Anguina tritici (ear-cockle nematode, seed-gall nematode, seed and leaf gall nematode, wheat gall nematode, wheat seed gall nematode, wheat seed-gall nematode, wheat seed and leaf gall nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode.[2][3][4]
Anguina tritici was the first plant parasitic nematode to be described in the literature in 1743. It causes a disease in wheat and rye called "ear-cockle" or seed gall. Originally found in many parts of the world but has been eradicated from the western hemisphere. Currently in north Africa and west Asia only.[5] Yield losses up to 70% have been reported, ranging from 30-70%.[6] Threshold of 10,000 juveniles/kg soil develop disease.[citation needed]
Morphologyedit
It is a large nematode, ranging from 3–5 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) in length. Anguina tritici has a three part esophagus and the esophageal glands do not overlap with intestine. The female body tends to be thickened and curved ventrally. It has a short stylet (8-11 μm). Females have one ovary and the vulva located posterior. Males possess small spicules and small bursae or alae.
Life cycle/reproductionedit
Juveniles find a host and move up the plant in a film of water. They invade meristems and penetrate inflorescences. Once in the developing seed they molt, become adults, mate, and reproduce. Eggs laid by the female develop and hatch as J2 within the seed gall where they desiccate and become dormant. Dormant J2 overwinter in the seed galls until spring. They are released when galls come in contact with moist soil and hydrate. Total life cycle is completed in 113 days.
Host parasite relationshipedit
It is an ectoparasite that becomes endoparasitic invading inflorescence and developing seeds. It causes a disease called "ear-cockle", "gout" or seed gall on wheat and rye, and also infects barley and oat.[7]: 784 It does not infest maize or sorghum. On wheat it causes stunted plants and distorted leaves. Seeds are transformed into galls which contain a dried mass of nematodes. If compared to normal wheat seeds, galls are smaller in size, lighter, and their color ranges from light brown to black (normal wheat seeds are tan in color).[8]
Managementedit
The disease has been eradicated by seed sanitation methods. Seed certification programs get rid of galls (lighter and less dense than seed) by flotation, hot water treatments, winnowing or gravity table seed processing.
Referencesedit
^"Anguina tritici (wheat seed gall nematode)". CABI Invasive Species Compendium (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
^Esser, R.P., O’Bannon, J.H., and Clark R.A. 1991. Procedures to detect wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) should an infestation appear in Florida. Nematology Circular No. 186. Fla dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv.
February 16, 2024
anguina, tritici, cockle, nematode, seed, gall, nematode, seed, leaf, gall, nematode, wheat, gall, nematode, wheat, seed, gall, nematode, wheat, seed, gall, nematode, wheat, seed, leaf, gall, nematode, plant, pathogenic, nematode, wheat, seed, leaf, gall, nema. Anguina tritici ear cockle nematode seed gall nematode seed and leaf gall nematode wheat gall nematode wheat seed gall nematode wheat seed gall nematode wheat seed and leaf gall nematode is a plant pathogenic nematode 2 3 4 Wheat seed and leaf gall nematodeScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum NematodaClass SecernenteaSubclass DiplogasteriaOrder TylenchidaSuperfamily TylenchoideaFamily AnguinidaeSubfamily AnguininaeGenus AnguinaSpecies A triticiBinomial nameAnguina tritici Steinbuch 1799 Chitwood 1935Synonyms 1 Anguillula scandens Schneider 1866 Anguillula tritici Steinbuch 1799 Grube 1849 Anguillulina scandens Schneider 1866 Goodey 1932 Anguillulina tritici Steinbuch 1799 Gervais amp van Beneden Anguina tritici Steinbuch 1799 Gervais amp van Beneden 1859 Rhabditis tritici Steinbuch 1799 Dujardin 1845 Tylenchus scandens Schneider 1866 Cobb 1890 Tylenchus tritici Steinbuch 1799 Bastian 1865 Vibrio tritici Steinbuch 1799 Contents 1 History and significance 2 Morphology 3 Life cycle reproduction 4 Host parasite relationship 5 Management 6 ReferencesHistory and significance editAnguina tritici was the first plant parasitic nematode to be described in the literature in 1743 It causes a disease in wheat and rye called ear cockle or seed gall Originally found in many parts of the world but has been eradicated from the western hemisphere Currently in north Africa and west Asia only 5 Yield losses up to 70 have been reported ranging from 30 70 6 Threshold of 10 000 juveniles kg soil develop disease citation needed Morphology editIt is a large nematode ranging from 3 5 millimetres 1 8 1 4 in in length Anguina tritici has a three part esophagus and the esophageal glands do not overlap with intestine The female body tends to be thickened and curved ventrally It has a short stylet 8 11 mm Females have one ovary and the vulva located posterior Males possess small spicules and small bursae or alae Life cycle reproduction editJuveniles find a host and move up the plant in a film of water They invade meristems and penetrate inflorescences Once in the developing seed they molt become adults mate and reproduce Eggs laid by the female develop and hatch as J2 within the seed gall where they desiccate and become dormant Dormant J2 overwinter in the seed galls until spring They are released when galls come in contact with moist soil and hydrate Total life cycle is completed in 113 days Host parasite relationship editIt is an ectoparasite that becomes endoparasitic invading inflorescence and developing seeds It causes a disease called ear cockle gout or seed gall on wheat and rye and also infects barley and oat 7 784 It does not infest maize or sorghum On wheat it causes stunted plants and distorted leaves Seeds are transformed into galls which contain a dried mass of nematodes If compared to normal wheat seeds galls are smaller in size lighter and their color ranges from light brown to black normal wheat seeds are tan in color 8 Management editThe disease has been eradicated by seed sanitation methods Seed certification programs get rid of galls lighter and less dense than seed by flotation hot water treatments winnowing or gravity table seed processing References edit Anguina tritici wheat seed gall nematode CABI Invasive Species Compendium Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International 2019 12 17 Retrieved 2020 11 10 Anguina tritici Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved July 22 2007 Anguina tritici at Department of Nematology University of California Davis Anguina tritici Archived July 2 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Nemaplex University of California Bridge J and Starr J L 2007 Plant nematodes of agricultural importance A color handbook Academic Press AP an imprint of Elsevier Luc M Sikora R A Bridge J 1990 Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture CABI Publisihing Wallingford UK Kumar Ravindra Gupta Anuja 2020 Kumar Ravindra Gupta Anuja eds Seed Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops Detection Diagnosis amp Management Singapore Springer Singapore p XIII 871 doi 10 1007 978 981 32 9046 4 ISBN 978 981 32 9045 7 S2CID 218682899 Esser R P O Bannon J H and Clark R A 1991 Procedures to detect wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici should an infestation appear in Florida Nematology Circular No 186 Fla dept Agric and Consumer Serv Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anguina tritici amp oldid 1180158716, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
