Hipparion is an extinct genus of three-toed equine belonging to the extinct tribe Hipparionini.[1] While the genus formerly included most hipparionines, the genus is now more narrowly defined. The genus in its strict, narrow sense is known from remains found in Eurasia, spanning the Late Miocene (~10-5 million years ago), with the assignment of remains from elsewhere to the genus, such as North America and Africa, being uncertain.[2]
Hipparion resembled the modern horse, but still had two vestigial outer toes (in addition to its hoof). In some species, these outer toes were functional.[3]Hipparion was about 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) tall at the shoulder.[4]
^Cirilli, Omar; Pandolfi, Luca; Alba, David M.; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Bukhsianidze, Maia; Kordos, Laszlo; Lordkipanidze, David; Rook, Lorenzo; Bernor, Raymond L. (2023-04-15). "The last Plio-Pleistocene hipparions of Western Eurasia. A review with remarks on their taxonomy, paleobiogeography and evolution". Quaternary Science Reviews. 306: 107976. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.107976. ISSN 0277-3791.
^Bernor, Raymond L.; Kaya, Ferhat; Kaakinen, Anu; Saarinen, Juha; Fortelius, Mikael (October 2021). "Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecology". Earth-Science Reviews. 221: 103784. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103784.
^Williams, Wendy (2015). The Horse. Toronto, Canada: Harper Collins. p. 117. ISBN9781443417860.
^Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 257. ISBN1-84028-152-9.
^Kalmykov N. P. (2023). "New Data on Dental Morphology of Hipparion tchicoicum Ivanjev, 1966 from Western Transbaikalia, Russia". Dokl Biol Sci. 508 (1): 67-71. doi:10.1134/S001249662270017X. PMID 37186049.
hipparion, extinct, genus, three, toed, equine, belonging, extinct, tribe, while, genus, formerly, included, most, hipparionines, genus, more, narrowly, defined, genus, strict, narrow, sense, known, from, remains, found, eurasia, spanning, late, miocene, milli. Hipparion is an extinct genus of three toed equine belonging to the extinct tribe Hipparionini 1 While the genus formerly included most hipparionines the genus is now more narrowly defined The genus in its strict narrow sense is known from remains found in Eurasia spanning the Late Miocene 10 5 million years ago with the assignment of remains from elsewhere to the genus such as North America and Africa being uncertain 2 HipparionTemporal range Late Miocene 9 9 5 3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N H laromae skeletonScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PerissodactylaFamily EquidaeSubfamily EquinaeTribe HipparioniniGenus HipparionDe Christol 1832SpeciesSee textSynonymsHemihipparionMorphology edit nbsp Life reconstruction of H forceiHipparion resembled the modern horse but still had two vestigial outer toes in addition to its hoof In some species these outer toes were functional 3 Hipparion was about 1 4 metres 4 6 ft tall at the shoulder 4 Species editH chiai Liu et al 1978 H concudense Pirlot 1956 H condoni Merrian 1915 H crassum Gervais 1859 H dietrichi Wehrli 1941 H fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar 1971 H forcei Richey 1948 H gromovae Villalta and Crusafont 1957 H laromae Pesquero et al 2006 H longipes Gromova 1952 H lufengense Sun 2013 H macedonicum Koufos 1984 H matthewi Abel 1926 H mediterraneum Roth and Wagner 1855 H molayanense Zouhri 1992 H minus Pavlow 1890 H periafricanum Villalta and Crusafont 1957 H philippus Koufos amp Vlachou 2016 H phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala 2014 H prostylum Gervais 1849 type H rocinantis Pacheco 1921 H sellardsi Matthew and Stirton 1930 H shirleyae MacFadden 1984 H sithonis Koufos amp Vlachou 2016 H sitifense Pomel 1897 H tchicoicum Ivanjev 1966 5 H tehonense Merriam 1916 H theniusi Melentis 1969 H venustum Leidy 1860References edit Cirilli Omar Pandolfi Luca Alba David M Madurell Malapeira Joan Bukhsianidze Maia Kordos Laszlo Lordkipanidze David Rook Lorenzo Bernor Raymond L 2023 04 15 The last Plio Pleistocene hipparions of Western Eurasia A review with remarks on their taxonomy paleobiogeography and evolution Quaternary Science Reviews 306 107976 doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2023 107976 ISSN 0277 3791 Bernor Raymond L Kaya Ferhat Kaakinen Anu Saarinen Juha Fortelius Mikael October 2021 Old world hipparion evolution biogeography climatology and ecology Earth Science Reviews 221 103784 doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2021 103784 Williams Wendy 2015 The Horse Toronto Canada Harper Collins p 117 ISBN 9781443417860 Palmer D ed 1999 The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals London Marshall Editions p 257 ISBN 1 84028 152 9 Kalmykov N P 2023 New Data on Dental Morphology of Hipparion tchicoicum Ivanjev 1966 from Western Transbaikalia Russia Dokl Biol Sci 508 1 67 71 doi 10 1134 S001249662270017X PMID 37186049 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hipparion nbsp Paleontology portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hipparion amp oldid 1209491948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
