2 hurricane. Thereafter, Bonnie became nearly stationary for almost 24 hours. Satellite images indicated that the low-level center became exposed, indicating that Bonnie was significantly weakening while tracking southward. It is estimated that Bonnie weakened to a tropical storm by late on September 24. Bonnie further deteriorated to tropical depression status on September 26, but re-strengthened to a tropical storm later that day.[52]

By 1500 UTC on September 27, the National Hurricane Center declared Bonnie extratropical, since it was losing tropical characteristics.[53] Bonnie re-acquired tropical characteristics, and the National Hurricane Center resumed advisories on the storm by 2100 UTC on September 28.[54] However, post-analysis indicated that Bonnie remained tropical during that time period. Bonnie re-strengthened to a strong tropical storm before vertical wind shear weakened it while approaching the Azores. Shortly before becoming extratropical on September 30, Bonnie passed through the Azores as a moderately weak tropical storm.[52] One location in the Azores reported tropical storm force winds.[55] In addition, one man was killed by a rock fall on the island of São Miguel.[8] No damage was reported in association with Bonnie.[55]

Hurricane Charley edit

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 21 – September 27
Peak intensity110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min);
965 mbar (hPa)

On September 20, METEOSAT imagery indicated an area of convection becoming concentrated while well south of the Azores. It is possible that a mid to upper-level cyclonic circulation interacted with the northern portion of a tropical wave. By the following day, satellite imagery noted a well-defined low-level circulation and thus, Tropical Depression Five while centered about 633 miles (1,019 km) south of the Azores. The depression tracked northwestward and satellite imagery began to indicate banding features. As a result, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Charley on September 22. An eye developed as Charley tracked north-northwestward, and it became a hurricane on September 23. Further strengthening occurred, and by late on September 24, Charley peaked as a 110 mph (180 km/h) Category 2 hurricane.[56]

Thereafter, Charley turned eastward and then east-northeastward while tracking over decreasing sea surface temperatures (SST). Early on September 27, Charley was downgraded to a tropical storm. Later that day, Charley crossed over Terceira Island in the Azores with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). Charley gradually lost tropical characteristics, and by 1800 UTC on September 27, it had transitioned into an extratropical storm.[56] The remnant system accelerated northeastward toward the British Isles, where it merged with another extratropical low on September 29. While passing through the Azores, Charley produced tropical storm force winds, with the Lajes AFB reporting sustained winds of 53 mph (85 km/h) and gusts reaching 82 mph (132 km/h). No other effects from Charley were reported in the Azores.[57]

Tropical Storm Danielle edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 22 – September 26
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
1001 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Depression Six developed offshore of the Southeastern United States on September 22 from the merger of a surface trough, a tropical wave, and a cold front. The depression quickly intensified and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Danielle six hours later. An approaching trough caused a northeastward movement, but later a high pressure system forced the storm to northwestward, which caused Danielle to execute a small anti-cyclonic loop on September 23–24. While offshore of North Carolina on September 25, Danielle reached its peak intensity as a moderately strong tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h).[58] It was initially predicted that Danielle would make landfall in North Carolina;[59] however, the storm curved north-northwestward and made landfall in Maryland on the eastern shore of the Delmarva Peninsula at the same intensity. Danielle continued inland and weakened and dissipated over eastern Pennsylvania on September 26.[58]

Danielle caused severe beach erosion in North Carolina,[60] Virginia,[61] and Maryland,[62] which resulted in overwash, which in turn, damaged or destroyed several businesses and houses in the coastal portions of the three states. In addition, street flooding also closed several roads in the region,[61][62][63] most notably, North Carolina Highway 12.[63] Many states in the Mid-Atlantic and New England also reported rainfall, although rarely exceeding 3 inches (76 mm).[64] In addition high seas offshore of New Jersey capsized a sailboat, causing two people to drown.[14] Overall, damage from the storm was minimal, with the exception of the damaged or destroyed businesses and houses in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland.[61][62][63]

Tropical Depression Seven edit

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 25 – October 1
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1008 mbar (hPa)

A poorly organized tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 23 and quickly developed into Tropical Depression Seven on September 25, while centered 775 miles (1,247 km) southwest of Cape Verde.[65] Because the depression was tracking over warm SST, it was predicted to intensify into a tropical storm.[66] However, wind shear exposed the center[65] as indicated by visible satellite images on September 26, and the National Hurricane Center noted on September 26 that "the depression could be downgraded to a tropical wave later today".[67] Early on September 27, the center of the depression became difficult to locate on satellite imagery.[68]

By September 28, the organization of the depression deteriorated further due to strong vertical wind shear.[69] The center of the depression again became difficult to location by infrared images early on September 29.[70] Later that day, a few computer models indicated a decrease in wind shear over the depression within two days, thus, it was predicted to strengthen into a tropical storm.[71] However, wind shear exposed the center of the depression again by early on September 30, though it was still forecast to intensify to tropical storm status.[72] By late on October 1, satellite imagery noted that the depression dissipated, and the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory on the system.[65][73]

Tropical Storm Earl edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 26 – October 3
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
990 mbar (hPa)

On September 26, a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Eight while centered about 345 miles (555 km) north of Hispaniola. The depression tracked west-northwestward toward the Bahamas. Initially, the depression remained weak, but after reaching the Gulf Stream it strengthened into Tropical Storm Earl at 1200 UTC on September 29.[74] Around that time, Earl began to veer east, lessening the threat to Florida. Early on October 1, Earl reached maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 990 mbar (29 inHg). It gradually weakened thereafter, and Earl was downgraded to a tropical depression on October 3.[75] Later that day, Earl became extratropical about 295 mi (475 km) south of Bermuda.[74]

The threat from Earl prompted a tropical storm watch in the Bahamas and later Bermuda, while a coastal flood watch was issued in Florida.[76] Because Earl remained offshore, impact was generally minor.[74] Throughout Florida, Earl spawned 11 tornadoes[77] and brought moderately heavy rainfall, peaking at 9.38 inches (238 mm) near Canal Point, Florida. In addition, light amounts of precipitation were also reported in Georgia and North Carolina.[78] Above normal tides washed away 30 to 35 feet (9.1 to 10.7 m) of beaches,[79] and lifeguards on St. Augustine Beach made eight rescues.[80]

Hurricane Frances edit

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationOctober 23 – October 27
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
976 mbar (hPa)

A low pressure area developed along the end of a quasi-stationary frontal trough. Initially, vertical wind shear prevented deep convection from forming on the western portion of the system. After wind shear decreased, the system became a gale center late on October 22. By early on the following day, the gale center had transitioned into a tropical storm, and it is estimated that Tropical Storm Frances developed at 0600 UTC on October 23. Frances quickly strengthened after becoming a tropical storm,[81] and was upgraded to a hurricane by 1800 UTC on that same day. After becoming a hurricane, Frances curved northeastward, and remained well east of Bermuda. By midday on October 24, Frances peaked as an 85 mph (140 km/h) Category 1 hurricane.[82]

After reaching peak intensity, Frances began tracking over cooler sea surface temperatures, which gradually weakened the storm. The eye featured became indistinct and by late on October 25, Frances was downgraded to a tropical storm. Over the next two days, Frances began losing tropical characteristics, and was declared extratropical by early on October 27. One sailor was reported missing; however, it is unknown if it was as a result of Frances. In addition, one person on a sailboat suffered injuries during an encounter with Frances.[82] On land, Frances caused minimal impact, limited to light rainfall across Newfoundland.[83]

Storm names edit

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1992.[84] Subtropical storms were unnamed until 2002,[85] as a result, the subtropical cyclone in April 1992 did not receive a name.[86] The names not retired from this list appeared again on the naming list for the 1998 season.[87] This is the same naming list used for the 1986 season.[88]

  • Hermine (unused)
  • Ivan (unused)
  • Jeanne (unused)
  • Karl (unused)
  • Lisa (unused)
  • Mitch (unused)
  • Nicole (unused)
  • Otto (unused)
  • Paula (unused)
  • Richard (unused)
  • Shary (unused)
  • Tomas (unused)
  • Virginie (unused)
  • Walter (unused)

Retirement edit

At their meeting in the spring of 1993, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Andrew from the list above. The name that replaced it on the naming list for the 1998 season was Alex.

Season effects edit

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s)—denoted by bold location names—damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low, and all of the damage figures are in 1992 USD.

1992 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name
Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity
Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)
Min.
press.
(mbar)
Areas affected Damage
(USD)
Deaths Ref(s)
Unnamed April 21 – 24 Subtropical storm 50 (85) 1002 None None[86] None[86]
One June 25 – 26 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 Florida $2.6 million[10][11] 4 (1)[10][11][12]
Two July 24 – 26 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1015 None None[32] None[32]
Andrew August 16 – 28 Category 5 hurricane 175 (280) 922 Bahamas, Southeastern United States, Gulf Coast of the United States, Midwestern United States, Mid-Atlantic states $27.3 billion[50] 26 (39)[13]
Bonnie September 17 – 30 Category 2 hurricane 110 (175) 965 Azores None 1[8]
Charley September 21 – 27 Category 2 hurricane 110 (175) 965 Azores Minimal None[57]
Danielle September 22 – 26 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1001 North Carolina, Mid-Atlantic states (Maryland), New England Minimal 2[14]
Seven September 25 – October 1 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1008 none Unknown[65] None[65]
Earl September 26 – October 3 Tropical storm 65 (100) 990 Florida, Georgia, North Carolina None[89] None[89]
Frances October 23 – 27 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 976 Newfoundland, Iberian Peninsula None[82] None[82]
Season aggregates
10 systems April 21 – October 27   175 (280) 922 $27.302 billion 33 (40)  

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Background information: the North Atlantic hurricane season (Report). Climate Prediction Center. May 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  3. ^ a b . Colorado State University. 2010. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  4. ^ a b Jill F. Hasling (May 1, 2008). (PDF). Weather Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  5. ^ a b c James Martinez (June 6, 1992). "Another Mild Hurricane Season For Florida?". The Lakeland Ledger. Associated Press. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  6. ^ a b Mason Peters (August 11, 1992). "Hurricane Forecast Stays At Four For This Year". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  7. ^ "In The Nation". The Baltimore Sun. June 1, 1992. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Max Mayfield; Lixion Avila; Edward Rappaport (March 1994). Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992 (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Richard Pasch; Lixion Avila (March 1994). . Monthly Weather Review. National Hurricane Center. 122 (3): 539–548. Bibcode:1994MWRv..122..539P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0539:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d e City of Anna Maria, Florida (2006). (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  11. ^ a b c d e David K. Rogers; Monica Davey; Bill Duryea; Carol A. Marbin; Marty Rosen (June 26, 1992). "Depression forms in Gulf". St. Petersburg Times. p. 3A. Retrieved September 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.  
  12. ^ a b c "Heavy Rains Kill 2; Damages Houses". Miami Herald. June 27, 1992. p. 16A. Retrieved September 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.  
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Edward Rappaport (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  14. ^ a b c James Hudgins (2000). (Report). National Weather Service. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  15. ^ Neal Dorst (January 21, 2010). (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  16. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ^ Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d National Hurricane Center (1992). "Subtropical Storm One Preliminary Report". Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  19. ^ a b c Lawrence (1992). "Subtropical Storm One Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  20. ^ National Hurricane Center (1992). "April 22 Ship Data". Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  21. ^ Jarrell (1992). "Subtropical Storm One Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  22. ^ National Hurricane Center (1992). "Subtropical Storm One Preliminary Report (Page 2)". Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  23. ^ Rappaport (1992). "Subtropical Depression One Discussion Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  24. ^ Lawrence (1992). "Subtropical Depression One Discussion Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  25. ^ a b Tropical Depression One Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. 1992. p. 1. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  26. ^ Lixion Avila; Jerry Jarrell (July 24, 1992). Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 1 (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  27. ^ Miles Lawrence (June 26, 1992). Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 4 (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  28. ^ (Report). CubAgua. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  29. ^ Tropical Depression One Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. 1992. p. 2. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  30. ^ David Roth (July 24, 2008). "Tropical Depression One – June 22–28, 1992". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  31. ^ Mark Bourgeois (June 30, 1992). "Citrus industry may be biggest loser". St. Petersburg Times. p. 5B. Retrieved September 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.  
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External links edit

  • Monthly Weather Review
  • U.S. Rainfall information concerning 1992 tropical cyclones
  • Clips of Weather Channel coverage of 1992 Atlantic hurricane season

1992, atlantic, hurricane, season, significantly, below, average, season, overall, tropical, subtropical, cyclones, only, formed, them, became, named, tropical, storms, four, those, became, hurricanes, hurricane, became, major, hurricane, category, strength, s. The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season was a significantly below average season for overall tropical or subtropical cyclones as only ten formed Six of them became named tropical storms and four of those became hurricanes one hurricane became a major hurricane Category 3 to 5 strength on the Saffir Simpson scale The season was also near average in terms of accumulated cyclone energy The season officially started on June 1 and officially ended on November 30 However tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year as demonstrated by formation in April of an unnamed subtropical storm in the central Atlantic 1992 Atlantic hurricane seasonSeason summary mapSeasonal boundariesFirst system formedApril 21 1992Last system dissipatedOctober 27 1992Strongest stormNameAndrew Maximum winds175 mph 280 km h 1 minute sustained Lowest pressure922 mbar hPa 27 23 inHg Seasonal statisticsTotal depressions10Total storms7Hurricanes4Major hurricanes Cat 3 1Total fatalities73 totalTotal damage 27 302 billion 1992 USD Related articlesTimeline of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season 1992 Pacific hurricane season 1992 Pacific typhoon season 1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasonAtlantic hurricane seasons1990 1991 1992 1993 1994A June tropical depression caused flooding in Cuba and in Florida where two people were killed In August Hurricane Andrew the season s only major hurricane struck the Bahamas Florida and Louisiana It was the costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time caused 27 3 billion 1992 USD in damage it also caused as 65 fatalities Its greatest impact was in South Florida where the storm made landfall with 1 minute sustained winds of 175 mph 280 km h One month later Hurricanes Bonnie and Charley produced tropical storm force winds in the Azores and the former caused one fatality Tropical Storm Danielle was one of few tropical cyclones known to make landfall on the Delmarva Peninsula The storm caused minor damage and two fatalities in the Mid Atlantic and New England regions of the United States One other hurricane in the season Frances did not significantly affect land It developed in the central Atlantic and tracked well away from land and brought only light rainfall to Newfoundland Collectively the storms in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season caused 27 3 billion in losses and 73 fatalities Contents 1 Seasonal forecasts 1 1 Pre season forecasts 2 Season summary 3 Systems 3 1 Subtropical Storm One 3 2 Tropical Depression One 3 3 Tropical Depression Two 3 4 Hurricane Andrew 3 5 Hurricane Bonnie 3 6 Hurricane Charley 3 7 Tropical Storm Danielle 3 8 Tropical Depression Seven 3 9 Tropical Storm Earl 3 10 Hurricane Frances 4 Storm names 4 1 Retirement 5 Season effects 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksSeasonal forecasts editPre season forecasts edit Predictions of tropical activity in the 1992 season Source Date Namedstorms Hurricanes MajorhurricanesAverage 1981 2010 12 1 6 4 2 7 1 Record high activity 30 15 7 Tie 2 Record low activity 1 0 tie 0 2 CSU December 1991 8 4 1 3 WRC Early 1992 6 3 N A 4 CSU April 1992 8 4 1 5 CSU June 1992 8 4 1 5 CSU August 1992 8 4 1 6 Actual activity 7 4 1Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by Dr William M Gray and his associates at Colorado State University CSU and the Weather Research Center WRC A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA has 12 1 named storms of which 6 4 reach hurricane strength and 2 7 become major hurricanes 1 In December 1991 CSU issued its first forecast for the year and predicted that 1992 would see eight named storms four hurricanes and one major hurricane 3 CSU also issued a forecast in April June and August however no revisions were made to the numbers of named storms hurricanes and major hurricane predicted in 1992 5 6 Prior to the season starting the WRC predicted that the season would see six named storms with three of those becoming a hurricane while no forecast was made on the numbers of major hurricanes 4 Season summary editList of costliest Atlantic hurricane seasons as of 2022 Rank Cost Season1 294 803 billion 20172 172 297 billion 20053 120 425 billion 20224 80 727 billion 20215 72 341 billion 20126 61 148 billion 20047 51 114 billion 20208 50 526 billion 20189 48 855 billion 200810 27 302 billion 1992The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 7 but activity in 1992 began more than a month earlier with the formation of Subtropical Storm One on April 21 It was a below average season in which 10 tropical or subtropical depressions formed Seven of the depressions attained tropical storm status and four of these attained hurricane status In addition one tropical cyclone eventually attained major hurricane status 8 which is below the 1981 2010 average of 2 7 per season 1 The low amount of activity is partially attributed to weaker than normal tropical waves the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones 9 Only two hurricanes and one tropical storm made landfall during the season However damage from Hurricane Andrew was astronomical causing most of the season s 73 deaths and 27 3 billion 1992 USD damage toll 8 10 11 12 13 14 Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season began with the development of Subtropical Storm One on April 21 However over the next three months minimal activity occurred with only two depressions developing one in June and the other in July 8 Although wind shear was relatively weak in August 9 only one tropical cyclone occurred in that month However that one tropical cyclone Hurricane Andrew was the strongest and costliest of the season 8 Though September is the climatological peak of hurricane season 15 an increase in wind shear prevented tropical cyclogenesis in the first half of the month After September 16 however five tropical cyclones developed in a span of nine days from September 17 to 26 Thereafter activity abruptly halted and only one tropical cyclone developed in October Hurricane Frances By October 27 Frances became extratropical ending season activity 16 The season s activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ACE rating of 76 which is classified as near normal ACE is broadly speaking a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed so storms that last a long time as well as particularly strong hurricanes have high ACEs It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph 63 km h which is the threshold for tropical storm strength 17 Systems editSubtropical Storm One edit Subtropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationApril 21 April 24Peak intensity50 mph 85 km h 1 min 1002 mbar hPa See also List of off season Atlantic hurricanes On April 21 a low pressure area separated from the prevailing westerlies about 600 miles 970 km southeast of Bermuda and developed into a subtropical depression at 1200 UTC The system maintained a large comma shaped cloud pattern around the low level circulation 18 Operationally it was not classified until 27 hours later 19 Isolated from strong steering currents the depression tracked northwestward at 12 mph 19 km h and intensified into a subtropical storm early on April 22 18 It gradually became better organized with a large convective band in the eastern semicircle Reports from a nearby ship indicated peak winds of 50 mph 80 km h 19 with swells of 64 4 feet 19 6 m 20 The National Hurricane Center remarked the potential for the system transitioning into a tropical cyclone 19 An approaching trough caused the storm to stall and weaken the deep convection 21 On April 23 the cyclone weakened to depression status due to strong wind shear 18 A hurricane hunter s flight into the system confirmed the weakening and also reported a 1 8 F 1 C temperature rise in the center suggesting a warm core and some tropical characteristics 22 Early on April 24 the subtropical depression turned eastward maintaining limited convection At the time forecasters anticipated the depression would continue east northeastward and become an extratropical cyclone 23 By late on April 24 the system was too weak to classify using the Dvorak technique and the NHC ceased issuing advisories 24 Within 24 hours the circulation dissipated as the system continued eastward through the westerlies 18 Tropical Depression One edit Tropical depression SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationJune 25 June 26Peak intensity35 mph 55 km h 1 min 1007 mbar hPa Main article Tropical Depression One 1992 A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 12 and eventually developed into Tropical Depression One in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico 25 Operationally the National Hurricane Center designated this system as Tropical Depression Two which led to confusion because of Subtropical Storm One in April and then another Tropical Depression Two in July 26 Outflow from Hurricane Celia in the Pacific Ocean and a trough in the Gulf of Mexico generated wind shear on the depression which prevented it from intensifying into a tropical storm 25 The depression curved north northeastward and eventually made landfall in near Tampa Florida on June 26 around 1500 UTC As it was moving ashore the National Hurricane Center noted that the depression was too poorly organized to locate the center of circulation and discontinued advisories on the system 27 The depression dropped heavy rainfall in Cuba peaking at 33 43 inches 849 mm 28 Large amounts of precipitation resulted in flooding which damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and caused two fatalities in provinces of Pinar del Rio and La Habana 12 As the system was only a tropical depression light winds were reported however a peak gust of 56 mph 90 km h was reported at MacDill Air Force Base 29 Heavy rainfall fell on the west coast of Florida with local amounts exceeded 20 inches 510 mm Precipitation throughout the state peaked at 25 inches 640 mm in Arcadia Tower 30 Heavy rainfall caused flooding in portions of Florida which in turn destroyed 70 houses 10 In addition five homes destroyed and twelve were damaged by a tornado spawned in Nokomis 11 Severe crop damage to orange trees was also reported 31 The depression caused two fatalities in Florida and damage totaled to 2 6 million 1992 USD 10 11 Tropical Depression Two edit Tropical depression SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationJuly 24 July 26Peak intensity35 mph 55 km h 1 min 1015 mbar hPa A squall line which moved offshore New York and southern New England formed a mesoscale convective vortex which fired new thunderstorm activity each day as it moved within the westerlies across the northern Atlantic Once it reached mid ocean an increasingly northerly steering flow dropped the system down into the subtropics to the east of Bermuda and it maintained decent organization 32 By 2100 UTC on July 24 the National Hurricane Center began classifying the system as Tropical Depression Two In the first advisory on the depression it was noted that the previous tropical depression was erroneously classified as Tropical Depression Two 33 Due to northeasterly wind shear the depression failed to intensified or organize further as predicted 34 Instead the depression weakened by late on July 25 with satellite imagery indicating that much of the deep convection was removed from the surface circulation 35 By July 26 the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory noting that it was too weak to classify and is rapidly losing its identity 36 The depression dissipated about three hours later 32 Hurricane Andrew edit Category 5 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationAugust 16 August 28Peak intensity175 mph 280 km h 1 min 922 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Andrew See also Effects of Hurricane Andrew in The Bahamas and Effects of Hurricane Andrew in Florida A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 14 and organized into Tropical Depression Three on August 16 while located about halfway between the Windward Islands and the coast of Africa It moved to the west northwest and strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew on August 17 After reaching winds of 50 mph 80 km h strong southwesterly shear weakened the storm and by August 20 it weakened to a minimal storm with a pressure of 1 015 mbar 30 0 inHg It bypassed the Lesser Antilles completely and turned to the west in response to a building high pressure system to the north Upon turning to the west a trough of low pressure positioned to the southwest of Andrew created an environment with little vertical shear and well defined outflow The storm quickly intensified due to its small size and became a hurricane on August 22 Andrew rapidly intensified under ideal conditions for development 13 and on August 23 the hurricane peaked with winds of 175 mph 282 km h It crossed the Bahamas at that intensity weakened slightly and re intensified to a 165 mph 266 km h Category 5 hurricane before making landfall near Homestead Florida It weakened slightly over the state to a 135 mph 217 km h hurricane but restrengthened to a 145 mph 233 km h hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico A strong mid latitude trough turned Andrew northward where it greatly weakened before hitting west of Morgan City Louisiana on August 26 as a 115 mph 185 km h Category 3 hurricane It turned northeastward and lost its tropical identity over Tennessee on August 28 37 before merging with the remnants of Hurricane Lester and another frontal system over Pennsylvania on August 29 38 39 In the Bahamas Andrew brought high tides hurricane force winds 40 and tornadoes 41 which caused significant damage in the archipelago especially on Cat Cays 42 At least 800 houses were destroyed and left damage to the transport communications water sanitation agriculture and fishing sectors 43 Overall Andrew caused four fatalities and 250 million in damage in the Bahamas Throughout the southern portions of Florida Andrew brought very high winds a wind gust of 177 mph 285 km h was reported at a house in Perrine Florida 13 High winds caused catastrophic damage in Florida especially in Miami Dade County where approximately 117 000 houses were either severely damaged or destroyed 44 In the Everglades 70 000 acres 280 km2 of trees were knocked down and about 182 million fish were killed 45 Rainfall in Florida was moderate peaking at 13 98 inches 355 mm in western Miami Dade County 46 Significant damage to oil platforms was reported with one company losing 13 platforms had 104 structures damaged and five drilling wells blown off course In Louisiana Andrew produced hurricane force winds along its path 13 damaging 23 000 homes and destroying 985 homes and 1 951 mobile homes 47 An F3 tornado in St John the Baptist Parish damaged or destroyed 163 structures 48 17 fatalities were reported in Louisiana six of which were drowning victims offshore 13 Elsewhere the storm spawned at least 28 tornadoes especially in Alabama Georgia and Mississippi 13 49 Overall Andrew caused 65 fatalities and 27 3 billion 1992 USD in damage 13 50 making it the ninth costliest hurricane in U S history behind Hurricane Katrina in 2005 Hurricane Ike in 2008 Hurricane Sandy in 2012 hurricanes Harvey Irma Maria in 2017 Hurricane Florence in 2018 and Hurricane Ida in 2021 and Hurricane Ian in 2022 51 Hurricane Bonnie edit Category 2 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 17 September 30Peak intensity110 mph 175 km h 1 min 965 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Bonnie 1992 In mid September a tropical low detached from a cold front and developed into Tropical Depression Four late on September 17 while located about 340 miles 550 km east northeast of Bermuda Early on the following day the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bonnie Due to light vertical wind shear Bonnie quickly strengthened and became a hurricane late on September 18 Further deepening occurred and at 1800 UTC on September 21 Bonnie peaked as a 110 mph 180 km h Category 2 hurricane Thereafter Bonnie became nearly stationary for almost 24 hours Satellite images indicated that the low level center became exposed indicating that Bonnie was significantly weakening while tracking southward It is estimated that Bonnie weakened to a tropical storm by late on September 24 Bonnie further deteriorated to tropical depression status on September 26 but re strengthened to a tropical storm later that day 52 By 1500 UTC on September 27 the National Hurricane Center declared Bonnie extratropical since it was losing tropical characteristics 53 Bonnie re acquired tropical characteristics and the National Hurricane Center resumed advisories on the storm by 2100 UTC on September 28 54 However post analysis indicated that Bonnie remained tropical during that time period Bonnie re strengthened to a strong tropical storm before vertical wind shear weakened it while approaching the Azores Shortly before becoming extratropical on September 30 Bonnie passed through the Azores as a moderately weak tropical storm 52 One location in the Azores reported tropical storm force winds 55 In addition one man was killed by a rock fall on the island of Sao Miguel 8 No damage was reported in association with Bonnie 55 Hurricane Charley edit Category 2 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 21 September 27Peak intensity110 mph 175 km h 1 min 965 mbar hPa On September 20 METEOSAT imagery indicated an area of convection becoming concentrated while well south of the Azores It is possible that a mid to upper level cyclonic circulation interacted with the northern portion of a tropical wave By the following day satellite imagery noted a well defined low level circulation and thus Tropical Depression Five while centered about 633 miles 1 019 km south of the Azores The depression tracked northwestward and satellite imagery began to indicate banding features As a result the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Charley on September 22 An eye developed as Charley tracked north northwestward and it became a hurricane on September 23 Further strengthening occurred and by late on September 24 Charley peaked as a 110 mph 180 km h Category 2 hurricane 56 Thereafter Charley turned eastward and then east northeastward while tracking over decreasing sea surface temperatures SST Early on September 27 Charley was downgraded to a tropical storm Later that day Charley crossed over Terceira Island in the Azores with winds of 65 mph 105 km h Charley gradually lost tropical characteristics and by 1800 UTC on September 27 it had transitioned into an extratropical storm 56 The remnant system accelerated northeastward toward the British Isles where it merged with another extratropical low on September 29 While passing through the Azores Charley produced tropical storm force winds with the Lajes AFB reporting sustained winds of 53 mph 85 km h and gusts reaching 82 mph 132 km h No other effects from Charley were reported in the Azores 57 Tropical Storm Danielle edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 22 September 26Peak intensity65 mph 100 km h 1 min 1001 mbar hPa Main article Tropical Storm Danielle 1992 Tropical Depression Six developed offshore of the Southeastern United States on September 22 from the merger of a surface trough a tropical wave and a cold front The depression quickly intensified and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Danielle six hours later An approaching trough caused a northeastward movement but later a high pressure system forced the storm to northwestward which caused Danielle to execute a small anti cyclonic loop on September 23 24 While offshore of North Carolina on September 25 Danielle reached its peak intensity as a moderately strong tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph 105 km h 58 It was initially predicted that Danielle would make landfall in North Carolina 59 however the storm curved north northwestward and made landfall in Maryland on the eastern shore of the Delmarva Peninsula at the same intensity Danielle continued inland and weakened and dissipated over eastern Pennsylvania on September 26 58 Danielle caused severe beach erosion in North Carolina 60 Virginia 61 and Maryland 62 which resulted in overwash which in turn damaged or destroyed several businesses and houses in the coastal portions of the three states In addition street flooding also closed several roads in the region 61 62 63 most notably North Carolina Highway 12 63 Many states in the Mid Atlantic and New England also reported rainfall although rarely exceeding 3 inches 76 mm 64 In addition high seas offshore of New Jersey capsized a sailboat causing two people to drown 14 Overall damage from the storm was minimal with the exception of the damaged or destroyed businesses and houses in North Carolina Virginia and Maryland 61 62 63 Tropical Depression Seven edit Tropical depression SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 25 October 1Peak intensity35 mph 55 km h 1 min 1008 mbar hPa A poorly organized tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 23 and quickly developed into Tropical Depression Seven on September 25 while centered 775 miles 1 247 km southwest of Cape Verde 65 Because the depression was tracking over warm SST it was predicted to intensify into a tropical storm 66 However wind shear exposed the center 65 as indicated by visible satellite images on September 26 and the National Hurricane Center noted on September 26 that the depression could be downgraded to a tropical wave later today 67 Early on September 27 the center of the depression became difficult to locate on satellite imagery 68 By September 28 the organization of the depression deteriorated further due to strong vertical wind shear 69 The center of the depression again became difficult to location by infrared images early on September 29 70 Later that day a few computer models indicated a decrease in wind shear over the depression within two days thus it was predicted to strengthen into a tropical storm 71 However wind shear exposed the center of the depression again by early on September 30 though it was still forecast to intensify to tropical storm status 72 By late on October 1 satellite imagery noted that the depression dissipated and the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory on the system 65 73 Tropical Storm Earl edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 26 October 3Peak intensity65 mph 100 km h 1 min 990 mbar hPa On September 26 a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Eight while centered about 345 miles 555 km north of Hispaniola The depression tracked west northwestward toward the Bahamas Initially the depression remained weak but after reaching the Gulf Stream it strengthened into Tropical Storm Earl at 1200 UTC on September 29 74 Around that time Earl began to veer east lessening the threat to Florida Early on October 1 Earl reached maximum sustained winds of 65 mph 105 km h and a minimum barometric pressure of 990 mbar 29 inHg It gradually weakened thereafter and Earl was downgraded to a tropical depression on October 3 75 Later that day Earl became extratropical about 295 mi 475 km south of Bermuda 74 The threat from Earl prompted a tropical storm watch in the Bahamas and later Bermuda while a coastal flood watch was issued in Florida 76 Because Earl remained offshore impact was generally minor 74 Throughout Florida Earl spawned 11 tornadoes 77 and brought moderately heavy rainfall peaking at 9 38 inches 238 mm near Canal Point Florida In addition light amounts of precipitation were also reported in Georgia and North Carolina 78 Above normal tides washed away 30 to 35 feet 9 1 to 10 7 m of beaches 79 and lifeguards on St Augustine Beach made eight rescues 80 Hurricane Frances edit Category 1 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationOctober 23 October 27Peak intensity85 mph 140 km h 1 min 976 mbar hPa A low pressure area developed along the end of a quasi stationary frontal trough Initially vertical wind shear prevented deep convection from forming on the western portion of the system After wind shear decreased the system became a gale center late on October 22 By early on the following day the gale center had transitioned into a tropical storm and it is estimated that Tropical Storm Frances developed at 0600 UTC on October 23 Frances quickly strengthened after becoming a tropical storm 81 and was upgraded to a hurricane by 1800 UTC on that same day After becoming a hurricane Frances curved northeastward and remained well east of Bermuda By midday on October 24 Frances peaked as an 85 mph 140 km h Category 1 hurricane 82 After reaching peak intensity Frances began tracking over cooler sea surface temperatures which gradually weakened the storm The eye featured became indistinct and by late on October 25 Frances was downgraded to a tropical storm Over the next two days Frances began losing tropical characteristics and was declared extratropical by early on October 27 One sailor was reported missing however it is unknown if it was as a result of Frances In addition one person on a sailboat suffered injuries during an encounter with Frances 82 On land Frances caused minimal impact limited to light rainfall across Newfoundland 83 Storm names editThe following names were used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1992 84 Subtropical storms were unnamed until 2002 85 as a result the subtropical cyclone in April 1992 did not receive a name 86 The names not retired from this list appeared again on the naming list for the 1998 season 87 This is the same naming list used for the 1986 season 88 Andrew Bonnie Charley Danielle Earl Frances Georges unused Hermine unused Ivan unused Jeanne unused Karl unused Lisa unused Mitch unused Nicole unused Otto unused Paula unused Richard unused Shary unused Tomas unused Virginie unused Walter unused Retirement edit See also List of retired Atlantic hurricane names At their meeting in the spring of 1993 the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Andrew from the list above The name that replaced it on the naming list for the 1998 season was Alex Season effects editThis is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season It includes their duration names landfall s denoted by bold location names damages and death totals Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident but are still related to that storm Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low and all of the damage figures are in 1992 USD 1992 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics Stormname Dates active Storm categoryat peak intensity Max 1 minwindmph km h Min press mbar Areas affected Damage USD Deaths Ref s Unnamed April 21 24 Subtropical storm 50 85 1002 None None 86 None 86 One June 25 26 Tropical depression 35 55 1007 Florida 2 6 million 10 11 4 1 10 11 12 Two July 24 26 Tropical depression 35 55 1015 None None 32 None 32 Andrew August 16 28 Category 5 hurricane 175 280 922 Bahamas Southeastern United States Gulf Coast of the United States Midwestern United States Mid Atlantic states 27 3 billion 50 26 39 13 Bonnie September 17 30 Category 2 hurricane 110 175 965 Azores None 1 8 Charley September 21 27 Category 2 hurricane 110 175 965 Azores Minimal None 57 Danielle September 22 26 Tropical storm 60 95 1001 North Carolina Mid Atlantic states Maryland New England Minimal 2 14 Seven September 25 October 1 Tropical depression 35 55 1008 none Unknown 65 None 65 Earl September 26 October 3 Tropical storm 65 100 990 Florida Georgia North Carolina None 89 None 89 Frances October 23 27 Category 1 hurricane 85 140 976 Newfoundland Iberian Peninsula None 82 None 82 Season aggregates10 systems April 21 October 27 175 280 922 27 302 billion 33 40 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portalTropical cyclones in 1992 1992 Pacific hurricane season 1992 Pacific typhoon season 1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone season South West Indian Ocean cyclone season 1991 92 1992 93 Australian region cyclone season 1991 92 1992 93 South Pacific cyclone season 1991 92 1992 93 South Atlantic tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical like cycloneReferences edit a b c Background information the North Atlantic hurricane season Report Climate Prediction Center May 2012 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics Fort Collins Colorado Colorado State University Retrieved July 19 2023 a b Forecast Verifications Colorado State University 2010 Archived from the original on December 14 2013 Retrieved December 1 2011 a b Jill F Hasling May 1 2008 Comparison of Weather Research Center s OCSI Atlantic Annual Seasonal Hurricane Forecasts with Colorado State Professor Bill Gray s Seasonal Forecast PDF Weather Research Center Archived from the original PDF on July 18 2011 Retrieved November 19 2011 a b c James Martinez June 6 1992 Another Mild Hurricane Season For Florida The Lakeland Ledger Associated Press Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Mason Peters August 11 1992 Hurricane Forecast Stays At Four For This Year The Virginian Pilot Retrieved November 26 2011 In The Nation The Baltimore Sun June 1 1992 Retrieved November 17 2011 a b c d e f Max Mayfield Lixion Avila Edward Rappaport March 1994 Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992 PDF Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 5 2011 a b Richard Pasch Lixion Avila March 1994 Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1992 Monthly Weather Review National Hurricane Center 122 3 539 548 Bibcode 1994MWRv 122 539P doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1994 122 lt 0539 ATSO gt 2 0 CO 2 Archived from the original PDF on September 15 2018 Retrieved December 2 2011 a b c d e City of Anna Maria Florida 2006 City of Anna Maria PDF Report Archived from the original PDF on September 28 2007 Retrieved February 23 2007 a b c d e David K Rogers Monica Davey Bill Duryea Carol A Marbin Marty Rosen June 26 1992 Depression forms in Gulf St Petersburg Times p 3A Retrieved September 13 2023 via Newspapers com nbsp a b c Heavy Rains Kill 2 Damages Houses Miami Herald June 27 1992 p 16A Retrieved September 13 2023 via Newspapers com nbsp a b c d e f g h Edward Rappaport December 10 1993 Hurricane Andrew Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 17 2011 a b c James Hudgins 2000 Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586 Report National Weather Service Archived from the original on March 11 2007 Retrieved November 17 2011 Neal Dorst January 21 2010 Subject G1 When is hurricane season Report Hurricane Research Division Archived from the original on July 8 2018 Retrieved August 25 2021 Atlantic hurricane best track HURDAT version 2 Database United States National Hurricane Center April 5 2023 Retrieved December 11 2023 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT Hurricane Research Division Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Report Miami Florida National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 2019 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c d National Hurricane Center 1992 Subtropical Storm One Preliminary Report Retrieved August 21 2007 a b c Lawrence 1992 Subtropical Storm One Discussion One National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 21 2007 National Hurricane Center 1992 April 22 Ship Data Retrieved August 21 2007 Jarrell 1992 Subtropical Storm One Discussion Three National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 21 2007 National Hurricane Center 1992 Subtropical Storm One Preliminary Report Page 2 Retrieved August 21 2007 Rappaport 1992 Subtropical Depression One Discussion Seven National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 21 2007 Lawrence 1992 Subtropical Depression One Discussion Nine National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 21 2007 a b Tropical Depression One Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center 1992 p 1 Retrieved September 28 2011 Lixion Avila Jerry Jarrell July 24 1992 Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 1 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 28 2011 Miles Lawrence June 26 1992 Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 4 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 28 2011 Principales eventos pluviales sobre Cuba en el Periodo 1963 2006 Report CubAgua Archived from the original on June 3 2012 Retrieved September 28 2011 Tropical Depression One Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center 1992 p 2 Retrieved September 28 2011 David Roth July 24 2008 Tropical Depression One June 22 28 1992 Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Retrieved September 28 2011 Mark Bourgeois June 30 1992 Citrus industry may be biggest loser St Petersburg Times p 5B Retrieved September 13 2023 via Newspapers com nbsp a b c d Harold Gerrish September 14 1992 Tropical Depression Two Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Lixion Avila Jerry Jarrell July 24 1992 Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 1 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Lixion Avila July 25 1992 Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 4 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Lixion Avila July 25 1992 Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 5 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Harold Gerrish July 26 1992 Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 8 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Edward Rappaport February 7 2005 Hurricane Andrew Addendum Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 17 2011 Michael Dickinson and L F Bosart and K L Corbosiero 2006 The extratropical transitions of eastern Pacific Hurricane Lester 1992 and Atlantic Hurricane Andrew 1992 American Meteorological Society Retrieved January 26 2007 Florida Historical Society 2003 Today in Florida s History Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved January 31 2007 Arthur Rolle 1992 Hurricane Andrew in the Bahamas Report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved November 17 2011 Arthur Rolle 1992 Hurricane Andrew in the Bahamas Report National Hurricane Center p 3 Retrieved November 17 2011 Edwin McDowell September 27 1992 After the storms Three reports Bahamas The New York Times New York Times Retrieved November 17 2011 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs August 26 1992 Bahamas and U S A Hurricane Andrew Aug 1992 UN DHA Information Reports 1 3 Report ReliefWeb Retrieved November 17 2011 John Williams Ivar Duedall Fred Doehring 1997 Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms University Press of Florida ISBN 0 8130 2417 X Lovelace and McPherson 1998 Effects of Hurricane Andrew 1992 on Wetlands in Southern Florida and Louisiana Report U S Geological Survey Retrieved November 17 2011 David Roth May 2 2007 Hurricane Andrew August 23 28 1992 Report Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Retrieved November 17 2011 Grant Goodge Storm Data Excerpt for Hurricane Andrew August 1992 PDF Report National Climatic Data Center Archived from the original PDF on February 25 2021 Retrieved February 25 2021 New Orleans Louisiana National Weather Service September 15 1992 Final Storm Report Hurricane Andrew Corrected GIF Report National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration p 2 Retrieved November 17 2011 Jackson Mississippi National Weather Service September 22 2010 A Look Back at Hurricane Rita Report National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Costliest U S tropical cyclones tables updated PDF Report Miami Florida National Hurricane Center January 26 2018 Retrieved February 4 2018 Richard Knabb Jamie Rhome Daniel Brown September 14 2011 Hurricane Katrina Tropical Cyclone Report PDF Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Richard Pasch December 1 1992 Hurricane Bonnie Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 1 Retrieved November 17 2011 Harold Gerrish September 27 2011 Tropical Storm Bonnie Discussion Number 40 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 17 2011 Harold Gerrish September 28 1992 Tropical Storm Bonnie Discussion Number 41 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Richard Pasch December 1 1992 Hurricane Bonnie Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Max Mayfield November 14 1992 Hurricane Charley Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 1 Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Max Mayfield November 14 1992 Hurricane Charley Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Miles Lawrence November 30 1992 Tropical Storm Danielle Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 1 Retrieved November 17 2011 Miles Lawrence November 30 1992 Tropical Storm Danielle Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved November 17 2011 Glenn Field 1992 Tropical Storm Danielle Report Report Raleigh National Weather Service Retrieved November 17 2011 a b c Steve Stone September 26 1992 Coast is spared the worst of unpredictable Danielle Virginia Pilot p 1 Retrieved November 17 2011 a b c Davis 1992 Danielle Preliminary Report Report Baltimore National Weather Service Retrieved November 17 2011 a b c Demaurice 1992 Tropical Storm Danielle Preliminary Report Report Cape Hatteras National Weather Service Retrieved November 17 2011 David Roth May 16 2007 Tropical Storm Danielle September 24 27 1992 Report Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Retrieved November 17 2011 a b c d e Harold Gerrish October 13 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 1 Retrieved November 15 2011 Max Mayfield September 26 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 2 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Lixion Avila September 26 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 4 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Max Mayfield September 27 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 6 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Richard Pasch September 28 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 11 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Richard Pasch September 29 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 14 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Richard Pasch September 29 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 15 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Richard Pasch September 30 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 18 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 Harold Gerrish October 1 1992 Tropical Depression Seven Discussion Number 23 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 15 2011 a b c Lixion Avila 1992 Tropical Storm Earl Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved November 16 2011 Mayfield Max October 3 1992 Tropical Depression Earl Advisory 29 TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved January 10 2010 Lixion Avila 1992 Tropical Storm Earl Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved January 10 2010 Tom Grazulis Bill McCaul 2008 List of Known Tropical Cyclones Which Have Spawned Tornadoes Report The Tornado Project Retrieved November 16 2011 David Roth June 18 2007 Tropical Storm Earl September 28 30 1992 Report Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Retrieved November 16 2011 Tropical storm attacks shoreline The Robesonian Associated Press September 30 1992 Retrieved May 25 2011 Jay Hamburg October 1 1992 Tropical Storm Earl Took Big Chunks Out Of The Coastline Swept Swimmers Out To Sea And Was Hard To Get Rid Of Orlando Sentinel Retrieved May 25 2011 Edward Rappaport November 23 1992 Hurricane Frances Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 1 Retrieved November 17 2011 a b c d Edward Rappaport November 23 1992 Hurricane Frances Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved November 17 2011 1992 Frances Report Environment Canada September 14 2010 Archived from the original on March 13 2013 Retrieved May 20 2021 Bad year feared for 1992 season Eugene Register Guard Associated Press May 31 1992 Retrieved November 16 2011 Chris Landsea Sandy Delgado May 18 2011 Subject A6 What is a sub tropical cyclone Report National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on October 11 2011 Retrieved November 16 2011 a b c Miles Lawrence June 6 1992 Subtropical Storm One Preliminary Report Report National Hurricane Center p 1 Retrieved September 28 2011 World wide Tropical Cyclone Names Report National Hurricane Center August 10 1997 Archived from the original on December 10 1997 Retrieved November 17 2011 Andrew Agatha top 1986 hurricane list The Gadsden Times Associated Press May 23 1986 Retrieved November 17 2011 a b Lixion Avila 1992 Tropical Storm Earl Preliminary Report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved November 21 2011 External links editMonthly Weather Review U S Rainfall information concerning 1992 tropical cyclones Clips of Weather Channel coverage of 1992 Atlantic hurricane season Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1992 Atlantic hurricane season amp oldid 1188349842 Hurricane Frances, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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