According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 38% of Hungarians approve of U.S. leadership, with 20% disapproving and 42% uncertain, a decrease from 53% approval in 2011.[1] According to a 2018 poll, 68% of Hungarians view the United States favorably.[2]
Until 1867 the Kingdom of Hungary was a part of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 to 1918 of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. United States diplomatic relations with Hungary were conducted through the United States Ambassador to Austria in Vienna. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I, Hungary and the United States established bilateral relations through a legation in Budapest established in 1921. The first American ambassador to Hungary (Theodore Brentano) was appointed on February 10, 1922.
Diplomatic relations were interrupted during World War II. Hungary severed relations with the U.S. on December 11, 1941, when the United States declared war on Germany. Two days later, on December 13, Hungary declared war on the United States. On June 5, 1942, the United States declared war on Hungary.[3] The US declared war on Romania and Bulgaria the same day. The declaration of war passed both houses of Congress unanimously, by votes of 361–0 in the House of Representatives and 73–0 in the Senate.[4][5] Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U.S. were resumed in December 1945 when a U.S. ambassador was appointed and the embassy was reopened.[citation needed]
Relations between the United States and Hungary following World War II were affected by the Soviet armed forces' occupation of Hungary. Full diplomatic relations were established at the legation level on October 12, 1945, before the signing of the Hungarian peace treaty on February 10, 1947. After the communist takeover in 1947–48, relations with the People's Republic of Hungary became increasingly strained by the nationalization of U.S.-owned property and what the United States considered unacceptable treatment of U.S. citizens and personnel, as well as restrictions on the operations of the American legation. Though relations deteriorated further after the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, an exchange of ambassadors in 1966 inaugurated an era of improving relations. In 1972, a consular convention was concluded to provide consular protection to U.S. citizens in Hungary.
In 1973, a bilateral agreement was reached under which Hungary settled the nationalization claims of American citizens. On 6 January 1978, the United States returned the Holy Crown of Hungary, which had been safeguarded by the United States since the end of World War II. Symbolically and actually, this event marked the beginning of excellent relations between the two countries. A 1978 bilateral trade agreement included extension of most-favored-nation status to Hungary. Cultural and scientific exchanges were expanded. As Hungary began to pull away from the Soviet orbit, the United States offered assistance and expertise to help establish a constitution, a democratic political system, and a plan for a free market economy.
Between 1989 and 1993, the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act provided more than $136 million for economic restructuring and private-sector development. The Hungarian-American Enterprise Fund has offered loans, equity capital, and technical assistance to promote private-sector development. The U.S. Government has provided expert and financial assistance for the development of modern and Western institutions in many policy areas, including national security, law enforcement, free media, environmental regulations, education, and health care. American direct investment has had a direct, positive impact on the Hungarian economy and on continued good bilateral relations. When Hungary acceded to NATO in April 1999, it became a formal ally of the United States. This move has been consistently supported by the 1.5 million-strong Hungarian-American community. The U.S. government supported Hungarian accession to the European Union in 2004, and continues to work with Hungary as a valued partner in the Transatlantic relationship. Hungary joined the Visa Waiver Program in 2008.
^"Message to Congress on a State of War Between the United States and Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria". The Presidency Project: University of California Santa Barbara.
^"About this Collection | United States Statutes at Large | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" (PDF). Library of Congress.
Bártfai, Imre, "Hungary & the U.S.: Will there be a New Direction for American Diplomacy?", IndraStra Global (2017) 3, ISSN 2381-3652 online
Borhi, László. "The United States and Hungary, 1956–1990." in Human Rights and Political Dissent in Central Europe (Routledge, 2021) pp. 187-201.
Frank, Tibor. Ethnicity, Propaganda, Myth-Making: Studies in Hungarian Connections to Britain and America, 1848–1945 (Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999).
Frank, Tibor. "Friend or foe? The changing image of Hungary in the United-States." Hungarian Quarterly 38.148 (1997): 116-124.
Frank, Tibor. Double Exile: Migration of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals Through Germany to the United States, 1919-1945 (2009)
Frank, Tibor. Genius in Exile: Professional Immigration from Interwar Hungary to the United States (2006).
Glant, Tibor, "Ninety Years of United States-Hungarian Relations," Eger Journal of American Studies, 13 (2012), 163–83.
Glant, Tibor, "The Myth and History of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points in Hungary," Eger Journal of American Studies (Eger), 12 (2010), 301–22.
Glant, Tibor, "Herbert Hoover and Hungary, 1918-1923" Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies (HJEAS) 8#2 (2002), pp. 95–109 online
Horcicka, Václav, "Austria-Hungary, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, and the United States' Entrance into the First World War," International History Review (Burnaby), 34 (June 2012), 245–69.
Kurucz, Milan. "Hungary-United States Relations under Obama and Trump Administration." Politické vedy 23.2 (2020): 98-113.
Lévai, Csaba, "Henry Clay and Lajos Kossuth's Visit in the United States, 1851–1852," Eger Journal of American Studies (Eger), 13 (2012), pp 219–41.
Pastor, Peter. Hungary between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918-1919 and the Big Three (1976)
Peterecz, Zoltán. "Royall Tyler in Hungary: An American of the League of Nations and Hungarian Reconstruction Efforts, 1924–1938." Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 27.1 (2021) online.
Peterecz, Zoltán, "'A Certain Amount of Tactful Undermining': Herbert C. Pell and Hungary in 1941," The Hungarian Quarterly (Budapest), 52 (Spring–Summer 2011), pp 124–37.
Peterecz, Zoltán, "American Foreign Policy and American Financial Controllers in Europe in the 1920s," Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies (Debrecen), 18 (2012), pp 457–85.
Peterecz, Zoltán, "Money Has No Smell: Anti-Semitism in Hungary and the Anglo-Saxon World, and the Launching of the International Reconstruction Loan for Hungary in 1924," Eger Journal of American Studies (Eger), 13 (2012), pp 273–90.
Peterecz, Zoltán, "The Fight for a Yankee over Here: Attempts to Secure an American for an Official League of Nations Post in the Postwar Central European Financial Reconstruction Era of the 1920s," Eger Journal of American Studies (Eger), 12 (2010), pp 465–88.
Puskas, Julianna. Ties That Bind, Ties That Divide. One Hundred Years of Hungarian Experience in the United States (Holmes and Meier, 2000), 465 pp.
Romsics, Ignác, ed. Twentieth Century Hungary and the Great Powers (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1996).
Sakmyster, Thomas L. (1994). Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklós Horthy, 1918–1944. Boulder: East European Monographs.
Várdy, Steven Béla, and Thomas Szendrey. "Hungarian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 373–386. Online
Várdy, Steven Béla and Agnes Huszar Vardy, eds. Hungarian Americans in the Current of History (2010), essays by scholars; online review
Vida, István Kornél. Hungarian Émigrés in the American Civil War: A History and Biographical Dictionary (McFarland, 2012) 256 pp.
Zsolt, Péter, Tamás Tóth, and Márton Demeter. "We are the ones who matter! Pro and anti-Trumpists’ attitudes in Hungary." Journal of Contemporary European Studies (2021): 1-19 online.
Cold War 1945-1989edit
Bischof, Günter. "United States Responses to the Soviet Suppression of Rebellions in the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia." Diplomacy & Statecraft 22.1 (2011): 61-80.
Borhi, László. "Rollback, Liberation, Containment, or Inaction? U.S. Policy and Eastern Europe in the 1950s." Journal of Cold War Studies 1.3 (1999): 67-110. online
Borhi, László. "From the Prehistory of the Cold War (Hungary and the United States 1944–49)." Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 35.1/4 (1989): 217-249. online
Borhi, László. "‘We Hungarian communists are realists’: János Kádár's foreign policy in the light of Hungarian–US relations, 1957–67." Cold War History 4.2 (2004): 1-32.
Borhi, László. "In the Power Arena: U.S.-Hungarian Relations, 1942–1989," The Hungarian Quarterly (Budapest), 51 (Summer 2010), pp 67–81.
Borhi, László. "Dealing with dictatorship: The US and Hungary during the early kádár years." Hungarian Studies 27.1 (2013): 15-66. online
Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union (2004) online
Gati, Charles. Hungary and the Soviet Bloc (Duke University Press, 1986).
Glant, Tibor. Remember Hungary 1956: Essays on the Hungarian Revolution and Wars of Independence in American Memory (2007) online review
Granville, Johanna. "Radio Free Europe’s Impact on the Kremlin in the Hungarian Crisis of 1956: Three Hypotheses." Canadian Journal of History 39.3 (2004): 515-546.
Holloway, David, and Victor McFarland. "The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in the Context of the Cold War Military Confrontation." Hungarian Studies 20.1 (2006): 31-49. online
Jarvis, Eric. "The Creation of a Controversial Anti‐Communist Martyr in Early Cold War America: Reactions to the Arrest and Show Trial of Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty of Hungary, 1948–1949." Historian 78.2 (2016): 277-308.
Max, Stanley. The Anglo-American Response to the Sovietization of Hungary, 1945– 1948 (Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1990).
Radvanyi, Janos. Hungary and the Superpowers, The 1956 Revolution and Realpolitik (Stanford University Press, 1972).
Webb, Alban. "Cold War Radio and the Hungarian Uprising, 1956." Cold War History 13.2 (2013): 221-238.
hungary, united, states, relations, according, 2012, global, leadership, report, hungarians, approve, leadership, with, disapproving, uncertain, decrease, from, approval, 2011, according, 2018, poll, hungarians, view, united, states, favorably, hungarian, amer. According to the 2012 U S Global Leadership Report 38 of Hungarians approve of U S leadership with 20 disapproving and 42 uncertain a decrease from 53 approval in 2011 1 According to a 2018 poll 68 of Hungarians view the United States favorably 2 Hungarian American relationsHungary United StatesDiplomatic missionHungarian Embassy Washington D C United States Embassy BudapestEnvoyAmbassador Laszlo SzaboDavid Pressman Contents 1 History 2 High level mutual visits 3 Resident diplomatic missions 4 Sister Twinning cities 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7 1 Cold War 1945 1989 8 External linksHistory edit nbsp US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meets with Hungarian Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto in Budapest in February 2019 nbsp Donald Trump and Viktor Orban on a 2018 NATO international meeting Until 1867 the Kingdom of Hungary was a part of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 to 1918 of the dual monarchy of Austria Hungary United States diplomatic relations with Hungary were conducted through the United States Ambassador to Austria in Vienna After the dissolution of the Austro Hungarian Empire following World War I Hungary and the United States established bilateral relations through a legation in Budapest established in 1921 The first American ambassador to Hungary Theodore Brentano was appointed on February 10 1922 Diplomatic relations were interrupted during World War II Hungary severed relations with the U S on December 11 1941 when the United States declared war on Germany Two days later on December 13 Hungary declared war on the United States On June 5 1942 the United States declared war on Hungary 3 The US declared war on Romania and Bulgaria the same day The declaration of war passed both houses of Congress unanimously by votes of 361 0 in the House of Representatives and 73 0 in the Senate 4 5 Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U S were resumed in December 1945 when a U S ambassador was appointed and the embassy was reopened citation needed Relations between the United States and Hungary following World War II were affected by the Soviet armed forces occupation of Hungary Full diplomatic relations were established at the legation level on October 12 1945 before the signing of the Hungarian peace treaty on February 10 1947 After the communist takeover in 1947 48 relations with the People s Republic of Hungary became increasingly strained by the nationalization of U S owned property and what the United States considered unacceptable treatment of U S citizens and personnel as well as restrictions on the operations of the American legation Though relations deteriorated further after the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 an exchange of ambassadors in 1966 inaugurated an era of improving relations In 1972 a consular convention was concluded to provide consular protection to U S citizens in Hungary In 1973 a bilateral agreement was reached under which Hungary settled the nationalization claims of American citizens On 6 January 1978 the United States returned the Holy Crown of Hungary which had been safeguarded by the United States since the end of World War II Symbolically and actually this event marked the beginning of excellent relations between the two countries A 1978 bilateral trade agreement included extension of most favored nation status to Hungary Cultural and scientific exchanges were expanded As Hungary began to pull away from the Soviet orbit the United States offered assistance and expertise to help establish a constitution a democratic political system and a plan for a free market economy Between 1989 and 1993 the Support for East European Democracy SEED Act provided more than 136 million for economic restructuring and private sector development The Hungarian American Enterprise Fund has offered loans equity capital and technical assistance to promote private sector development The U S Government has provided expert and financial assistance for the development of modern and Western institutions in many policy areas including national security law enforcement free media environmental regulations education and health care American direct investment has had a direct positive impact on the Hungarian economy and on continued good bilateral relations When Hungary acceded to NATO in April 1999 it became a formal ally of the United States This move has been consistently supported by the 1 5 million strong Hungarian American community The U S government supported Hungarian accession to the European Union in 2004 and continues to work with Hungary as a valued partner in the Transatlantic relationship Hungary joined the Visa Waiver Program in 2008 High level mutual visits editGuest Host Place of visit Date of visit nbsp Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy nbsp President Harry S Truman Washington D C New York City June 11 17 1946 1946 06 11 1946 06 17 nbsp Prime Minister Karoly Grosz nbsp President Ronald Reagan Washington D C July 26 28 1988 1988 07 26 1988 07 28 nbsp President George H W Bush nbsp Prime Minister Miklos Nemeth Budapest July 11 13 1989 1989 07 11 1989 07 13 nbsp Acting President Arpad Goncz nbsp President George H W Bush Washington D C May 18 1990 nbsp Prime Minister Jozsef Antall October 18 1990 nbsp President Arpad Goncz May 23 1991 nbsp Prime Minister Jozsef Antall October 4 1991 nbsp President Arpad Goncz nbsp President Bill Clinton April 20 22 1993 1993 04 20 1993 04 22 June 20 21 1994 1994 06 20 1994 06 21 nbsp President Bill Clinton nbsp President Arpad Goncz nbsp Prime Minister Gyula Horn Budapest December 5 1994 nbsp Prime Minister Gyula Horn nbsp President Bill Clinton Washington D C June 6 1995 nbsp President Bill Clinton nbsp President Arpad Goncz nbsp Prime Minister Gyula Horn Taszar December 13 1996 nbsp President Arpad Goncz nbsp President Bill Clinton Washington D C March 17 18 1998 1998 03 17 1998 03 18 nbsp Prime Minister Viktor Orban October 5 8 1998 1998 10 05 1998 10 08 April 23 25 1999 1999 04 23 1999 04 25 nbsp President Arpad Goncz Washington D C Chicago June 6 9 1999 1999 06 06 1999 06 09 nbsp Prime Minister Viktor Orban nbsp President George W Bush Washington D C May 29 2001 nbsp Prime Minister Peter Medgyessy November 7 9 2002 2002 11 07 2002 11 09 June 21 23 2004 2004 06 21 2004 06 23 nbsp Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsany October 3 7 2005 2005 10 03 2005 10 07 nbsp President George W Bush nbsp President Laszlo Solyom nbsp Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsany Budapest June 21 22 2006 2006 06 21 2006 06 22 nbsp Prime Minister Gordon Bajnai nbsp President Barack Obama Washington D C December 4 2009 nbsp Prime Minister Viktor Orban Chicago May 20 21 2012 2012 05 20 2012 05 21 Washington D C March 31 April 1 2016 2016 03 31 2016 04 01 nbsp President Donald Trump May 13 2019Resident diplomatic missions editof Hungary in the United States Embassy 6 1 Washington D C Consulate General 3 Chicago Los Angeles New York City Vice Consulates 2 Houston Miami Honorary Consulate General 1 Atlanta Consulate Honorary 16 Boston Cleveland Denver Hampden Honolulu Mayaguez Mercer Island New Orleans Portland Sacramento St Louis St Louis Park Salt Lake City San Francisco Sarasota Charlotte of the United States in Hungary Embassy 7 1 Budapest nbsp Embassy of Hungary in Washington D C nbsp Consulate General of Hungary in New York City nbsp Embassy of the United States in BudapestSister Twinning cities editBudapest and nbsp New York City New York Miskolc and nbsp Cleveland Ohio Pecs and nbsp Seattle Washington nbsp Tucson Arizona Siofok and nbsp Walnut Creek California Szeged and nbsp Toledo Ohio Tatabanya and nbsp Fairfield Connecticut Tokaj and nbsp Sonoma CaliforniaSee also editHungarian Americans Hungarian Ambassador to the United States United States Ambassador to Hungary Foreign relations of the United States Foreign relations of Hungary United States European Union relationsReferences edit U S Global Leadership Project Report 2012 Gallup Special Eurobarometer 479 Future of Europe 10 December 2018 Archived from the original on 3 February 2019 Retrieved 25 May 2019 History of the U S And Romania Message to Congress on a State of War Between the United States and Hungary Rumania and Bulgaria The Presidency Project University of California Santa Barbara About this Collection United States Statutes at Large Digital Collections Library of Congress PDF Library of Congress Embassy of Hungary in Washington D C Embassy of United States in Budapest Archived from the original on 2017 01 01 Retrieved 2017 01 01 Further reading editFurther information Hungarian Americans further reading Bartfai Imre Hungary amp the U S Will there be a New Direction for American Diplomacy IndraStra Global 2017 3 ISSN 2381 3652 online Borhi Laszlo The United States and Hungary 1956 1990 in Human Rights and Political Dissent in Central Europe Routledge 2021 pp 187 201 Frank Tibor Ethnicity Propaganda Myth Making Studies in Hungarian Connections to Britain and America 1848 1945 Budapest Akademiai Kiado 1999 Frank Tibor Friend or foe The changing image of Hungary in the United States Hungarian Quarterly 38 148 1997 116 124 Frank Tibor Double Exile Migration of Jewish Hungarian Professionals Through Germany to the United States 1919 1945 2009 Frank Tibor Genius in Exile Professional Immigration from Interwar Hungary to the United States 2006 Glant Tibor Ninety Years of United States Hungarian Relations Eger Journal of American Studies 13 2012 163 83 Glant Tibor The Myth and History of Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points in Hungary Eger Journal of American Studies Eger 12 2010 301 22 Glant Tibor Herbert Hoover and Hungary 1918 1923 Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies HJEAS 8 2 2002 pp 95 109 online Horcicka Vaclav Austria Hungary Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the United States Entrance into the First World War International History Review Burnaby 34 June 2012 245 69 Kurucz Milan Hungary United States Relations under Obama and Trump Administration Politicke vedy 23 2 2020 98 113 Levai Csaba Henry Clay and Lajos Kossuth s Visit in the United States 1851 1852 Eger Journal of American Studies Eger 13 2012 pp 219 41 Pastor Peter Hungary between Wilson and Lenin The Hungarian Revolution of 1918 1919 and the Big Three 1976 Peterecz Zoltan Royall Tyler in Hungary An American of the League of Nations and Hungarian Reconstruction Efforts 1924 1938 Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 27 1 2021 online Peterecz Zoltan A Certain Amount of Tactful Undermining Herbert C Pell and Hungary in 1941 The Hungarian Quarterly Budapest 52 Spring Summer 2011 pp 124 37 Peterecz Zoltan American Foreign Policy and American Financial Controllers in Europe in the 1920s Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies Debrecen 18 2012 pp 457 85 Peterecz Zoltan Money Has No Smell Anti Semitism in Hungary and the Anglo Saxon World and the Launching of the International Reconstruction Loan for Hungary in 1924 Eger Journal of American Studies Eger 13 2012 pp 273 90 Peterecz Zoltan The Fight for a Yankee over Here Attempts to Secure an American for an Official League of Nations Post in the Postwar Central European Financial Reconstruction Era of the 1920s Eger Journal of American Studies Eger 12 2010 pp 465 88 Puskas Julianna Ties That Bind Ties That Divide One Hundred Years of Hungarian Experience in the United States Holmes and Meier 2000 465 pp Romsics Ignac ed Twentieth Century Hungary and the Great Powers Boulder East European Monographs 1996 Sakmyster Thomas L 1994 Hungary s Admiral on Horseback Miklos Horthy 1918 1944 Boulder East European Monographs Vardy Steven Bela and Thomas Szendrey Hungarian Americans Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America edited by Thomas Riggs 3rd ed vol 2 Gale 2014 pp 373 386 Online Vardy Steven Bela and Agnes Huszar Vardy eds Hungarian Americans in the Current of History 2010 essays by scholars online review Vida Istvan Kornel Hungarian Emigres in the American Civil War A History and Biographical Dictionary McFarland 2012 256 pp Zsolt Peter Tamas Toth and Marton Demeter We are the ones who matter Pro and anti Trumpists attitudes in Hungary Journal of Contemporary European Studies 2021 1 19 online Cold War 1945 1989 edit Bischof Gunter United States Responses to the Soviet Suppression of Rebellions in the German Democratic Republic Hungary and Czechoslovakia Diplomacy amp Statecraft 22 1 2011 61 80 Borhi Laszlo Rollback Liberation Containment or Inaction U S Policy and Eastern Europe in the 1950s Journal of Cold War Studies 1 3 1999 67 110 online Borhi Laszlo From the Prehistory of the Cold War Hungary and the United States 1944 49 Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 35 1 4 1989 217 249 online Borhi Laszlo We Hungarian communists are realists Janos Kadar s foreign policy in the light of Hungarian US relations 1957 67 Cold War History 4 2 2004 1 32 Borhi Laszlo In the Power Arena U S Hungarian Relations 1942 1989 The Hungarian Quarterly Budapest 51 Summer 2010 pp 67 81 Borhi Laszlo Dealing with dictatorship The US and Hungary during the early kadar years Hungarian Studies 27 1 2013 15 66 online Borhi Laszlo Hungary in the Cold War 1945 1956 Between the United States and the Soviet Union 2004 online Gati Charles Hungary and the Soviet Bloc Duke University Press 1986 Glant Tibor Remember Hungary 1956 Essays on the Hungarian Revolution and Wars of Independence in American Memory 2007 online review Granville Johanna Radio Free Europe s Impact on the Kremlin in the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 Three Hypotheses Canadian Journal of History 39 3 2004 515 546 Holloway David and Victor McFarland The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 in the Context of the Cold War Military Confrontation Hungarian Studies 20 1 2006 31 49 online Jarvis Eric The Creation of a Controversial Anti Communist Martyr in Early Cold War America Reactions to the Arrest and Show Trial of Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty of Hungary 1948 1949 Historian 78 2 2016 277 308 Max Stanley The Anglo American Response to the Sovietization of Hungary 1945 1948 Michigan University of Michigan Press 1990 Radvanyi Janos Hungary and the Superpowers The 1956 Revolution and Realpolitik Stanford University Press 1972 Webb Alban Cold War Radio and the Hungarian Uprising 1956 Cold War History 13 2 2013 221 238 nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from U S Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets United States Department of State External links editHistory of Hungary U S relations nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Hungary and the United States Portals nbsp Politics nbsp Hungary nbsp United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hungary United States relations amp oldid 1193547843, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
