Hilo, Hawaii
Hilo /ˈhiːloʊ/ (Hawaiian pronunciation: [ˈhilo]) is the largest settlement in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States,[1] which encompasses the Island of Hawaii, and is a census-designated place (CDP). The population was 44,186 according to the 2020 census.[2] It is the fourth-largest settlement in the state of Hawaii and largest settlement in the state outside of Oahu.
Hilo, Hawaii | |
|---|---|
From top to bottom, left to right: S. Hata Building, Hilo Masonic Lodge Hall-Bishop Trust Building, Hilo Bay with Mauna Kea, Rainbow (Waiānuenue) Falls, Federal Building, Post Office and Courthouse and Liliuokalani Park and Gardens. | |
Location within Hawaii County and Hawaii | |
Hilo Hilo | |
| Coordinates: 19°42′20″N 155°5′9″W / 19.70556°N 155.08583°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Hawaii |
| County | Hawaii |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mitch Roth |
| Area | |
| • Total | 58.3 sq mi (151.0 km2) |
| • Land | 53.4 sq mi (138.3 km2) |
| • Water | 4.9 sq mi (12.7 km2) |
| Elevation | 20 ft (6 m) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 44,186 |
| • Density | 760/sq mi (290/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−10 (Hawaii-Aleutian) |
| ZIP Code | 96720-96721 |
| Area code | 808 |
| FIPS code | 15-14650 |
| GNIS ID | 359187[1] |
Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawaiʻi and is in the District of South Hilo.[3] The city overlooks Hilo Bay and has views of two shield volcanoes, Mauna Loa, an active volcano, and Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano. The Hilo bay-front has been destroyed by tsunamis twice. The majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka, on the flanks of the volcanoes.
Hilo is home to the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, ʻImiloa Astronomy Center, as well as the Merrie Monarch Festival, a week-long celebration, including three nights of competition, of ancient and modern hula that takes place annually after Easter. Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, one of the world's leading producers of macadamia nuts. Hilo is served by Hilo International Airport.[4]
History edit
Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived, bringing with them Polynesian knowledge and traditions. Although archaeological evidence is scant, oral history has many references to people living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers during the time of ancient Hawaii.[5] Oral history gives the meaning of Hilo as "to twist".[6]
Originally, the name "Hilo" applied to a district encompassing much of the east coast of the island of Hawaiʻi, now divided into the District of South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When William Ellis visited in 1823, the main settlement there was Waiākea on the south shore of Hilo Bay.[7] Missionaries came to the district in the early-to-middle 19th century, founding Haili Church.
Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the surrounding area created jobs and drew in many workers from Asia. For example, by 1887, 26,000 Chinese workers worked in Hawai'i's sugar cane plantations,[8] one of which was the Hilo Sugar Mill. At that time, the Hilo Sugar Mill produced 3,500 tons of sugar annually.[9]
A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the first decade of the 20th century and completed in 1929. On April 1, 1946, an 8.6-magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a 46-foot-high (14 m) tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours later, killing 159 total in the islands,[10] with 96 deaths in Hilo alone. In response, an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, was established in 1949 to track these killer waves and provide warning. This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of the old railbed.[11]
On May 22, 1960, another tsunami, caused by a 9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile that day, claimed 61 lives,[12] allegedly due to the failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were rededicated as parks and memorials.
Hilo expanded inland beginning in the 1960s. The downtown found a new role in the 1980s as the city's cultural center with several galleries and museums opening; the Palace Theater reopened in 1998 as an arthouse cinema.
Closure of the sugar plantations (including those in Hāmākua) during the 1990s hurt the local economy, coinciding with a general statewide slump.[13] Hilo in recent years has seen commercial and population growth.[14]
Geography edit
Hilo is on the eastern and windward side of the island.[15] It is classified by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), and has a total area of 58.3 square miles (151.0 km2), 53.4 square miles (138.3 km2) of which is land and 4.9 square miles (12.7 km2) of which (8.4%) is water.[16]
Climate edit
Hilo has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af), with substantial rainfall throughout the year. Its location on the windward coast (relative to the trade winds), makes it the fourth-wettest city in the United States, behind the southeast Alaskan cities of Whittier, Ketchikan and Yakutat, and one of the wettest in the world. An average of around 126.72 inches (3,220 mm) of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some rain.[17] Rainfall in Hilo varies with altitude, with more at higher elevations. At some weather stations in upper Hilo the annual rainfall is above 200 inches (5,100 mm).[18]
Monthly mean temperatures range from 71.2 °F (21.8 °C) in February to 76.4 °F (24.7 °C) in August.[17] The highest recorded temperature was 94 °F (34 °C) on May 20, 1996, and the lowest 53 °F (12 °C) on February 21, 1962.[19] The wettest year was 1994 with 182.81 inches (4,643.4 mm), and the driest was 1983, with 68.09 inches (1,729.5 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 50.82 inches (1,290.8 mm) in December 1954. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 27.24 inches (691.9 mm) on November 2, 2000.[20]
Hilo's location on the shore of the funnel-shaped Hilo Bay also makes it vulnerable to tsunamis.[21]
| Climate data for Hilo International Airport, Hawaii (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 92 (33) | 92 (33) | 93 (34) | 89 (32) | 94 (34) | 90 (32) | 93 (34) | 93 (34) | 93 (34) | 91 (33) | 94 (34) | 93 (34) | 94 (34) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 85.2 (29.6) | 84.8 (29.3) | 85.0 (29.4) | 84.1 (28.9) | 85.4 (29.7) | 85.7 (29.8) | 87.1 (30.6) | 87.2 (30.7) | 87.7 (30.9) | 87.4 (30.8) | 85.9 (29.9) | 84.2 (29.0) | 89.6 (32.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 78.7 (25.9) | 78.4 (25.8) | 78.5 (25.8) | 79.0 (26.1) | 80.7 (27.1) | 81.8 (27.7) | 82.8 (28.2) | 82.9 (28.3) | 83.3 (28.5) | 82.4 (28.0) | 80.3 (26.8) | 78.8 (26.0) | 80.6 (27.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 71.4 (21.9) | 71.2 (21.8) | 71.9 (22.2) | 72.5 (22.5) | 74.0 (23.3) | 75.2 (24.0) | 76.3 (24.6) | 76.6 (24.8) | 76.5 (24.7) | 75.7 (24.3) | 74.0 (23.3) | 72.2 (22.3) | 74.0 (23.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 64.1 (17.8) | 64.1 (17.8) | 65.2 (18.4) | 66.1 (18.9) | 67.3 (19.6) | 68.7 (20.4) | 69.9 (21.1) | 70.4 (21.3) | 69.8 (21.0) | 69.0 (20.6) | 67.6 (19.8) | 65.7 (18.7) | 67.3 (19.6) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 59.3 (15.2) | 59.1 (15.1) | 61.1 (16.2) | 62.4 (16.9) | 63.6 (17.6) | 65.2 (18.4) | 66.1 (18.9) | 66.7 (19.3) | 66.1 (18.9) | 65.2 (18.4) | 63.4 (17.4) | 61.3 (16.3) | 58.2 (14.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 54 (12) | 53 (12) | 54 (12) | 58 (14) | 59 (15) | 61 (16) | 62 (17) | 63 (17) | 61 (16) | 62 (17) | 58 (14) | 55 (13) | 53 (12) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 7.86 (200) | 10.22 (260) | 12.68 (322) | 9.40 (239) | 6.99 (178) | 7.30 (185) | 9.24 (235) | 11.30 (287) | 8.70 (221) | 10.24 (260) | 14.39 (366) | 12.07 (307) | 120.39 (3,058) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 15.7 | 16.6 | 21.8 | 24.5 | 22.9 | 25.4 | 26.6 | 27.2 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 23.3 | 22.3 | 273.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76.6 | 76.0 | 78.1 | 80.2 | 78.9 | 77.4 | 79.5 | 79.5 | 79.2 | 80.0 | 80.3 | 78.7 | 78.7 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 62.8 (17.1) | 62.4 (16.9) | 63.7 (17.6) | 65.1 (18.4) | 66.0 (18.9) | 66.7 (19.3) | 68.2 (20.1) | 68.5 (20.3) | 68.4 (20.2) | 68.0 (20.0) | 66.6 (19.2) | 64.2 (17.9) | 65.9 (18.8) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 161.0 | 152.0 | 152.7 | 135.9 | 155.0 | 176.9 | 167.2 | 174.9 | 161.5 | 136.3 | 115.0 | 129.0 | 1,817.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 47 | 47 | 41 | 36 | 38 | 44 | 41 | 44 | 44 | 38 | 34 | 38 | 41 |
| Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew points and sun 1961−1990)[19][17][22] | |||||||||||||
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki wiki. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Note edit
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
Demographics edit
This section needs to be updated. (April 2023) |
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 6,745 | — | |
| 1920 | 10,431 | 54.6% | |
| 1930 | 19,468 | 86.6% | |
| 1940 | 23,353 | 20.0% | |
| 1950 | 27,198 | 16.5% | |
| 1960 | 25,966 | −4.5% | |
| 1970 | 26,353 | 1.5% | |
| 1980 | 35,269 | 33.8% | |
| 1990 | 37,808 | 7.2% | |
| 2000 | 40,759 | 7.8% | |
| 2010 | 43,263 | 6.1% | |
| 2020 | 44,186 | 2.1% | |
| source:[23][24] | |||
As of the census of 2020, 44,186 people lived in 16,225 households in the census-designated place.[25] The population density was 796.7 inhabitants per square mile (307.6/km2). The 16,905 housing units reflected an average density of 311.3 per square mile (120.2/km2) in 2010 (No update on the Census for 2020).
The racial makeup was 32% Asian, 18.4% White, 10% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander, 0.8% African American, 0.1% American Indian & Alaska Native, 0.6% from other races, and 38.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13% of the population.[23]
21.1% of the households had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size was 2.71.[23]
The age distribution was 21.1% under age 18, 4.5% under age 5, and 21.10% 65 or older. The percent of females are 51.1%.[23]
The median household income on the 2020 census was $70,356, and the per capita income was $34,678. 16.1% of the population is under the poverty line. [2]
Transport edit
Air edit
Hilo is served by Hilo International Airport, where Hawaiian Airlines, and Southwest Airlines operate.
Bus edit
Hilo is served by the county Hele-On Bus.[26]
Maritime edit
Hilo is served by the Big Island's largest harbor, Hilo Harbor, which is on Hilo Bay.[27]
Education edit
Hilo is home to a number of educational institutions, including two post-secondary institutions, the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo and Hawaiʻi Community College, and the Hilo and Waiakea primary and secondary school districts. Charter schools in the area serve primary and secondary students.
Government edit
Although sometimes called a city, Hilo is not an incorporated city, and does not have a municipal government. The entire island, which is between the slightly larger state of Connecticut and smaller Rhode Island in size, is under the jurisdiction of the County of Hawaiʻi, of which Hilo is the county seat.
Hilo is home to county, state, and federal offices.
Economy edit
- Points of interest
- Parks and open spaces
- Transportation
The oldest city in the Hawaiian archipelago, Hilo's economy was historically based on the sugar plantations of its surrounding areas, prior to their closure in the 1990s.[13]
Tourism and events edit
While Hilo has a fairly significant tourism sector,[28] it gets less than half the annual visitors as the western coast of the Big Island, which has much sunnier weather and significantly less rain, with sandy and swimmable beaches and numerous major resorts.[13]
A main source of tourism in Hilo is the annual week-long Merrie Monarch Festival, the world's preeminent hula competition and festival, which brings in visitors and participants from all over the world.[28] It is held in the spring of each year beginning on Easter Sunday.
The local orchid society hosts the largest and most comprehensive orchid show in the state, the annual Hilo Orchid Show, which has been presented since 1951 and draws visitors and entrants worldwide.[29][30][31]
Hilo is home to Hawaii's only tsunami museum, mostly dedicated to the 1946 Pacific tsunami, and is notable for the banyan trees planted by Babe Ruth, Amelia Earhart and other celebrities. It is home to the Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo, shopping centers, cafés and other eateries, movie theaters, hotels, restaurants, and a developed downtown area with a Farmers Market.[13] Downtown Hilo is bounded approximately by the Wailuku River, Kamehameha Avenue, Ponahawai Street, and Kapiolani Street.[32]
Corporations and science edit
The Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation is in Hilo, south of the main town off Hawaii Route 11, north of Keaʻau.
Hilo is home to most of the astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea as well as the ʻImiloa Planetarium and Museum. Astronomy has an economic impact of $100 million annually on the island.[33] Astronomy on Mauna Kea was developed at the invitation of the Hawaii Chamber of Commerce following the collapse of the sugar cane industry.[34]
Culture edit
Notable residents edit
- Rodney Anoaʻi
- Matt Blair
- Keiko Bonk
- Ed Case
- Titus Coan
- Keenan Cornelius
- Glenn Cornick
- Kai Correa
- Wesley Correira
- Jennifer Doudna
- David McHattie Forbes
- Ryan Higa
- Michael Rikio Ming Hee Ho
- High Chiefess Kapiʻolani
- Keōua Kūʻahuʻula
- Harry Kim
- Kimberly Kim
- Darren Kimura
- Kinoʻoleoliliha
- Robert Kiyosaki
- George Lycurgus
- Troy Mandaloniz
- George Naʻope
- Gerald Okamura
- B.J. Penn
- Benjamin Pitman
- Bob Shane
- William Herbert Shipman
- Lani Stemmermann
- Kolten Wong
- Henry Bianchini
Points of interest edit
- Banyan Drive
- Coconut Island
- East Hawaii Cultural Center
- Haili Church
- Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden
- Hilo Tropical Gardens
- Hoʻolulu Park
- ʻImiloa Astronomy Center
- James Kealoha Beach Park
- Kalakaua Park
- Liliʻuokalani Park and Gardens
- Lower Waiakea Mountain Bicycle Park
- Lyman Museum
- Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation
- Mokupāpapa Discovery Center for Northwestern Hawaii's remote coral reefs[35]
- Nani Mau Gardens
- Naha Stone (associated with Kamehameha I) in front of the Hilo Public Library
- Pacific Tsunami Museum
- Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo
- Prince Kuhio Plaza
- Rainbow Falls (Waianuenue) & Boiling Pots on the Wailuku River
- University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo Botanical Gardens
- Wailoa River State Recreation Area with King Kamehameha Statue
Media edit
Hilo is served by KWXX (94.7FM Hilo/101.5FM Kona), B93/B97 (93.1FM Kona/97.1FM Hilo), The Wave (KHBC 92.7FM Hilo), and KPUA (970AM Hilo) radio stations.
Public Access television is provided through Nā Leo TV.
The Hawaii Tribune-Herald, of Oahu Publications Inc., a subsidiary of Black Press,[36] is Hilo's primary newspaper distribution company along with other newspapers like the Honolulu Star-Advertiser.
Sister cities edit
Legacy edit
Hilo District edit
Hilo also referred to the District of Hilo when the Big Island was divided into six districts by the traditional moku land division. Hilo is now divided in two: North and South Hilo Districts.[38]
North Hilo District edit
The District of North Hilo, along Hawaii State Highway 19 from north to south, encompasses the following unincorporated towns and localities:
- ʻŌʻōkala
- Laupāhoehoe and the Train Museum [39]
- Ninole
There are locations inland along State Highway 200 including Mauna Kea mountain road, Puu Huluhulu, and others.
South Hilo District edit
In the District of South Hilo, along State Highway 19, are the following unincorporated towns and localities:
- Honalo and the Akaka Falls
- Pepeekeo
- Wainaku
- Hilo Bay, the Wailuku River and the Rainbow Falls
- Hilo downtown: Pacific Tsunami Museum, etc.
Along State Highway 11 are:
- Hilo International Airport
- Prince Kuhio Plaza Shopping Center [40]
- Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo
There are other locations. Along State Highway 200 and its extension are:
- Kaumana
- University of Hawaii at Hilo
- Puainako Shopping Center [41]
There are other locations.
References edit
- ^ a b c "Hilo, Hawaii", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
- ^ a b c "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hilo CDP, Hawaii". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
- ^ . National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "Hilo CDP, Hawaii 2011-11-24 at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 21, 2009.
- ^ Lloyd J. Soehren (2010). "lookup of Hilo ". in Hawaiian Place Names. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
- ^ Hapai, Charlotte (1920-01-01). Legends of the Wailuku: as told by old Hawaiians. Honolulu, The Charles R. Frazier company. from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
- ^ Ellis, W. A Narrative of an 1823 Tour through Hawai'i, republished 2004, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu ISBN 1-56647-605-4, chapters 11 and 12
- ^ "Hawaii". Immigration to the United States. from the original on 2019-09-05. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ^ Laitinen, Denise (2013-09-18). "Then & Now: Hilo Sugar Mill/Wainaku Center". Ke Ola Magazine. from the original on 2019-11-14. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ^ Fisher, S., Goff, J., Cundy, A. et al. (July 12, 2023). "A qualitative review of tsunamis in Hawaiʻi". Natural Hazards. Springer.
- ^ Johnston, Jeanne Branch (2003). Personal Accounts from Survivors of the Hilo Tsunamis of 1946 and 1960: Toward a Disaster Communications Model (M.A.). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/7104.
- ^ Gates, Alexander E.; Ritchie, David (2006). Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816072705.
- ^ a b c d "Hello, Hilo". The Washington Post. 2004-05-23. from the original on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Lauer, Nancy Cook (December 22, 2019). "Hawaii Island leads state in population growth, despite some towns seeing declines". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Hilo CDP, Hawaii". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 24, 2017.[dead link]
- ^ a b c . U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ Hilo, Hawaiʻi information 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine on NOAA web site
- ^ a b "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ Record 24-hour rainfall 2009-05-09 at the Wayback Machine on NOAA web site
- ^ . Frequently Asked Questions. The Pacific Tsunami Museum web site. Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
- ^ . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d "US Census Bureau – 2010 Population Finder – Hilo CDP -". from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
- ^ "Census of Population And Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hilo CDP, Hawaii". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
- ^ "Hawai'i Island Hele-On Bus". County of Hawai'i Mass Transit Agency. from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ^ "Hilo Harbor (Harbor Division, Hawaii Department of Transportation)" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
- ^ a b Yamanaka, Katie Young. "Hilo: The Hub of Natural Wonders". Hawaii.com. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ Richard, Crystal (5 June 2017). "Jewels of the jungle sparkle at Hilo Orchid Show". Arts & Entertainment. Big Island Now. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ largest and most comprehensive in the state
- ^ "63rd Annual Hilo Orchid Society Show and Sale".
- ^ "Walking Tour". Hilo Downtown Improvement Association. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ "Hawaii's astronomy sector brought an economic impact of $168 million in 2012". bizjournals.com. from the original on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ^ "Origins of astronomy in Hawaii » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog". malamamaunakea.org. from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ^ "Education – Discovery Center". Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument web site. NOAA. from the original on 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
- ^ "Hawaii Tribune-Herald". official web site. Black Press. from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
- ^ "HORIZONS System". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2019-06-24.
- ^ James A. Bier, Cartographer, Map of Hawai'i, the Big Island, Eighth Edition (University of Hawai'i Press)
- ^ "Laupahoehoe Train Museum - Take a Trip Back in Time". www.thetrainmuseum.com. from the original on 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
- ^ "Shopping Mall in Hilo, HI | Prince Kuhio Plaza". www.princekuhioplaza.com. from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2019-06-24.
- ^ "Home | Puainako Center - Hilo, Hawaii Shopping Center". www.puainakocenter.com. from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
Further reading edit
- Walter C. Dudley (2016). Tsunami!. Latitude 20. ISBN 978-0824859169.
External links edit
- Pacific Tsunami Museum