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History of the state of São Paulo

São Paulo is one of 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It has been inhabited since 12000 BC, when the first indigenous people came to the area. Portuguese and Spanish navigators arrived in the 15th century. In 1532, Portuguese explorer Martim Afonso de Sousa officially founded the first Portuguese settlement in the Americas, the village of São Vicente.

Flag of São Paulo
Coat of arms of São Paulo with "PRO BRASILIA FIANT EXIMIA"

In the 17th century, the bandeirantes accelerated exploration of the interior, expanding Portugal's territories in South America beyond the agreed borders set by the Treaty of Tordesilhas.

After the Captaincy of São Paulo was established in the 18th century, the region increased in political importance, although it achieved more significant economic and population growth after the independence of Brazil.

Under the Empire of Brazil, São Paulo's economy was based on coffee plantations. In the second half of the 19th century, European immigrants increasingly replaced slave labor on plantations, mainly Italians attracted by the imperial government's offer of land. Increased coffee cultivation and the construction of railroads drove the growth of the state's economy. In the 20th century, especially in the Vargas Era, state economic development primarily centered on the industrial sector, which fueled production for all of Brazil.

São Paulo's population greatly increased in the modern era. It has one of the country's most urbanized populations, and today is one of the most diverse in the country, mainly descended from Italians,[1] Portuguese, indigenous peoples, Afro-Brazilians, and migrants from other regions of the country. Other populations such as Arabs, Germans, Spaniards, Japanese and Chinese also have a significant presence in the state.

Indigenous peoples edit

 
17th-century engraving by André Thevet, depicting Tupinambá men smoking

Indigenous peoples have lived in São Paulo since approximately 12000 BC.[2] Around 1000, its coast was invaded by Tupi speakers from the Amazon rainforest.[3] When Europeans arrived in the 16th century, the indigenous people on the coast were mostly Tupinambás, Tupiniquins and Carijós, with Macro-Jê speakers in the interior.[3][4]

European colonization edit

 
"Founding of São Vicente", by Benedito Calixto

The first European settlements in São Paulo were unofficial. Cosme Fernandes Pessoa [pt], a Portuguese exile and castaway known as "the Bachelor of Cananéia", is considered the original founder of the São Vicente settlement by many historians. Pessoa governed São Vicente and controlled the region's trade. A document dated April 23, 1499, found by historian Jaime Cortesão suggests that Pessoa lived in Brazil before Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived in 1500: the document reports an unofficial trip by Bartolomeu Dias to Brazil. Another document, from 1526, describes São Vicente as a village of a dozen houses, only one of them built of stone, and one tower for defense.[5][6][7] This initial nucleus was probably begun by castaways.[7][8]

On January 22, 1502, Amerigo Vespucci named São Vicente Island, the location of the settlement of the same name, after one of the patron saints of Portugal, Saint Vincent of Saragossa, while mapping the coast of Brazil.[5][6][7]

In 1530, Martim Afonso de Sousa left Portugal for Brazil, assigned by King John III to establish a colony to confirm the power of Portugal's monarchy.[5][6][7] De Sousa was instructed to remove Pessoa from power in São Vicente.[6][7] Having warning of De Sousa's intentions, Pessoa had the settlement burned and its people fled to the settlement of Cananéia.[5][6][7] On the ruins of the old city, de Sousa founded São Vicente officially on January 20, 1532, making it the first legal Portuguese settlement in Brazil.[7][8][9] De Sousa distributed sesmaria [pt] land grants and constructed several buildings, leaving São Vicente populated and organized. São Vicente hosted the Americas' first parliament and held the continents' first elections.[5][6][7] In 1536, a group led by Pessoa attacked, looted and burned São Vicente, where they hanged Henrique Montes, a former friend of Pessoa who had criticized him to the king to receive land. De Sousa was granted a hereditary captaincy, the Captaincy of São Vicente, in 1534.[5][6][7][8]

When de Sousa sailed from Brazil on May 22, 1533, he left his wife Ana Pimentel the first grantee in Brazil. She in turn appointed Brás Cubas as governor of the captaincy.

The port of São Vicente suffered the first major ecological disaster in Brazil: land near the sea had been cleared and farmed. Since the soil was sandy and had lost its protective layer, rains took the sand out to sea, silting the port of São Vicente, the only access to the Portuguese mainland. Given the loss of the port and the attack by the Bachelor of Cananeia on São Vicente, Cubas decided to set up a more sheltered port in the Enguaguaçu region. The fact that the name of this place was indigenous, not Portuguese, shows that the initiative was not official. The port was transferred in 1536, and a settlement established there which was later called Santos. Cubas attracted settlers there from the surrounding area and built the first Catholic mission in Brazil, Santa Casa (Holy House). The village of São Vicente went into decline.[5][6][7]

 
"Biquinha de Anchieta", catechism classes of Jesuit José de Anchieta

Despite the difficulties of crossing the Serra do Mar, the fields of the plateau attracted settlers and made São Paulo an exception in early Portuguese colonization, which usually concentrated on the coasts. Looking for precious metals, the Portuguese crossed the Serra do Mar by an old indigenous route through Peabiru. In 1553, Portuguese settlers founded the Vila de Santo André da Borda do Campo.

The Jesuits, led by Manuel da Nóbrega in 1554 founded a college for Indians on a hill in Piratininga, which became the village of São Paulo de Piratininga, on the plateau beyond.[6][7] The Portuguese also founded other villages on the plateau such as Santana de Parnaíba, thus guaranteeing the security and livelihood of São Paulo.[5][6][7]

By 1560, Vila de Santo André was extinct and its residents moved to São Paulo de Piratininga.[5][6][7] The coastal strip, narrow due to the barrier of the Serra do Mar, lacked the necessary conditions for large-scale farming. In turn, the plateau faced the serious obstacle of the Caminho do Mar, which, instead of connecting, isolated the Piratininga region, denying it access to the ocean and, therefore, transportation. As a result, the captaincy was prevented from successfully cultivating the main agricultural product of colonial Brazil, sugarcane, and from competing with the main sugar cultivation zones of the time, Pernambuco and Bahia.[5][6][7]

Piratininga established a subsistence polyculture was based on the forced labor of indigenous people. The inventories of the first paulista settlers show few imports and a complete absence of luxury. Isolation created a peculiar society in the plateau. Arriving in São Paulo required particular strength to cross the mountains and withstand attacks by Indians, hunger, and disease. These living conditions determined the structure of their society in a more democratic way than in those established further north.[5][6][7]

Although there were reports[who?] of Portuguese women in De Sousa's fleet, no records of this have yet been found. The first known written record of Portuguese women in Brazil dates from 1550. Thus, the first wives were generally mamelucas (mestizo) or Indias (indigenous).[5][6][7] The proliferation of mamelucos, resulting from marriages to the indigenous Tupi peoples that dominated the Brazilian coast, contributed to a cultural hybridism that attenuated less quickly than in other regions, where an influx of blacks and easier contact with the metropolis diluted it. More than anywhere else, the Portuguese in Sãp Paulo integrated certain cultural traits of the Tupis that allowed them to survive — and more, to take advantage of — the hostile backlands.[5][6][7]

The "Bandeiras" edit

 
Statue of Antônio Raposo Tavares, one of the most famous bandeirantes, at the Museu Paulista in São Paulo

Economic difficulties and a spirit of adventure were important factors in the rush into the hinterland. This was the century of Bandeirantes, one in which the bandeirismo offensive began, largely motivated by the profits to be made hunting indigenous peoples for slaves. From the village of São Paulo, the bandeirantes headed by Antônio Raposo Tavares, Manuel Preto, and André Fernandes [pt], among others, departed.[5][10][full citation needed]

Due to their isolation, the paulistas, as the residents of São Paulo are known, enjoyed considerable autonomy for the first two centuries in areas such as defense, indigenous relations, ecclesiastical administration, public works and municipal services, price controls and goods. The local governments, composed of "good men" of the land, were rarely limited to their legitimate attributions. São Paulo's independence especially almost made the Portuguese government forget it.[10][11]

 
Monument to the Bandeiras, in Ibirapuera Park in São Paulo.

The slaver bandeirismo, became the mining bandeirismo when Borba Gato, Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, Pascoal Moreira Cabral Leme and others discovered gold veins in Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso. A hard ordeal was the effect of the discovery of gold on São Paulo and other villages on the plateau: all sought the immediate enrichment represented by the precious metal. As José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira [pt] said, "there were no Paulista who, more or less, stopped stroking the thought of discovering mines".[10][11]

Thus, the population of the Brazilian backlands was made at the sacrifice of the inhabitants of São Paulo and at the expense of the population density of the captaincy. This demographic rupture, combined with the geographical factors already mentioned (the Serra do Mar), caused a fall in agricultural productivity, as well as a decline in other activities, which accentuated the people's poverty during the 18th century. The captaincy, which then covered the entire region of the gold discoveries, was transferred to the crown and got its own government in 1709, separate from the government of Rio de Janeiro, and with headquarters in town of São Paulo, elevated to city in 1711.[10][11]

Gold rush and decline edit

At the end of the 17th century, bandeirantes from São Paulo discovered gold in the region of Rio das Mortes, close to the current São João del-Rei. The discovery of immense gold deposits provoked a race to Minas Gerais, as the numerous gold deposits were called at the time.[12]

 
Administrative division of Brazil after War of the Emboabas

As discoverers of the mines, the paulistas wanted exclusive rights to prospect for gold. They were defeated in 1710 with the end of the War of the Emboabas (War of the Newcomers) however, and lost control of Minas Gerais, which became an autonomous captaincy in 1721. The gold extracted from Minas Gerais was exported through Rio de Janeiro. As compensation, São Paulo was elevated to the status of city in 1711.[12]

The exodus towards Minas Gerais caused the economic decline in the captaincy, and throughout the 18th century it lost territory and economic dynamism until it was simply annexed in 1748 to the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, shortly before being annexed to Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo lost territory for the creation of Capitania de Goiás [pt] and Capitania do Mato Grosso [pt]. These two captaincies today correspond to the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Goiás, Tocantins, Federal District and the Triângulo Mineiro.[13]

Some authors have contested this version of the captaincy's decay. The main argument that leads historians to defend this thesis is the stabilization of the number of villages that arose in the period. However, the number of inhabitants would not have decreased, only concentrated in the existing villages, and its population, despite not directly profiting from the mines, dominated the supply of food, mainly linked to livestock. The main justification for the annexation to Grosso was the security of the mines, since São Paulo would be their natural shield against invasions from Argentina or other Spanish colonies.

Return of the captaincy and Province of São Paulo edit

 
Map of the province of São Paulo (1886).

The governor of Minas Gerais, Luís Diogo Lobo da Silva [pt], on September 24, 1764, annexed the left bank of the Sapucaí River, extending the borders of Minas Gerais to roughly the current border with São Paulo, which never recovered the annexed territory, even after the captaincy was re-created. The region annexed by Minas Gerais continued to belong to Archdiocese of São Paulo however.[13]

In 1765, through the efforts of Luís Antônio de Sousa Botelho Mourão [pt] the Morgado de Mateus [pt], São Paulo again became a captaincy. Sugar production was incentivized, to provide revenue. However, the captaincy retained only about a third of its original territory — the current states of São Paulo and Paraná, and part of Santa Catarina.[13]

The Morgado de Mateus [pt] created the villages of Lages and Campo Mourão to defend the captaincy, as well as several other villages, which had not occurred since the beginning of the 18th century in São Paulo.[13]

The villages of Campinas and Piracicaba were founded in eastern São Paulo, a favorable region for farming, where sugar cane grew quickly. Sugar was exported through the port of Santos, peaking at the beginning of the 19th century.[13]

The captaincy of São Paulo gained political weight during the time of Independence of Brazil through José Bonifácio de Andrada. On September 7, 1822, Dom Pedro I proclaimed Brazilian independence on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook in São Paulo. In 1821 the captaincy became a province.[13]

In 1820, John VI of Portugal annexed Lages to Santa Catarina, costing São Paulo a little more of its territory.[13]

In 1853, the province of Paraná was created, and São Paulo lost territory for a final time, and has maintained its current territory from that date.[13]

The current territorial boundaries of the state of São Paulo weren't definitively fixed until the 1930s.[13]

The Coffee in history of the State of São Paulo edit

In 1817 the first coffee farm in São Paulo was founded in the Paraíba do Sul River valley.[14] After independence, coffee cultivation became more prevalent in the Paraíba, rapidly enriching cities such as Guaratinguetá, Bananal, Lorena and Pindamonhangaba.

 
Bolsa do Café  [pt] (Coffee exchange) in Santos, now a museum

The coffee plantations of the Paraíba Valley used slave labor on a large scale, and sold the beans through Rio de Janeiro. As a result, the valley quickly enriched itself, creating a rural oligarchy. However, the rest of the province remained dependent on sugar cane[15] and on the commerce in the city of São Paulo, driven by the establishment of a law school in 1827.[16] São Paulo also began grow as a city, opening its first establishments for travelers, students and merchants who wanted to learn about the area or to establish projects. Pensions, hotels and inns began to be regulated and grew in number, providing options for accommodation, comfort and leisure.[17]

However, soil exhaustion in the Paraíba Valley and the increasing restrictions imposed on the slavery regime[clarification needed] led to a decline in the region's coffee cultivation in 1860. The valley emptied itself economically and coffee cultivation moved towards the west of the province, beginning with the Campinas and Itu areas, where it replaced the sugar cane cultivated there until then.[citation needed]

The migration of coffee to the west caused major economic and social changes in the province. The 1850 ban on the Atlantic slave trade led to a need for a fresh source of labor for the new crops. The Imperial and provincial governments began to encourage European immigration.[17] The flow of exports went through the port of Santos, which led to the establishment of the first railroad, the São Paulo Railway. Inaugurated in 1867, it was built by English financial capital and the Visconde de Mauá, and linked Santos to Jundiaí through São Paulo. It became an important trading post between the coast and the coffee-growing interior.[17]

 
Coffee being shipped through the port of Santos in 1880, by Marc Ferrez.

Coffee-growing gradually spread into western São Paulo, passing through Campinas, Rio Claro and Porto Ferreira. In 1870, it found its most fertile fields: Terra Roxa in northeastern São Paulo state, near Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos and Jaú, where the largest and most productive coffee farms in the world arose.[18]

Behind new lands for coffee, explorers entered the previously unexplored area between the Serra de Botucatu [sv] and the Paraná, Tietê and Paranapanema rivers, where they founded cities such as Bauru, Marília, Garça, Araçatuba and Presidente Prudente at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.[18]

São Paulo's borders were defined with the emancipation of Paraná Province in 1853. The south of São Paulo (Vale do Ribeira and the region of Itapeva) did not attract coffee cultivation and suffered from border disputes between São Paulo and Paraná. This led to less development in the area compared to the rest of the province, making it yet one of the poorest regions of São Paulo.[18]

The wealth created by coffee and the constant arrival of immigrants to the province, including Italians, Portuguese, Spanish, Japanese and Arabs, in addition to the development of a large network railroad, brought prosperity to São Paulo.[19][20][21][22]

Old Republic and the "Coffee with Milk politics" edit

When the republic was installed, the new state's economic predominance was clearly affirmed. If Brazil was coffee, coffee was São Paulo. This reality had repercussions in the national sphere, hence the homogeneity of 1894 to 1902, in three consecutive quadrenniums, under presidents Prudente de Morais, Campos Sales and Rodrigues Alves.[19]

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the advance of the railroads towards the Paraná River, dozens of municipalities were created along the railroads: Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana, NOB and Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro. Western São Paulo was populated for the first time. Because it was populated along the railroads, western São Paulo was divided into regions called Zona da Paulista, Zona da Sorocabana, Zona da Noroeste and Zona da Araraquarense. The railways were built in the highest regions, most suitable for coffee, the so-called spikes, which were less subject to frost.[19]

 
Luz Station, one of the symbols of São Paulo's power at the height of Republic of coffee with milk.

São Paulo entered the republican era with two trump cards: the wealth brought in by coffee and the free labor system, which had been introduced before the abolition of slavery and had already adapted and integrated into São Paulo's agricultural production. On the other hand, the local autonomy conferred by the new federative regime, in view of the broad rights conferred on the states, resulted in practice in real sovereignty. It came to politically and administratively reinforce the advantages conferred by the two factors above.[23]

Thus equipped, benefiting from the institutional weakness resulting from the Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil, São Paulo combined its economic power with the electoral strength of Minas Gerais and established coffee with milk politics, a reference to São Paola coffee and Minas Gerais’ dairy production. This alliance resulted in a change in federalism in Brazil, whose results are still visible today. For this, the business vision of his businessmen, who were mainly coffee growers and even in the empire had learned to use political power in defense of their economic interests, also competed. They immediately perceived the opportunity to introduce foreign immigrants and subsidize them with resources from the province, since the imperial government paid more attention to the establishment of colonial nuclei than to salaried immigration. With the institution of the republican regime, they were able to expand their means of action. From then on, until the 1929 crash, they did not lose sight of the expansion and defense of the product that sustained the region's economy.[23][24]

Despite internal dissension and several dissidents, the Partido Republicano Paulista (PRP) managed to maintain great cohesion in the face of the Union, which allowed it to carry forward a policy that generally satisfied dominant interests and undeniably contributed to the prestige of São Paulo within the federation.[24]

However, the first republican moments in São Paulo were not peaceful. They reflected the agitations and mistakes that occurred at the federal level. As in the other states, a provisional governing board was established. Then governor Prudente de Morais was appointed, but soon resigned. The state government then passed to Jorge Tibiriçá, appointed by Deodoro da Fonseca.[25]

 
Deodoro da Fonseca, proclaimer of the Brazilian republic

In 1890 the era of political dissension was inaugurated within the PRP, with the opposition exerted by the Centro Republicano de Santos, which in an August 24, 1890 manifesto launched the candidacy of Américo Brasiliense de Almeida Melo. The faculty of law was agitated, while the main republican figures of São Paulo, such as Prudente de Morais, Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Bernardino de Campos and Francisco Glicério de Cerqueira Leite, among others, were concerned about the authoritarianism of marshal Deodoro da Fonseca. He removed Jorge Tibiriçá and delegated power to Américo Brasiliense in 1891, who Deodoro da Fonseca considered the only one capable of organizing São Paulo.[25]

Discontent worsened. Bitter polemics were fought between Campos Sales, through the newspaper Correio Paulistano [pt], and Francisco Rangel Pestana, with the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo as a mouthpiece. In this environment, on June 8, 1891, the Constituent Assembly was installed and, in July, Américo Brasiliense, already chosen president of the state, promulgated the first constitution in São Paulo.[25]

Spirits seemed to calm when Deodoro da Fonseca's blow brought the excitement back to life. The capital and the countryside lived in apprehension under the threat of subversion of public order, which was spreading throughout the country. To avoid civil war, Deodoro resigned and the vice president, Floriano Peixoto, took over the presidency of the republic, and then received political and financial support from São Paulo against the uprisings that were spreading across the nation. In return, São Paulo assumed the hegemony of the federation with the election of Prudente de Morais in 1894, which started the series of civilian presidents.[25]

Meanwhile, in the state, Américo Brasiliense handed over the government to Major Sérgio Tertuliano Castelo Branco, who soon passed it on to whoever was entitled: vice president José Alves de Cerqueira César. This, in the face of the spirit of riot and monarchical reaction that reigned, dissolved the Legislative Assembly, immediately called another Congress and deposed all the city councils of the state. Elections were held for deputies and senators for the second state legislature, which took place on April 7, 1892. Always showing determination and firmness, Cerqueira César called on the electorate to choose a new president of the state: Bernardino de Campos, the first São Paulo governor elected by direct suffrage.[25]

After 1904, the mandates of the presidents of the state of São Paulo stabilized, every four years. Jorge Tibiriçá Piratininga reformed the police in São Paulo. In 1910, in a failed campaign, the paulistas supported the candidacy of Rui Barbosa to the presidency of the republic, with the president of São Paulo Albuquerque Lins as their vice. Defeated Rui Barbosa and assuming the presidency Hermes da Fonseca, São Paulo took the risk of federal intervention in Salvations Policy, however, with the election of the Counselor Rodrigues Alves, president of São Paulo from 1912 to 1916, thanks to his prestige throughout Brazil, São Paulo escaped federal intervention.

The president of São Paulo from 1916 to 1920, Dr. Altino Arantes Marques, faced the Five Greats: the Great War, the great frost of 1918, the strikes of 1917, the Spanish flu and the invasion of locusts in the interior of São Paulo.[26]

Dr. Washington Luís, who governed São Paulo from 1920 to 1924, revolutionized São Paulo with his motto "Governing is opening roads", and currently, 19 of the 20 best Brazilian highways are from São Paulo.[25]

In 1924, during the Carlos de Campos presidency, the 1924 Revolution took place in São Paulo, which forced Carlos de Campos to withdraw from the capital. Destruction and depredation and bombing happened on the part of the federal government. The rebels were defeated and headed for the interior of Brazil.[25]

Dr. Washington Luís came to the presidency of the republic in 1926; however, he was deposed on October 24, 1930.[27]

Revolutions of 1930 and 1932 (Brazilian Civil War of 1932) edit

On March 1, 1930, the president of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, was elected president of the republic, obtaining 91% of the valid votes in São Paulo. The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 however prevented him from taking office, and also overthrew the sitting president, Washington Luís, who had been president of São Paulo from 1920 to 1924.[28] São Paulo was then governed by the winners of the Revolution of 1930, and soon afterwards revolted, leading the Revolution of 1932. Júlio Prestes and Washington Luís were exiled. Newspapers that had supported the Progressive Republican Party (PRP) were shut down.[28][29]

 
MMDC poster calling the people of São Paulo to arms.

The 1930s in São Paulo were characterized, from an economic point of view, by efforts to adjust to the conditions created by the world crisis of 1929 and by the collapse of the price of coffee. From a political point of view, the period was marked by a struggle to recover São Paulo's hegemony in the federation, reached by Aliança Liberal [pt] and finally annihilated by the revolution of 1930.[29] This submitted the state to the action of federal interventionists, who, at first, were not even from São Paulo.[29]

Demands for a São Paulo government soon appeared, which, in the version of the winners of the Brazilian Revolution of 1930, was seen as an attempt to restore the hegemonic groups in São Paulo, whose economic and political interests were being harmed by the new situation.[29] However, even some stakeholders, such as João Alberto Lins de Barros [pt] sought to reconcile coffee growing with the new federal government guidance.[29]

Accustomed to leading their own destiny, the ruling classes rose up under the leadership of the Democratic Party, then chaired by Professor Francisco Morato, precisely the party allied with Getulist revolution of 1930.[30] The political organization however broke with the federal government and constituted, with the conservative classes and the old PRP, the Frente Única Paulista [pt] (United Front of São Paulo). The latter sought alliance with other states, particularly with the opposition gaúcha, but in the end the paulistas rebelled,[30] with the support only of troops from the State de Maracaju (now Mato Grosso do Sul).[31]

On July 9, 1932, the constitutional revolution of São Paulo broke out. Pedro de Toledo of São Paulo was proclaimed governor and governed the state. Battalions of volunteers were formed, and some army units, a strong contingent from Mato Grosso and almost all of the state public force joined the movement. Fifty thousand men initially mobilized, whose command fell to General Bertolo Klingler, and later to Colonel Euclides de Oliveira Figueiredo.[31]

Industry participated in the revolution with enthusiasm. Under the direction of Roberto Cochrane Simonsen [pt], the entire industrial park in São Paulo was placed at the service of the rebellion, dedicated to war production. Internal supply lines were also organized. The fight lasted, however, only three months and ended with the defeat of the paulistas and the loss of hundreds of lives.[31]

A few months after the surrender, the federal government, in order to pacify the country, decided to call elections for a Constituent assembly, responding to the main objective of the revolutionaries in São Paulo: the restoration of constitutional order. Meanwhile, São Paulo was under military occupation from October 1932 to August 1933. Former governor Pedro de Toledo, his secretariat, and other politicians who took an active part in the revolution were exiled.[31]

Economy edit

Industrialization and metropolization edit

 
The city of São Paulo has long been the primary industrial center of the state.

After World War I, coffee cultivation faced crises of oversupply and competition from other countries. The government began to regulate by coffee production to avoid these crises. Farms shut down, sending immigrant workers towards São Paulo.[29]

Political pressures arose demanding an end to the predominance of the São Paulo coffee elite, and artistic movements, such as the 1922 Modern Art Week considered the beginning of Brazilian Modernism, propagated new social and economic ideas. External immigration decreased and strikes by anarchists and communists broke out in São Paulo as industrial empires formed, such as that of the Matarazzo family.[32]

In 1930 coffee entered its last crisis, the Crisis of 1929, and the crash of the New York Stock Exchange the previous year, the collapse of overseas grain prices and the Brazilian Revolution of 1930, removed Paulistas from power.[29]

 
Satellite image of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo.

Two years later, in 1932, São Paulo fought Getúlio Vargas in the Constitutionalist revolution in an attempt to retake the lost power, but was defeated militarily. The coffee crisis worsened and a rural exodus to the city of São Paulo emptied the interior of the state.[29]

During the period of Estado Novo with Ademar de Barros as governor of the state and Francisco Prestes Maia mayor of the city of São Paulo, the state entered a new phase of development, with the construction of major highways and hydroelectric plants.[33]

World War II interrupted imports and São Paulo industry began a process of import substitution, producing previously imported products. This process intensified under the Juscelino Kubitschek government, which laid the foundations of the automotive industry in the greater ABC Region.[15]

To supply the necessary manpower, the state now receives millions of northeasterners, from the states of Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco and Paraíba, who replace the earlier immigrants and now compose the São Paulo middle class as workers.[34] These workers mainly live on the outskirts of São Paulo and in neighboring cities.[34][35] This rapid population increase caused a process of metropolization, where São Paulo agglomerated with neighboring cities, forming the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo.[34][35]

In 1960, the city of São Paulo became the largest Brazilian city and primary economic center in the country, surpassing Rio de Janeiro, due to the larger number of migrants to São Paulo.

In this period, São Paulo's policy was dominated by the rivalry between Janismo and Ademarismo, the two greatest political leaders in São Paulo, Ademar de Barros and Jânio Quadros.

Industrialization of the interior edit

 
Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, a primary vector of development in the interior

In the 1960s and 1970s, the state government promoted several projects to stimulate the economy of the interior, depopulated since the coffee crash in 1930.[36]

The Via Dutra (BR-116) supported the recovery and industrialization of the Vale do Paraíba, concentrated around the aviation industry of São José dos Campos.[36] To the west, Viracopos International Airport, the State University of Campinas (Unicamp), the opening of highways such as Rodovia Anhanguera, Rodovia dos Bandeirantes and Rodovia Washington Luís, and the implementation of modern production techniques, especially for sugarcane and its by-product, fuel alcohol, brought progress back to the Campinas, Sorocaba, Central Administrative Region, Ribeirão Preto and Franca regions.[37]

 
Campinas, the largest city in the state's interior

This economic recovery in the interior accelerated in the 1980s, when countless urban problems, such as violence, pollution and disorderly occupation, afflicted the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Between 1980 and 2000 the vast majority of investments made in the state were made outside the capital, which changed from an industrial metropolis to a center of services and finance. The interior, especially the axes between Campinas – Piracicaba – São Carlos – Ribeirão Preto – Franca and Sorocaba – São José dos Campos – Taubaté, became industrialized and prosperous.[38]

However, even with the enrichment and industrialization of the interior, other states have an even higher rate of economic growth than São Paulo, especially the South and Central-West regions.[citation needed]

Currently, although growth is lower and it faces competition from other states, São Paulo is the main economic and industrial hub of South America, the largest consumer market in Brazil.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "ItalianosItalianos". www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
  2. ^ Scribd. Available at http://pt.scribd.com/doc/ 35430825 / The-Guarani-peoples-in-the-region-of-Indaiatuba. Accessed on May 17, 2013.(subscription required)
  3. ^ a b BUENO, E. Brazil: a history . 2nd edition. São Paulo. Rile up. 2003. p. 19.
  4. ^ ENVIRONMENT SECRETARIAT (SMA). On the Biodiversity Paths of São Paulo (Org. Marcelo Leite). São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial, 2007. [See "Map of native vegetation and ethnic groups in the state of São Paulo in the 16th - 18th centuries", in: JORDÃO, 2011, p. 194, PDF.]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Government of São Paulo. (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2012-01-07. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o São Paulo State Geographical Guide. . pt. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Garschagen 1998, pp. 126–127.
  8. ^ a b c São Vicente City Hall. "Cellula Mater". from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
  9. ^ São Vicente City Hall. "The beginning of the settlement". from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
  10. ^ a b c d Garschagen 1998, p. 127
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Bibliography edit

Environmental history edit

  • JORDÃO, S. A contribuição da geomorfologia para o conhecimento da fitogeografia nativa do estado de São Paulo e da representatividade das Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral. Doctoral Thesis in Sciences, University of São Paulo, 2011. link.
  • ENVIRONMENT SECRETARIAT (SECRETARIA DE MEIO AMBIENTE (SMA)). Nos Caminhos da Biodiversidade Paulista (Org. Marcelo Leite). São Paulo: Official Press, 2007.
  • USTERI, A. Flora der umgebung der stadt São Paulo in Brasilien. Jena: G. Fischer, 1911. link.
  • VICTOR, M. A. M. et al. Cem anos de devastação: revisitada 30 anos depois. Brasília: Ministry of the Environment, 2005. link.
  • WANDERLEY, M.G.L. et al., coords. Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo. Botany Institute, São Paulo. 2001 – present. 8 vol. link.

Archeology and indigenous peoples edit

  • AFONSO, Marisa Coutinho. Um painel da arqueologia pré-histórica no Estado de São Paulo: os sítios cerâmicos. Especiaria: Cadernos de Ciências Humanas, v. 11–12, n. 20–21, 2008–2009, p. 127-155, [1].
  • DORNELLES, Soraia Sales. A questão indígena e o Império: índios, terra, trabalho e violência na província paulista, 1845-1891. Thesis (doctorate) - State University of Campinas, Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Campinas, 2016, link.
  • MONTEIRO, John et al. Índios no Estado de São Paulo: resistência e transfiguração. São Paulo: Yankatu, 1984, link.
  • SCHADEN, Egon. Os primitivos habitantes do território paulista. Revista de História, v. 8, n. 18, p. 385-406, 1954.
  • WICHERS, Camila Azevedo de Moraes. Mosaico Paulista: guia do patrimônio arqueológico do estado de São Paulo. São Paulo: Zanettini Arqueologia, 2010, [2].

Slavery edit

  • QUEIROZ, Suely Robles Reis de. Escravidão negra em São Paulo: um estudo das tensões provocadas pelo escravismo no século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria J. Olympio Editora, 1977.

Coffee and industrialization edit

  • DEAN, Warren. A industrialização de São Paulo (1880-1945). São Paulo: Difel, Edusp, 1971. [1a ed., 1969, link.]
  • MILLIET, Sérgio. Roteiro do Café. São Paulo: Ed. Bipa, 1946.

Others edit

  • BASSANEZI, Maria Silvia C. Beozzo; SCOTT, Ana Silvia Volpi; BACELLAR, Carlos de Almeida Prado; TRUZZI, O. M. S. Roteiro de fontes sobre a imigração em São Paulo 1850-1950. São Paulo: UNESP, 2008. 314p .
  • Garschagen, Donaldson M. (1998). Nova Enciclopédia Barsa. Vol. 11. São Paulo: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda.
  • GODOY, J. M. T. Identidade e regionalismo paulista: trajetória e mutações. Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História - ANPUH, São Paulo, July 2011, link.
  • SOUZA, Ricardo Luiz de. História regional e identidade: o caso de São Paulo. História & Perspectivas, Uberlândia, 36–37, 2007, pp. 389–411, [3].

External links edit

  Media related to History of São Paulo (state) at Wikimedia Commons

  • Full edition of the book History of the Captaincy of São Vicente Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme (in PDF format)
  • Memories for the history of the captaincy of S. Vicente, author Frei Gaspar da Madre de Deus

history, state, são, paulo, this, article, about, state, city, history, city, são, paulo, são, paulo, states, federative, republic, brazil, been, inhabited, since, 12000, when, first, indigenous, people, came, area, portuguese, spanish, navigators, arrived, 15. This article is about the state For the city see History of the city of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo is one of 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil It has been inhabited since 12000 BC when the first indigenous people came to the area Portuguese and Spanish navigators arrived in the 15th century In 1532 Portuguese explorer Martim Afonso de Sousa officially founded the first Portuguese settlement in the Americas the village of Sao Vicente Flag of Sao PauloCoat of arms of Sao Paulo with PRO BRASILIA FIANT EXIMIA In the 17th century the bandeirantes accelerated exploration of the interior expanding Portugal s territories in South America beyond the agreed borders set by the Treaty of Tordesilhas After the Captaincy of Sao Paulo was established in the 18th century the region increased in political importance although it achieved more significant economic and population growth after the independence of Brazil Under the Empire of Brazil Sao Paulo s economy was based on coffee plantations In the second half of the 19th century European immigrants increasingly replaced slave labor on plantations mainly Italians attracted by the imperial government s offer of land Increased coffee cultivation and the construction of railroads drove the growth of the state s economy In the 20th century especially in the Vargas Era state economic development primarily centered on the industrial sector which fueled production for all of Brazil Sao Paulo s population greatly increased in the modern era It has one of the country s most urbanized populations and today is one of the most diverse in the country mainly descended from Italians 1 Portuguese indigenous peoples Afro Brazilians and migrants from other regions of the country Other populations such as Arabs Germans Spaniards Japanese and Chinese also have a significant presence in the state Contents 1 Indigenous peoples 2 European colonization 3 The Bandeiras 4 Gold rush and decline 5 Return of the captaincy and Province of Sao Paulo 6 The Coffee in history of the State of Sao Paulo 7 Old Republic and the Coffee with Milk politics 8 Revolutions of 1930 and 1932 Brazilian Civil War of 1932 9 Economy 10 Industrialization and metropolization 11 Industrialization of the interior 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 14 1 Environmental history 14 2 Archeology and indigenous peoples 14 3 Slavery 14 4 Coffee and industrialization 14 5 Others 15 External linksIndigenous peoples edit nbsp 17th century engraving by Andre Thevet depicting Tupinamba men smoking Indigenous peoples have lived in Sao Paulo since approximately 12000 BC 2 Around 1000 its coast was invaded by Tupi speakers from the Amazon rainforest 3 When Europeans arrived in the 16th century the indigenous people on the coast were mostly Tupinambas Tupiniquins and Carijos with Macro Je speakers in the interior 3 4 European colonization editSee also Colonial Brazil nbsp Founding of Sao Vicente by Benedito Calixto The first European settlements in Sao Paulo were unofficial Cosme Fernandes Pessoa pt a Portuguese exile and castaway known as the Bachelor of Cananeia is considered the original founder of the Sao Vicente settlement by many historians Pessoa governed Sao Vicente and controlled the region s trade A document dated April 23 1499 found by historian Jaime Cortesao suggests that Pessoa lived in Brazil before Pedro Alvares Cabral arrived in 1500 the document reports an unofficial trip by Bartolomeu Dias to Brazil Another document from 1526 describes Sao Vicente as a village of a dozen houses only one of them built of stone and one tower for defense 5 6 7 This initial nucleus was probably begun by castaways 7 8 On January 22 1502 Amerigo Vespucci named Sao Vicente Island the location of the settlement of the same name after one of the patron saints of Portugal Saint Vincent of Saragossa while mapping the coast of Brazil 5 6 7 In 1530 Martim Afonso de Sousa left Portugal for Brazil assigned by King John III to establish a colony to confirm the power of Portugal s monarchy 5 6 7 De Sousa was instructed to remove Pessoa from power in Sao Vicente 6 7 Having warning of De Sousa s intentions Pessoa had the settlement burned and its people fled to the settlement of Cananeia 5 6 7 On the ruins of the old city de Sousa founded Sao Vicente officially on January 20 1532 making it the first legal Portuguese settlement in Brazil 7 8 9 De Sousa distributed sesmaria pt land grants and constructed several buildings leaving Sao Vicente populated and organized Sao Vicente hosted the Americas first parliament and held the continents first elections 5 6 7 In 1536 a group led by Pessoa attacked looted and burned Sao Vicente where they hanged Henrique Montes a former friend of Pessoa who had criticized him to the king to receive land De Sousa was granted a hereditary captaincy the Captaincy of Sao Vicente in 1534 5 6 7 8 When de Sousa sailed from Brazil on May 22 1533 he left his wife Ana Pimentel the first grantee in Brazil She in turn appointed Bras Cubas as governor of the captaincy The port of Sao Vicente suffered the first major ecological disaster in Brazil land near the sea had been cleared and farmed Since the soil was sandy and had lost its protective layer rains took the sand out to sea silting the port of Sao Vicente the only access to the Portuguese mainland Given the loss of the port and the attack by the Bachelor of Cananeia on Sao Vicente Cubas decided to set up a more sheltered port in the Enguaguacu region The fact that the name of this place was indigenous not Portuguese shows that the initiative was not official The port was transferred in 1536 and a settlement established there which was later called Santos Cubas attracted settlers there from the surrounding area and built the first Catholic mission in Brazil Santa Casa Holy House The village of Sao Vicente went into decline 5 6 7 nbsp Biquinha de Anchieta catechism classes of Jesuit Jose de Anchieta Despite the difficulties of crossing the Serra do Mar the fields of the plateau attracted settlers and made Sao Paulo an exception in early Portuguese colonization which usually concentrated on the coasts Looking for precious metals the Portuguese crossed the Serra do Mar by an old indigenous route through Peabiru In 1553 Portuguese settlers founded the Vila de Santo Andre da Borda do Campo The Jesuits led by Manuel da Nobrega in 1554 founded a college for Indians on a hill in Piratininga which became the village of Sao Paulo de Piratininga on the plateau beyond 6 7 The Portuguese also founded other villages on the plateau such as Santana de Parnaiba thus guaranteeing the security and livelihood of Sao Paulo 5 6 7 By 1560 Vila de Santo Andre was extinct and its residents moved to Sao Paulo de Piratininga 5 6 7 The coastal strip narrow due to the barrier of the Serra do Mar lacked the necessary conditions for large scale farming In turn the plateau faced the serious obstacle of the Caminho do Mar which instead of connecting isolated the Piratininga region denying it access to the ocean and therefore transportation As a result the captaincy was prevented from successfully cultivating the main agricultural product of colonial Brazil sugarcane and from competing with the main sugar cultivation zones of the time Pernambuco and Bahia 5 6 7 Piratininga established a subsistence polyculture was based on the forced labor of indigenous people The inventories of the first paulista settlers show few imports and a complete absence of luxury Isolation created a peculiar society in the plateau Arriving in Sao Paulo required particular strength to cross the mountains and withstand attacks by Indians hunger and disease These living conditions determined the structure of their society in a more democratic way than in those established further north 5 6 7 Although there were reports who of Portuguese women in De Sousa s fleet no records of this have yet been found The first known written record of Portuguese women in Brazil dates from 1550 Thus the first wives were generally mamelucas mestizo or Indias indigenous 5 6 7 The proliferation of mamelucos resulting from marriages to the indigenous Tupi peoples that dominated the Brazilian coast contributed to a cultural hybridism that attenuated less quickly than in other regions where an influx of blacks and easier contact with the metropolis diluted it More than anywhere else the Portuguese in Sap Paulo integrated certain cultural traits of the Tupis that allowed them to survive and more to take advantage of the hostile backlands 5 6 7 The Bandeiras edit nbsp Statue of Antonio Raposo Tavares one of the most famous bandeirantes at the Museu Paulista in Sao Paulo Economic difficulties and a spirit of adventure were important factors in the rush into the hinterland This was the century of Bandeirantes one in which the bandeirismo offensive began largely motivated by the profits to be made hunting indigenous peoples for slaves From the village of Sao Paulo the bandeirantes headed by Antonio Raposo Tavares Manuel Preto and Andre Fernandes pt among others departed 5 10 full citation needed Due to their isolation the paulistas as the residents of Sao Paulo are known enjoyed considerable autonomy for the first two centuries in areas such as defense indigenous relations ecclesiastical administration public works and municipal services price controls and goods The local governments composed of good men of the land were rarely limited to their legitimate attributions Sao Paulo s independence especially almost made the Portuguese government forget it 10 11 nbsp Monument to the Bandeiras in Ibirapuera Park in Sao Paulo The slaver bandeirismo became the mining bandeirismo when Borba Gato Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva Pascoal Moreira Cabral Leme and others discovered gold veins in Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso A hard ordeal was the effect of the discovery of gold on Sao Paulo and other villages on the plateau all sought the immediate enrichment represented by the precious metal As Jose Joaquim Machado de Oliveira pt said there were no Paulista who more or less stopped stroking the thought of discovering mines 10 11 Thus the population of the Brazilian backlands was made at the sacrifice of the inhabitants of Sao Paulo and at the expense of the population density of the captaincy This demographic rupture combined with the geographical factors already mentioned the Serra do Mar caused a fall in agricultural productivity as well as a decline in other activities which accentuated the people s poverty during the 18th century The captaincy which then covered the entire region of the gold discoveries was transferred to the crown and got its own government in 1709 separate from the government of Rio de Janeiro and with headquarters in town of Sao Paulo elevated to city in 1711 10 11 Gold rush and decline editMain article War of the Emboabas At the end of the 17th century bandeirantes from Sao Paulo discovered gold in the region of Rio das Mortes close to the current Sao Joao del Rei The discovery of immense gold deposits provoked a race to Minas Gerais as the numerous gold deposits were called at the time 12 nbsp Administrative division of Brazil after War of the Emboabas As discoverers of the mines the paulistas wanted exclusive rights to prospect for gold They were defeated in 1710 with the end of the War of the Emboabas War of the Newcomers however and lost control of Minas Gerais which became an autonomous captaincy in 1721 The gold extracted from Minas Gerais was exported through Rio de Janeiro As compensation Sao Paulo was elevated to the status of city in 1711 12 The exodus towards Minas Gerais caused the economic decline in the captaincy and throughout the 18th century it lost territory and economic dynamism until it was simply annexed in 1748 to the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro Thus shortly before being annexed to Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo lost territory for the creation of Capitania de Goias pt and Capitania do Mato Grosso pt These two captaincies today correspond to the states of Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso Rondonia Goias Tocantins Federal District and the Triangulo Mineiro 13 Some authors have contested this version of the captaincy s decay The main argument that leads historians to defend this thesis is the stabilization of the number of villages that arose in the period However the number of inhabitants would not have decreased only concentrated in the existing villages and its population despite not directly profiting from the mines dominated the supply of food mainly linked to livestock The main justification for the annexation to Grosso was the security of the mines since Sao Paulo would be their natural shield against invasions from Argentina or other Spanish colonies Return of the captaincy and Province of Sao Paulo edit nbsp Map of the province of Sao Paulo 1886 The governor of Minas Gerais Luis Diogo Lobo da Silva pt on September 24 1764 annexed the left bank of the Sapucai River extending the borders of Minas Gerais to roughly the current border with Sao Paulo which never recovered the annexed territory even after the captaincy was re created The region annexed by Minas Gerais continued to belong to Archdiocese of Sao Paulo however 13 In 1765 through the efforts of Luis Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourao pt the Morgado de Mateus pt Sao Paulo again became a captaincy Sugar production was incentivized to provide revenue However the captaincy retained only about a third of its original territory the current states of Sao Paulo and Parana and part of Santa Catarina 13 The Morgado de Mateus pt created the villages of Lages and Campo Mourao to defend the captaincy as well as several other villages which had not occurred since the beginning of the 18th century in Sao Paulo 13 The villages of Campinas and Piracicaba were founded in eastern Sao Paulo a favorable region for farming where sugar cane grew quickly Sugar was exported through the port of Santos peaking at the beginning of the 19th century 13 The captaincy of Sao Paulo gained political weight during the time of Independence of Brazil through Jose Bonifacio de Andrada On September 7 1822 Dom Pedro I proclaimed Brazilian independence on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook in Sao Paulo In 1821 the captaincy became a province 13 In 1820 John VI of Portugal annexed Lages to Santa Catarina costing Sao Paulo a little more of its territory 13 In 1853 the province of Parana was created and Sao Paulo lost territory for a final time and has maintained its current territory from that date 13 The current territorial boundaries of the state of Sao Paulo weren t definitively fixed until the 1930s 13 The Coffee in history of the State of Sao Paulo editIn 1817 the first coffee farm in Sao Paulo was founded in the Paraiba do Sul River valley 14 After independence coffee cultivation became more prevalent in the Paraiba rapidly enriching cities such as Guaratingueta Bananal Lorena and Pindamonhangaba nbsp Bolsa do Cafe pt Coffee exchange in Santos now a museum The coffee plantations of the Paraiba Valley used slave labor on a large scale and sold the beans through Rio de Janeiro As a result the valley quickly enriched itself creating a rural oligarchy However the rest of the province remained dependent on sugar cane 15 and on the commerce in the city of Sao Paulo driven by the establishment of a law school in 1827 16 Sao Paulo also began grow as a city opening its first establishments for travelers students and merchants who wanted to learn about the area or to establish projects Pensions hotels and inns began to be regulated and grew in number providing options for accommodation comfort and leisure 17 However soil exhaustion in the Paraiba Valley and the increasing restrictions imposed on the slavery regime clarification needed led to a decline in the region s coffee cultivation in 1860 The valley emptied itself economically and coffee cultivation moved towards the west of the province beginning with the Campinas and Itu areas where it replaced the sugar cane cultivated there until then citation needed The migration of coffee to the west caused major economic and social changes in the province The 1850 ban on the Atlantic slave trade led to a need for a fresh source of labor for the new crops The Imperial and provincial governments began to encourage European immigration 17 The flow of exports went through the port of Santos which led to the establishment of the first railroad the Sao Paulo Railway Inaugurated in 1867 it was built by English financial capital and the Visconde de Maua and linked Santos to Jundiai through Sao Paulo It became an important trading post between the coast and the coffee growing interior 17 nbsp Coffee being shipped through the port of Santos in 1880 by Marc Ferrez Coffee growing gradually spread into western Sao Paulo passing through Campinas Rio Claro and Porto Ferreira In 1870 it found its most fertile fields Terra Roxa in northeastern Sao Paulo state near Ribeirao Preto Sao Carlos and Jau where the largest and most productive coffee farms in the world arose 18 Behind new lands for coffee explorers entered the previously unexplored area between the Serra de Botucatu sv and the Parana Tiete and Paranapanema rivers where they founded cities such as Bauru Marilia Garca Aracatuba and Presidente Prudente at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century 18 Sao Paulo s borders were defined with the emancipation of Parana Province in 1853 The south of Sao Paulo Vale do Ribeira and the region of Itapeva did not attract coffee cultivation and suffered from border disputes between Sao Paulo and Parana This led to less development in the area compared to the rest of the province making it yet one of the poorest regions of Sao Paulo 18 The wealth created by coffee and the constant arrival of immigrants to the province including Italians Portuguese Spanish Japanese and Arabs in addition to the development of a large network railroad brought prosperity to Sao Paulo 19 20 21 22 Old Republic and the Coffee with Milk politics editMain article Coffee with milk politics When the republic was installed the new state s economic predominance was clearly affirmed If Brazil was coffee coffee was Sao Paulo This reality had repercussions in the national sphere hence the homogeneity of 1894 to 1902 in three consecutive quadrenniums under presidents Prudente de Morais Campos Sales and Rodrigues Alves 19 At the beginning of the 20th century with the advance of the railroads towards the Parana River dozens of municipalities were created along the railroads Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana NOB and Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro Western Sao Paulo was populated for the first time Because it was populated along the railroads western Sao Paulo was divided into regions called Zona da Paulista Zona da Sorocabana Zona da Noroeste and Zona da Araraquarense The railways were built in the highest regions most suitable for coffee the so called spikes which were less subject to frost 19 nbsp Luz Station one of the symbols of Sao Paulo s power at the height of Republic of coffee with milk Sao Paulo entered the republican era with two trump cards the wealth brought in by coffee and the free labor system which had been introduced before the abolition of slavery and had already adapted and integrated into Sao Paulo s agricultural production On the other hand the local autonomy conferred by the new federative regime in view of the broad rights conferred on the states resulted in practice in real sovereignty It came to politically and administratively reinforce the advantages conferred by the two factors above 23 Thus equipped benefiting from the institutional weakness resulting from the Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil Sao Paulo combined its economic power with the electoral strength of Minas Gerais and established coffee with milk politics a reference to Sao Paola coffee and Minas Gerais dairy production This alliance resulted in a change in federalism in Brazil whose results are still visible today For this the business vision of his businessmen who were mainly coffee growers and even in the empire had learned to use political power in defense of their economic interests also competed They immediately perceived the opportunity to introduce foreign immigrants and subsidize them with resources from the province since the imperial government paid more attention to the establishment of colonial nuclei than to salaried immigration With the institution of the republican regime they were able to expand their means of action From then on until the 1929 crash they did not lose sight of the expansion and defense of the product that sustained the region s economy 23 24 Despite internal dissension and several dissidents the Partido Republicano Paulista PRP managed to maintain great cohesion in the face of the Union which allowed it to carry forward a policy that generally satisfied dominant interests and undeniably contributed to the prestige of Sao Paulo within the federation 24 However the first republican moments in Sao Paulo were not peaceful They reflected the agitations and mistakes that occurred at the federal level As in the other states a provisional governing board was established Then governor Prudente de Morais was appointed but soon resigned The state government then passed to Jorge Tibirica appointed by Deodoro da Fonseca 25 nbsp Deodoro da Fonseca proclaimer of the Brazilian republic In 1890 the era of political dissension was inaugurated within the PRP with the opposition exerted by the Centro Republicano de Santos which in an August 24 1890 manifesto launched the candidacy of Americo Brasiliense de Almeida Melo The faculty of law was agitated while the main republican figures of Sao Paulo such as Prudente de Morais Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales Bernardino de Campos and Francisco Glicerio de Cerqueira Leite among others were concerned about the authoritarianism of marshal Deodoro da Fonseca He removed Jorge Tibirica and delegated power to Americo Brasiliense in 1891 who Deodoro da Fonseca considered the only one capable of organizing Sao Paulo 25 Discontent worsened Bitter polemics were fought between Campos Sales through the newspaper Correio Paulistano pt and Francisco Rangel Pestana with the newspaper O Estado de S Paulo as a mouthpiece In this environment on June 8 1891 the Constituent Assembly was installed and in July Americo Brasiliense already chosen president of the state promulgated the first constitution in Sao Paulo 25 Spirits seemed to calm when Deodoro da Fonseca s blow brought the excitement back to life The capital and the countryside lived in apprehension under the threat of subversion of public order which was spreading throughout the country To avoid civil war Deodoro resigned and the vice president Floriano Peixoto took over the presidency of the republic and then received political and financial support from Sao Paulo against the uprisings that were spreading across the nation In return Sao Paulo assumed the hegemony of the federation with the election of Prudente de Morais in 1894 which started the series of civilian presidents 25 Meanwhile in the state Americo Brasiliense handed over the government to Major Sergio Tertuliano Castelo Branco who soon passed it on to whoever was entitled vice president Jose Alves de Cerqueira Cesar This in the face of the spirit of riot and monarchical reaction that reigned dissolved the Legislative Assembly immediately called another Congress and deposed all the city councils of the state Elections were held for deputies and senators for the second state legislature which took place on April 7 1892 Always showing determination and firmness Cerqueira Cesar called on the electorate to choose a new president of the state Bernardino de Campos the first Sao Paulo governor elected by direct suffrage 25 After 1904 the mandates of the presidents of the state of Sao Paulo stabilized every four years Jorge Tibirica Piratininga reformed the police in Sao Paulo In 1910 in a failed campaign the paulistas supported the candidacy of Rui Barbosa to the presidency of the republic with the president of Sao Paulo Albuquerque Lins as their vice Defeated Rui Barbosa and assuming the presidency Hermes da Fonseca Sao Paulo took the risk of federal intervention in Salvations Policy however with the election of the Counselor Rodrigues Alves president of Sao Paulo from 1912 to 1916 thanks to his prestige throughout Brazil Sao Paulo escaped federal intervention The president of Sao Paulo from 1916 to 1920 Dr Altino Arantes Marques faced the Five Greats the Great War the great frost of 1918 the strikes of 1917 the Spanish flu and the invasion of locusts in the interior of Sao Paulo 26 Dr Washington Luis who governed Sao Paulo from 1920 to 1924 revolutionized Sao Paulo with his motto Governing is opening roads and currently 19 of the 20 best Brazilian highways are from Sao Paulo 25 In 1924 during the Carlos de Campos presidency the 1924 Revolution took place in Sao Paulo which forced Carlos de Campos to withdraw from the capital Destruction and depredation and bombing happened on the part of the federal government The rebels were defeated and headed for the interior of Brazil 25 Dr Washington Luis came to the presidency of the republic in 1926 however he was deposed on October 24 1930 27 Revolutions of 1930 and 1932 Brazilian Civil War of 1932 editMain articles Brazilian Revolution of 1930 and 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution On March 1 1930 the president of Sao Paulo Julio Prestes was elected president of the republic obtaining 91 of the valid votes in Sao Paulo The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 however prevented him from taking office and also overthrew the sitting president Washington Luis who had been president of Sao Paulo from 1920 to 1924 28 Sao Paulo was then governed by the winners of the Revolution of 1930 and soon afterwards revolted leading the Revolution of 1932 Julio Prestes and Washington Luis were exiled Newspapers that had supported the Progressive Republican Party PRP were shut down 28 29 nbsp MMDC poster calling the people of Sao Paulo to arms The 1930s in Sao Paulo were characterized from an economic point of view by efforts to adjust to the conditions created by the world crisis of 1929 and by the collapse of the price of coffee From a political point of view the period was marked by a struggle to recover Sao Paulo s hegemony in the federation reached by Alianca Liberal pt and finally annihilated by the revolution of 1930 29 This submitted the state to the action of federal interventionists who at first were not even from Sao Paulo 29 Demands for a Sao Paulo government soon appeared which in the version of the winners of the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 was seen as an attempt to restore the hegemonic groups in Sao Paulo whose economic and political interests were being harmed by the new situation 29 However even some stakeholders such as Joao Alberto Lins de Barros pt sought to reconcile coffee growing with the new federal government guidance 29 Accustomed to leading their own destiny the ruling classes rose up under the leadership of the Democratic Party then chaired by Professor Francisco Morato precisely the party allied with Getulist revolution of 1930 30 The political organization however broke with the federal government and constituted with the conservative classes and the old PRP the Frente Unica Paulista pt United Front of Sao Paulo The latter sought alliance with other states particularly with the opposition gaucha but in the end the paulistas rebelled 30 with the support only of troops from the State de Maracaju now Mato Grosso do Sul 31 On July 9 1932 the constitutional revolution of Sao Paulo broke out Pedro de Toledo of Sao Paulo was proclaimed governor and governed the state Battalions of volunteers were formed and some army units a strong contingent from Mato Grosso and almost all of the state public force joined the movement Fifty thousand men initially mobilized whose command fell to General Bertolo Klingler and later to Colonel Euclides de Oliveira Figueiredo 31 Industry participated in the revolution with enthusiasm Under the direction of Roberto Cochrane Simonsen pt the entire industrial park in Sao Paulo was placed at the service of the rebellion dedicated to war production Internal supply lines were also organized The fight lasted however only three months and ended with the defeat of the paulistas and the loss of hundreds of lives 31 A few months after the surrender the federal government in order to pacify the country decided to call elections for a Constituent assembly responding to the main objective of the revolutionaries in Sao Paulo the restoration of constitutional order Meanwhile Sao Paulo was under military occupation from October 1932 to August 1933 Former governor Pedro de Toledo his secretariat and other politicians who took an active part in the revolution were exiled 31 Economy editMain article Economy of the state of Sao PauloIndustrialization and metropolization edit nbsp The city of Sao Paulo has long been the primary industrial center of the state After World War I coffee cultivation faced crises of oversupply and competition from other countries The government began to regulate by coffee production to avoid these crises Farms shut down sending immigrant workers towards Sao Paulo 29 Political pressures arose demanding an end to the predominance of the Sao Paulo coffee elite and artistic movements such as the 1922 Modern Art Week considered the beginning of Brazilian Modernism propagated new social and economic ideas External immigration decreased and strikes by anarchists and communists broke out in Sao Paulo as industrial empires formed such as that of the Matarazzo family 32 In 1930 coffee entered its last crisis the Crisis of 1929 and the crash of the New York Stock Exchange the previous year the collapse of overseas grain prices and the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 removed Paulistas from power 29 nbsp Satellite image of the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo Two years later in 1932 Sao Paulo fought Getulio Vargas in the Constitutionalist revolution in an attempt to retake the lost power but was defeated militarily The coffee crisis worsened and a rural exodus to the city of Sao Paulo emptied the interior of the state 29 During the period of Estado Novo with Ademar de Barros as governor of the state and Francisco Prestes Maia mayor of the city of Sao Paulo the state entered a new phase of development with the construction of major highways and hydroelectric plants 33 World War II interrupted imports and Sao Paulo industry began a process of import substitution producing previously imported products This process intensified under the Juscelino Kubitschek government which laid the foundations of the automotive industry in the greater ABC Region 15 To supply the necessary manpower the state now receives millions of northeasterners from the states of Bahia Ceara Pernambuco and Paraiba who replace the earlier immigrants and now compose the Sao Paulo middle class as workers 34 These workers mainly live on the outskirts of Sao Paulo and in neighboring cities 34 35 This rapid population increase caused a process of metropolization where Sao Paulo agglomerated with neighboring cities forming the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo 34 35 In 1960 the city of Sao Paulo became the largest Brazilian city and primary economic center in the country surpassing Rio de Janeiro due to the larger number of migrants to Sao Paulo In this period Sao Paulo s policy was dominated by the rivalry between Janismo and Ademarismo the two greatest political leaders in Sao Paulo Ademar de Barros and Janio Quadros Industrialization of the interior edit nbsp Rodovia dos Bandeirantes a primary vector of development in the interior In the 1960s and 1970s the state government promoted several projects to stimulate the economy of the interior depopulated since the coffee crash in 1930 36 The Via Dutra BR 116 supported the recovery and industrialization of the Vale do Paraiba concentrated around the aviation industry of Sao Jose dos Campos 36 To the west Viracopos International Airport the State University of Campinas Unicamp the opening of highways such as Rodovia Anhanguera Rodovia dos Bandeirantes and Rodovia Washington Luis and the implementation of modern production techniques especially for sugarcane and its by product fuel alcohol brought progress back to the Campinas Sorocaba Central Administrative Region Ribeirao Preto and Franca regions 37 nbsp Campinas the largest city in the state s interior This economic recovery in the interior accelerated in the 1980s when countless urban problems such as violence pollution and disorderly occupation afflicted the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo Between 1980 and 2000 the vast majority of investments made in the state were made outside the capital which changed from an industrial metropolis to a center of services and finance The interior especially the axes between Campinas Piracicaba Sao Carlos Ribeirao Preto Franca and Sorocaba Sao Jose dos Campos Taubate became industrialized and prosperous 38 However even with the enrichment and industrialization of the interior other states have an even higher rate of economic growth than Sao Paulo especially the South and Central West regions citation needed Currently although growth is lower and it faces competition from other states Sao Paulo is the main economic and industrial hub of South America the largest consumer market in Brazil See also editState of Sao Paulo City of Sao Paulo List of people from Sao PauloReferences edit ItalianosItalianos www webcitation org Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2016 12 06 Scribd Available at http pt scribd com doc 35430825 The Guarani peoples in the region of Indaiatuba Accessed on May 17 2013 subscription required a b BUENO E Brazil a history 2nd edition Sao Paulo Rile up 2003 p 19 ENVIRONMENT SECRETARIAT SMA On the Biodiversity Paths of Sao Paulo Org Marcelo Leite Sao Paulo Imprensa Oficial 2007 See Map of native vegetation and ethnic groups in the state of Sao Paulo in the 16th 18th centuries in JORDAO 2011 p 194 PDF a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Government of Sao Paulo A Colonia in Portuguese Archived from the original on 2012 01 07 Retrieved 2011 07 22 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Sao Paulo State Geographical Guide Historia pt Archived from the original on 2011 08 12 Retrieved 2011 07 20 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Garschagen 1998 pp 126 127 a b c Sao Vicente City Hall Cellula Mater Archived from the original on 2011 09 05 Retrieved 2011 07 21 Sao Vicente City Hall The beginning of the settlement Archived from the original on 2011 11 03 Retrieved 2011 07 21 a b c d Garschagen 1998 p 127 a b c Colegio WEB O bandeirismo Archived from the original on 2012 05 22 Retrieved 2011 07 22 a b Idas Brasil From Glory to Oblivion Archived from the original on 2011 09 07 Retrieved July 22 2011 a b c d e f g h i Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros of the University of Sao Paulo 2005 Mercantile expansion in Sao Paulo decay and vagrancy in the speeches of memorialists travelers and public authorities 1782 1822 Almanack Braziliense Retrieved 2011 07 22 The history of coffee CHRONOLOGY 2006 02 13 Archived from the original on 2017 05 24 Retrieved 2017 06 14 a b School Info 2008 09 24 History of Sao Paulo Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2011 07 22 VALENZUELA Sandra Trabucco Images of Hospitality in the City of Sao Paulo Panorama of establishments until 1980 Sao Paulo Senac SP 1013 a b c Circuito Historias do Cafe 2014 09 09 dead link a b c Great Encyclopedia Larousse 2008 A historia do cafe CRONOLOGIA Planeta Organico Archived from the original on 2011 07 03 Retrieved 2011 07 22 a b c Diego Francisco de Carvalho 2007 11 27 Coffee railways and population growth the flourishing of the northwest region of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo State Public Archive Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2011 07 22 MARTINE George MCGRANAHAN Gordon 2010 The Brazilian urban transition trajectory difficulties and lessons learned In UNFP A Rosana Baeninger Org eds Population and Cities subsidies for planning and for social policies PDF Campinas pp 11 24 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2018 03 26 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link MELO Jose Evandro Vieira de 2010 02 25 Sugar in coffee sugar agribusiness and modernization in Sao Paulo 1850 1910 PDF Doctoral Thesis Economic History University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Philosophy Letters and Human Sciences p 487 Retrieved 2013 08 20 BERNARDO Hebe de Camargo 2012 The workers of the Cafe analysis of a work by Portinari PDF Dissertation Master in Arts Universidade Estadual Paulista Institute of Arts p 27 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2013 08 20 a b Vitor Amorim de Angelo Agreement marked the Old Republic Uol Education Archived from the original on 2011 10 08 Retrieved 22 July 2011 a b Lucia Helena Storto Sidney Aguilar Filho The Oligarchic Republic The Coffee with Milk Politics Libertarian Archived from the original on 2012 01 28 Retrieved 2011 07 22 a b c d e f g Garschagen 1998 pp 130 131 Human Resources Department DRHU of Sao Paulo Altino Arantes Archived from the original on 2011 05 23 Retrieved 2011 07 22 Brasil Escola Revolta Paulista de 1924 Archived from the original on 2013 05 06 Retrieved 2011 07 22 a b Library of the Presidency of the Republic Washington Luis Pereira de Sousa Archived from the original on 2011 08 01 Retrieved 2011 07 22 a b c d e f g h Government of Sao Paulo The Republic Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2011 07 24 a b Center for Research and Documentation of Contemporary History of Brazil CPDOC Frente Unica Paulista Fupup Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2011 07 25 a b c d Maranhao Ricardo July 2010 Sao Paulo 1932 technology at the service of the Revolution Living History Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2011 07 25 Cleber Santos Vieira Civic paratextos school books and the formation of citizens in Brazil Faculty of Education of the University of Sao Paulo FE USP Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2011 07 25 Marli Guimaraes Hayashi 19 November 2010 Rouba mas faz Revista de Historia Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2011 07 25 a b c Olinda Franca 2005 05 14 Sao Paulo has received Northeasterners since 1960 Spiner Archived from the original on 2011 07 28 Retrieved 2011 07 25 a b IBGE Teen How are you doing now Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2011 07 25 a b Giopato Daniela Roads Duplicated and less dangerous O Carreteiro Archived from the original on 2011 11 13 Retrieved 2011 07 25 City Hall of Campinas Campinas Archived from the original on 2011 06 05 Retrieved 25 July 2011 Eliane Yambanis Obersteiner The role of migration in the construction and economy of the city Uol Educacao Archived from the original on 2011 08 22 Retrieved 2011 07 25 Bibliography editEnvironmental history edit JORDAO S A contribuicao da geomorfologia para o conhecimento da fitogeografia nativa do estado de Sao Paulo e da representatividade das Unidades de Conservacao de Protecao Integral Doctoral Thesis in Sciences University of Sao Paulo 2011 link ENVIRONMENT SECRETARIAT SECRETARIA DE MEIO AMBIENTE SMA Nos Caminhos da Biodiversidade Paulista Org Marcelo Leite Sao Paulo Official Press 2007 USTERI A Flora der umgebung der stadt Sao Paulo in Brasilien Jena G Fischer 1911 link VICTOR M A M et al Cem anos de devastacao revisitada 30 anos depois Brasilia Ministry of the Environment 2005 link WANDERLEY M G L et al coords Flora Fanerogamica do Estado de Sao Paulo Botany Institute Sao Paulo 2001 present 8 vol link Archeology and indigenous peoples edit AFONSO Marisa Coutinho Um painel da arqueologia pre historica no Estado de Sao Paulo os sitios ceramicos Especiaria Cadernos de Ciencias Humanas v 11 12 n 20 21 2008 2009 p 127 155 1 DORNELLES Soraia Sales A questao indigena e o Imperio indios terra trabalho e violencia na provincia paulista 1845 1891 Thesis doctorate State University of Campinas Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences Campinas 2016 link MONTEIRO John et al Indios no Estado de Sao Paulo resistencia e transfiguracao Sao Paulo Yankatu 1984 link SCHADEN Egon Os primitivos habitantes do territorio paulista Revista de Historia v 8 n 18 p 385 406 1954 WICHERS Camila Azevedo de Moraes Mosaico Paulista guia do patrimonio arqueologico do estado de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Zanettini Arqueologia 2010 2 Slavery edit QUEIROZ Suely Robles Reis de Escravidao negra em Sao Paulo um estudo das tensoes provocadas pelo escravismo no seculo XIX Rio de Janeiro Livraria J Olympio Editora 1977 Coffee and industrialization edit DEAN Warren A industrializacao de Sao Paulo 1880 1945 Sao Paulo Difel Edusp 1971 1a ed 1969 link MILLIET Sergio Roteiro do Cafe Sao Paulo Ed Bipa 1946 Others edit BASSANEZI Maria Silvia C Beozzo SCOTT Ana Silvia Volpi BACELLAR Carlos de Almeida Prado TRUZZI O M S Roteiro de fontes sobre a imigracao em Sao Paulo 1850 1950 Sao Paulo UNESP 2008 314p Garschagen Donaldson M 1998 Nova Enciclopedia Barsa Vol 11 Sao Paulo Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil Publicacoes Ltda GODOY J M T Identidade e regionalismo paulista trajetoria e mutacoes Anais do XXVI Simposio Nacional de Historia ANPUH Sao Paulo July 2011 link SOUZA Ricardo Luiz de Historia regional e identidade o caso de Sao Paulo Historia amp Perspectivas Uberlandia 36 37 2007 pp 389 411 3 External links edit nbsp Media related to History of Sao Paulo state at Wikimedia Commons Full edition of the book History of the Captaincy of Sao Vicente Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme in PDF format Memories for the history of the captaincy of S Vicente author Frei Gaspar da Madre de Deus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of the state of Sao Paulo amp oldid 1221876824, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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