The hsaing waing (Burmese: ဆိုင်းဝိုင်း, pronounced[sʰáiɰ̃wáiɰ̃]; also spelt saing waing), commonly dubbed the Burmese traditional orchestra (မြန်မာ့ဆိုင်း), is a traditional Burmese folk musical ensemble that accompanies numerous forms of rituals, performances, and ceremonies in modern-day Myanmar (Burma).
Hsaing waing ensemble is seen behind the singers
Hsaing waing musicians use a hemitonic and anhemitonic scale similar to the one used by Indonesian gamelan musicians.[1] The ensemble's principal instruments, including the pat waing, kyi waing, and hne, each play variations on a single melody (heterophony).[2]
The three major indigenous genres of gong-chime music prevalent in Southeast Asia include the gamelan of western Indonesia; the kulintang of the southern Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and eastern Malaysia; and the piphat of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and the hsaing waing of Burma.
The hsaing waing is the product of indigenous musical traditions, enriched with contact with a diverse array of musical traditions in neighboring Southeast Asian societies. The hsaing waing ensemble's principal instrument, a drum circle called pat waing, continues to use Indian drum-tuning methods, and is considered the last remaining vestige of Indian instrumentation in Southeast Asia.[1] Similar gong and chime ensembles are found in neighboring Thailand and Laos, where it is called piphat, and in Cambodia, where it is called pinpeat. However, these ensembles do not employ the use of a drum circle like the pat waing.
A 19th century watercolor depicts hsaing waing musicians accompanying a zat pwe drama performance.
The earliest pictorial evidence of the hsaing waing ensemble dates to the 1600s, coinciding with the Burmese invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which may have introduced additional instruments, principally a gong chime called kyi waing.[3] However, the Burmese hsaing waing differs greatly in its diversity of instruments and musical style from Thai folk ensembles.[4] Many of the hsaing waing instruments are shared instead with the piphat mon ensemble of Mon origin, indicating shared origins.
During the British colonial era, Sein Beda, a prominent musician, introduced various innovations to the ensemble, including decorating ensemble stands with traditional Burmese motifs and glass mosaic, introducing a jazz band to the ensemble, creating spotlights, and introducing musician uniforms.[5]
InstrumentationEdit
A 19th-century watercolor depicting components of the hsaing waing ensemble.
The hsaing waing ensemble includes a variety of percussion and wind instruments, including various gongs and drums:[6]
Pat waing (ပတ်ဝိုင်း) or pat lon (ပတ်လုံး) - a set of 18 to 21 drums in a circle with a range of more than 3 octaves[1][4][2]
Kyi waing (ကြေးဝိုင်း) - small bronze gongs in a circular frame[4]
Maung hsaing (မောင်းဆိုင်း) - a gong chime made of larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame[4]
Wa letkhot (ဝါးလက်ခုပ်, lit.'bamboo clapper') - wooden clappers
Chauk lon pat (ခြောက်လုံးပတ်, lit.'six drums') - a set of eight tuned drums[4]
Pat ma gyi (ပတ်မကြီး) - a big drum suspended from a pole frame depicting a mythical pyinsarupa
Min pauk (မင်းပေါက်, lit.'lord's entrance') - entryway made in the panels, forming the framework of a drum-circle
For more formal and classical performances, the ensemble may be accompanied by the saung gauk, the Burmese harp, the pattala, a Burmese xylophone, or the piano and violin, both of which were introduced during the colonial era. The Mon version of the hsaing waing ensemble also includes a crescent-shaped brass gong chime called la gyan hsaing in Burmese.[7]
TypesEdit
Music from the hsaing waing ensemble accompanies singing, dancing, and dialogues in all types of theatrical performances.[3] Burmese scholarship recognizes 5 main types of hsaing waing ensembles:
Bala hsaing (ဗလာဆိုင်း) - performed at celebratory occasions such as weddings, Buddhist ordainment rituals (shinbyu), ear-piercing ceremonies, funerals, lethwei competitions, and pagoda commemorations
Zat hsaing (ဇာတ်ဆိုင်း) - accompanies traditional dramatic theatre and play performances
Anyeint hsaing (အငြိမ့်ဆိုင်း) - accompanies traditional anyeint performances
The distinct repertoire of recognizable tunes accompanies of each of these types of hsaing waing ensembles.[8]
Musical stylesEdit
Music of the hsaing waing is characterized by dynamic, lively and sudden contrasts and shifts in rhythm, melody and tempo.[9][10] The melody typically follows a regular meter of 4 to 8 beats.[8]Anyeint dance performances, as well as nat gadaw and marionette puppet performances, are accompanied by the music of the hsaing waing, with the sudden shifts in musical rhythm reflected in the dancer's changing poses.[10] The melody is shaped by tones; a complex system of pitches, principal and auxiliary tones, and melodic phrase terminals (cadential formulas), ornaments, and the vocal lines are associated with particular modes, which are context-driven (depending on environment and stage situations) and express varying emotions.[3] The gong instrumentation provide repetitive motifs (see ostinato) during the course of a performance.[3]
By contrast, classical singing of the Mahāgīta tradition derived from royal chamber music, which is characterized by a quieter and more restrained musical style, is accompanied by either a classical ensemble or a single saung gauk.[11]
^ abcFletcher, Peter; Laurence Picken (2004). World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures. Oxford University Press. pp. 312–313. ISBN978-0-19-517507-3.
^ abGrimshaw-Aagaard, Mark; Walther-Hansen, Mads; Knakkergaard, Martin (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Imagination. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-046016-7.
^ abcd"Southeast Asian arts - Music". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 2020-06-09. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
^ abcdefghGarifas, Robert (1985). "The Development of the Modern Burmese Hsaing Ensemble". Asian Music. University of Texas Press. 16 (1): 1–28. doi:10.2307/834011. JSTOR 834011.
^Tun, Cathy (2015). "Dynamics Of The Myanmar Drum Ensemble" (PDF). Burma/Myanmar in Transition: Connectivity, CHanges, and Challenges. (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
^"မြန်မာ့အနုသုခမ အဘိဓာန်". WAING (in Burmese). from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
^"VCM". masterpieces.asemus.museum. from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ abLiu, Siyuan (2016-02-05). Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-27885-6.
^Pareles, Jon (2003-12-15). "WORLD MUSIC REVIEW; From Myanmar, Sounds That Surprise". The New York Times. from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
^ ab"Burmese Hsaing and Anyein". Asia Society. from the original on 2019-04-17. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
^Sturman, Janet (2019-02-26). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. SAGE Publications. ISBN978-1-4833-1774-8.
October 17, 2023
hsaing, waing, hsaing, waing, burmese, pronounced, sʰáiɰ, wáiɰ, also, spelt, saing, waing, commonly, dubbed, burmese, traditional, orchestra, traditional, burmese, folk, musical, ensemble, that, accompanies, numerous, forms, rituals, performances, ceremonies, . The hsaing waing Burmese ဆ င ဝ င pronounced sʰaiɰ waiɰ also spelt saing waing commonly dubbed the Burmese traditional orchestra မ န မ ဆ င is a traditional Burmese folk musical ensemble that accompanies numerous forms of rituals performances and ceremonies in modern day Myanmar Burma Hsaing waing ensemble is seen behind the singersHsaing waing musicians use a hemitonic and anhemitonic scale similar to the one used by Indonesian gamelan musicians 1 The ensemble s principal instruments including the pat waing kyi waing and hne each play variations on a single melody heterophony 2 Contents 1 Origins 2 Instrumentation 2 1 Types 3 Musical styles 4 See also 5 ReferencesOrigins Edit nbsp The three major indigenous genres of gong chime music prevalent in Southeast Asia include the gamelan of western Indonesia the kulintang of the southern Philippines eastern Indonesia and eastern Malaysia and the piphat of Thailand Cambodia Laos and the hsaing waing of Burma The hsaing waing is the product of indigenous musical traditions enriched with contact with a diverse array of musical traditions in neighboring Southeast Asian societies The hsaing waing ensemble s principal instrument a drum circle called pat waing continues to use Indian drum tuning methods and is considered the last remaining vestige of Indian instrumentation in Southeast Asia 1 Similar gong and chime ensembles are found in neighboring Thailand and Laos where it is called piphat and in Cambodia where it is called pinpeat However these ensembles do not employ the use of a drum circle like the pat waing nbsp A 19th century watercolor depicts hsaing waing musicians accompanying a zat pwe drama performance The earliest pictorial evidence of the hsaing waing ensemble dates to the 1600s coinciding with the Burmese invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom which may have introduced additional instruments principally a gong chime called kyi waing 3 However the Burmese hsaing waing differs greatly in its diversity of instruments and musical style from Thai folk ensembles 4 Many of the hsaing waing instruments are shared instead with the piphat mon ensemble of Mon origin indicating shared origins During the British colonial era Sein Beda a prominent musician introduced various innovations to the ensemble including decorating ensemble stands with traditional Burmese motifs and glass mosaic introducing a jazz band to the ensemble creating spotlights and introducing musician uniforms 5 Instrumentation Edit nbsp A 19th century watercolor depicting components of the hsaing waing ensemble The hsaing waing ensemble includes a variety of percussion and wind instruments including various gongs and drums 6 Pat waing ပတ ဝ င or pat lon ပတ လ a set of 18 to 21 drums in a circle with a range of more than 3 octaves 1 4 2 Kyi waing က ဝ င small bronze gongs in a circular frame 4 Maung hsaing မ င ဆ င a gong chime made of larger bronze gongs in a rectangular frame 4 Wa letkhot ဝ လက ခ ပ lit bamboo clapper wooden clappers Hne န double reed oboe 4 Si စည bell 4 Wa ဝ clapper 4 Si to စည တ Lingwin လင က င cymbals Sakhun စခ န a double headed drum on a stand Chauk lon pat ခ က လ ပတ lit six drums a set of eight tuned drums 4 Pat ma gyi ပတ မက a big drum suspended from a pole frame depicting a mythical pyinsarupa Min pauk မင ပ က lit lord s entrance entryway made in the panels forming the framework of a drum circleFor more formal and classical performances the ensemble may be accompanied by the saung gauk the Burmese harp the pattala a Burmese xylophone or the piano and violin both of which were introduced during the colonial era The Mon version of the hsaing waing ensemble also includes a crescent shaped brass gong chime called la gyan hsaing in Burmese 7 Types Edit Music from the hsaing waing ensemble accompanies singing dancing and dialogues in all types of theatrical performances 3 Burmese scholarship recognizes 5 main types of hsaing waing ensembles Bala hsaing ဗလ ဆ င performed at celebratory occasions such as weddings Buddhist ordainment rituals shinbyu ear piercing ceremonies funerals lethwei competitions and pagoda commemorations Zat hsaing ဇ တ ဆ င accompanies traditional dramatic theatre and play performances Yokthe hsaing ရ ပ သ ဆ င accompanies classical marionette puppetry shows Nat hsaing နတ ဆ င accompanies spirit propitiation rituals Anyeint hsaing အင မ ဆ င accompanies traditional anyeint performancesThe distinct repertoire of recognizable tunes accompanies of each of these types of hsaing waing ensembles 8 Musical styles EditMusic of the hsaing waing is characterized by dynamic lively and sudden contrasts and shifts in rhythm melody and tempo 9 10 The melody typically follows a regular meter of 4 to 8 beats 8 Anyeint dance performances as well as nat gadaw and marionette puppet performances are accompanied by the music of the hsaing waing with the sudden shifts in musical rhythm reflected in the dancer s changing poses 10 The melody is shaped by tones a complex system of pitches principal and auxiliary tones and melodic phrase terminals cadential formulas ornaments and the vocal lines are associated with particular modes which are context driven depending on environment and stage situations and express varying emotions 3 The gong instrumentation provide repetitive motifs see ostinato during the course of a performance 3 By contrast classical singing of the Mahagita tradition derived from royal chamber music which is characterized by a quieter and more restrained musical style is accompanied by either a classical ensemble or a single saung gauk 11 See also EditMyanmar National Symphony Orchestra Pinpeat PiphatReferences Edit a b c Fletcher Peter Laurence Picken 2004 World Musics in Context A Comprehensive Survey of the World s Major Musical Cultures Oxford University Press pp 312 313 ISBN 978 0 19 517507 3 a b Grimshaw Aagaard Mark Walther Hansen Mads Knakkergaard Martin 2019 The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Imagination Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 046016 7 a b c d Southeast Asian arts Music Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 2020 06 09 Retrieved 2020 05 04 a b c d e f g h Garifas Robert 1985 The Development of the Modern Burmese Hsaing Ensemble Asian Music University of Texas Press 16 1 1 28 doi 10 2307 834011 JSTOR 834011 Tun Cathy 2015 Dynamics Of The Myanmar Drum Ensemble PDF Burma Myanmar in Transition Connectivity CHanges and Challenges Archived PDF from the original on 2018 11 23 Retrieved 2020 05 04 မ န မ အန သ ခမ အဘ ဓ န WAING in Burmese Archived from the original on 2020 02 04 Retrieved 2020 05 04 VCM masterpieces asemus museum Archived from the original on 2023 03 24 Retrieved 2020 04 30 a b Liu Siyuan 2016 02 05 Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 27885 6 Pareles Jon 2003 12 15 WORLD MUSIC REVIEW From Myanmar Sounds That Surprise The New York Times Archived from the original on 2016 03 06 Retrieved 2017 02 19 a b Burmese Hsaing and Anyein Asia Society Archived from the original on 2019 04 17 Retrieved 2020 05 04 Sturman Janet 2019 02 26 The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture SAGE Publications ISBN 978 1 4833 1774 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hsaing waing amp oldid 1180201747, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
