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Actinomycetota

April 10, 2024

The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C content.[4] They can be terrestrial or aquatic.[5] They are of great economic importance to humans because agriculture and forests depend on their contributions to soil systems. In soil they help to decompose the organic matter of dead organisms so the molecules can be taken up anew by plants. While this role is also played by fungi, Actinomycetota are much smaller and likely do not occupy the same ecological niche. In this role the colonies often grow extensive mycelia, like a fungus would, and the name of an important order of the phylum, Actinomycetales (the actinomycetes), reflects that they were long believed to be fungi. Some soil actinomycetota (such as Frankia) live symbiotically with the plants whose roots pervade the soil, fixing nitrogen for the plants in exchange for access to some of the plant's saccharides. Other species, such as many members of the genus Mycobacterium, are important pathogens.

Actinomycetota
Scanning electron micrograph of Actinomyces israelii.
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Clade: Terrabacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Goodfellow 2021[1]
Type genus
Actinomyces
Harz 1877 (Approved Lists 1980)
Classes[2]
Synonyms
  • "Actinobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015
  • "Actinobacteria" Goodfellow 2012[3]
  • "Actinobacteria" Margulis 1974 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
  • "Actinobacteria" Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997
  • "Actinobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018
  • "Actinomycetes" Krasil'nikov 1949

Beyond the great interest in Actinomycetota for their soil role, much is yet to be learned about them. Although currently understood primarily as soil bacteria, they might be more abundant in fresh waters.[6] Actinomycetota is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces.[7] Streptomyces and other actinomycetota are major contributors to biological buffering of soils.[8] They are also the source of many antibiotics.[9][10]

The Actinomycetota genus Bifidobacterium is the most common bacteria in the microbiome of human infants.[11] Although adults have fewer bifidobacteria, intestinal bifidobacteria help maintain the mucosal barrier and reduce lipopolysaccharide in the intestine.[12]

Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living prokaryotic cells.[13]

Some Siberian or Antarctic Actinomycetota is said to be the oldest living organism on Earth, frozen in permafrost at around half a million years ago.[14][15] The symptoms of life were detected by CO2 release from permafrost samples 640 kya or younger.[16]

General edit

Most Actinomycetota of medical or economic significance are in class Actinomycetia, and belong to the order Actinomycetales. While many of these cause disease in humans, Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics.[10]

Of those Actinomycetota not in the Actinomycetales, Gardnerella is one of the most researched. Classification of Gardnerella is controversial, and MeSH catalogues it as both a Gram-positive and Gram-negative organism.[17]

Actinomycetota, especially Streptomyces spp., are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine, such as antibacterials,[18] antifungals,[19] antivirals, antithrombotics, immunomodifiers, antitumor drugs, and enzyme inhibitors; and in agriculture, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and growth-promoting substances for plants and animals.[20] Actinomycetota-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide, tetracyclines, etc.[citation needed]

Actinomycetota have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA.[21] The G+C content of Actinomycetota can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low G+C content.[22]

Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of the Actinomycetota.[23]

Phylogeny edit

Whole-genome based phylogeny[24] 16S rRNA based LTP_12_2021[25][26][27] GTDB 08-RS214[28][29][30]

Taxonomy edit

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[2] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[31]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
  2. ^ a b Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Actinobacteria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  3. ^ Goodfellow M (2012). "Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov.". In Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. pp. 33–34.
  4. ^ Gao B, Gupta RS (March 2012). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (1): 66–112. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05011-11. PMC 3294427. PMID 22390973.
  5. ^ Servin JA, Herbold CW, Skophammer RG, Lake JA (January 2008). "Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm249. PMID 18003601.
  6. ^ Ghai R, Rodriguez-Valera F, McMahon KD, Toyama D, Rinke R, Cristina Souza de Oliveira T, et al. (2011). Lopez-Garcia P (ed.). "Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23785. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623785G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023785. PMC 3158796. PMID 21915244.
  7. ^ Hogan CM (2010). . In Draggan S, Cleveland CJ (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11.
  8. ^ Ningthoujam DS, Sanasam S, Tamreihao K, Nimaichand S (November 2009). "Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens". African Journal of Microbiology Research. 3 (11): 737–742.
  9. ^ Donald, Lavinia; Pipite, Atanas; Subramani, Ramesh; Owen, Jeremy; Keyzers, Robert A.; Taufa, Taitusi (2022). "Streptomyces: Still the Biggest Producer of New Natural Secondary Metabolites, a Current Perspective". Microbiology Research. 13 (3): 418–465. doi:10.3390/microbiolres13030031. ISSN 2036-7481.
  10. ^ a b Procópio, Rudi Emerson de Lima; Silva, Ingrid Reis da; Martins, Mayra Kassawara; Azevedo, João Lúcio de; Araújo, Janete Magali de (2012). "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 466–471. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014. ISSN 1678-4391. PMID 22975171.
  11. ^ Turroni F, Peano C, Pass DA, Foroni E, Severgnini M, Claesson MJ, Kerr C, Hourihane J, Murray D, Fuligni F, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, De Bellis G, O'Toole PW, van Sinderen D, Marchesi JR, Ventura M (2012-05-11). "Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36957. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736957T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036957. PMC 3350489. PMID 22606315.
  12. ^ Pinzone MR, Celesia BM, Di Rosa M, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". International Journal of Microbiology. 2012: 694629. doi:10.1155/2012/694629. PMC 3405644. PMID 22848224.
  13. ^ Ghai R, Mizuno CM, Picazo A, Camacho A, Rodriguez-Valera F (2013). "Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra-small marine Actinobacteria". Scientific Reports. 3: 2471. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E2471G. doi:10.1038/srep02471. PMC 3747508. PMID 23959135.
  14. ^ Sample I (2 May 2010). . The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02.
  15. ^ Hanson J. . It's Okay to be Smart. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  16. ^ Johnson SS, Hebsgaard MB, Christensen TR, Mastepanov M, Nielsen R, Munch K, et al. (September 2007). "Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (36): 14401–14405. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10414401J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706787104. PMC 1958816. PMID 17728401.
  17. ^ Gardnerella at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  18. ^ Mahajan GB (2012). "Antibacterial agents from actinomycetes - a review". Frontiers in Bioscience. 4: 240–53. doi:10.2741/e373.
  19. ^ Gupte M, Kulkarni P, Ganguli BN (January 2002). "Antifungal antibiotics". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 58 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1007/s002530100822. PMID 11831475. S2CID 8015426.
  20. ^ Bressan W (2003). "Biological control of maize seed pathogenic fungi by use of actinomycetes". Biocontrol. 48 (2): 233–240. doi:10.1023/a:1022673226324. S2CID 29320215.
  21. ^ Ventura M, Canchaya C, Tauch A, Chandra G, Fitzgerald GF, Chater KF, van Sinderen D (September 2007). "Genomics of Actinobacteria: tracing the evolutionary history of an ancient phylum". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 71 (3): 495–548. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00005-07. hdl:11381/1721088. PMC 2168647. PMID 17804669.
  22. ^ Ghai R, McMahon KD, Rodriguez-Valera F (February 2012). "Breaking a paradigm: cosmopolitan and abundant freshwater actinobacteria are low GC". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 4 (1): 29–35. Bibcode:2012EnvMR...4...29G. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00274.x. PMID 23757226.
  23. ^ Hayward D, van Helden PD, Wiid IJ (2009). "Glutamine synthetase sequence evolution in the mycobacteria and their use as molecular markers for Actinomycetota speciation". BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 48. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-48. PMC 2667176. PMID 19245690.
  24. ^ Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Markus Göker M (2018). "Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria". Front. Microbiol. 9: 2007. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007. PMC 6113628. PMID 30186281.
  25. ^ "The LTP". from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  26. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  27. ^ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  28. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  29. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  30. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  31. ^ Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, et al. "Actinobacteria". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-03-20.

Further reading edit

  • Baltz RH (2005). "Antibiotic discovery from Actinomycetes: Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall?". SIM News. 55: 186–196.
  • Baltz RH (2007). . Microbe. 2 (3): 125–131. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31.
  • Pandey B, Ghimire P, Agrawal VP (January 12–15, 2004). (PDF). International Conference on the Great Himalayas: Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation. Kathmandu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-10.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Actinomycetota.
  • Actinomycetes genome database

April 10, 2024
actinomycetota, actinobacteria, diverse, phylum, gram, positive, bacteria, with, high, content, they, terrestrial, aquatic, they, great, economic, importance, humans, because, agriculture, forests, depend, their, contributions, soil, systems, soil, they, help,. The Actinomycetota or Actinobacteria are a diverse phylum of Gram positive bacteria with high G C content 4 They can be terrestrial or aquatic 5 They are of great economic importance to humans because agriculture and forests depend on their contributions to soil systems In soil they help to decompose the organic matter of dead organisms so the molecules can be taken up anew by plants While this role is also played by fungi Actinomycetota are much smaller and likely do not occupy the same ecological niche In this role the colonies often grow extensive mycelia like a fungus would and the name of an important order of the phylum Actinomycetales the actinomycetes reflects that they were long believed to be fungi Some soil actinomycetota such as Frankia live symbiotically with the plants whose roots pervade the soil fixing nitrogen for the plants in exchange for access to some of the plant s saccharides Other species such as many members of the genus Mycobacterium are important pathogens ActinomycetotaScanning electron micrograph of Actinomyces israelii Scientific classificationDomain BacteriaClade TerrabacteriaPhylum ActinomycetotaGoodfellow 2021 1 Type genusActinomycesHarz 1877 Approved Lists 1980 Classes 2 Aquicultoria Geothermincolia Humimicrobiia Acidimicrobiia Actinomycetia Coriobacteriia Nitriliruptoria Rubrobacteria ThermoleophiliaSynonyms Actinobacteraeota Oren et al 2015 Actinobacteria Goodfellow 2012 3 Actinobacteria Margulis 1974 ex Cavalier Smith 2020 Actinobacteria Stackebrandt Rainey amp Ward Rainey 1997 Actinobacteriota Whitman et al 2018 Actinomycetes Krasil nikov 1949Beyond the great interest in Actinomycetota for their soil role much is yet to be learned about them Although currently understood primarily as soil bacteria they might be more abundant in fresh waters 6 Actinomycetota is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera Streptomyces 7 Streptomyces and other actinomycetota are major contributors to biological buffering of soils 8 They are also the source of many antibiotics 9 10 The Actinomycetota genus Bifidobacterium is the most common bacteria in the microbiome of human infants 11 Although adults have fewer bifidobacteria intestinal bifidobacteria help maintain the mucosal barrier and reduce lipopolysaccharide in the intestine 12 Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free living prokaryotic cells 13 Some Siberian or Antarctic Actinomycetota is said to be the oldest living organism on Earth frozen in permafrost at around half a million years ago 14 15 The symptoms of life were detected by CO2 release from permafrost samples 640 kya or younger 16 Contents 1 General 2 Phylogeny 3 Taxonomy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksGeneral editMost Actinomycetota of medical or economic significance are in class Actinomycetia and belong to the order Actinomycetales While many of these cause disease in humans Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics 10 Of those Actinomycetota not in the Actinomycetales Gardnerella is one of the most researched Classification of Gardnerella is controversial and MeSH catalogues it as both a Gram positive and Gram negative organism 17 Actinomycetota especially Streptomyces spp are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine such as antibacterials 18 antifungals 19 antivirals antithrombotics immunomodifiers antitumor drugs and enzyme inhibitors and in agriculture including insecticides herbicides fungicides and growth promoting substances for plants and animals 20 Actinomycetota derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides anthracyclines chloramphenicol macrolide tetracyclines etc citation needed Actinomycetota have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA 21 The G C content of Actinomycetota can be as high as 70 though some may have a low G C content 22 Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of the Actinomycetota 23 Phylogeny editWhole genome based phylogeny 24 16S rRNA based LTP 12 2021 25 26 27 GTDB 08 RS214 28 29 30 Actinomycetota RubrobacteriaThermoleophiliaCoriobacteriiaAcidimicrobiiaNitriliruptoriaActinomycetiaoutgroup Chloroflexota RubrobacteriaThermoleophiliaCoriobacteriiaAcidimicrobiiaNitriliruptoriaActinomycetia Humimicrobiia Aquicultoria Coriobacteriia Geothermincolia RubrobacteriaThermoleophiliaAcidimicrobiiaActinomycetia NitriliruptoridaeActinobacteridaeTaxonomy editThe currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN 2 and National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI 31 Class Syntrophaliphaticia corrig Liu et al 2020 Class Aquicultoria Jiao et al 2021 Class Geothermincolia Jiao et al 2021 Class Humimicrobiia Jiao et al 2021 Class Acidimicrobiia Norris 2013 Class Actinomycetia Stackebrandt et al 1997 Salam et al 2020 Nitriliruptoria Ludwig et al 2013 Subclass Actinobacteridae Stackebrandt Rainey amp Ward Rainey 1997 Subclass Nitriliruptoridae Kurahashi et al 2010 Class Coriobacteriia Konig 2013 Class Rubrobacteria Suzuki 2013 Class Thermoleophilia Suzuki and Whitman 2013See also editList of bacteria genera List of bacterial orders List of bacterial vaginosis microbiotaReferences edit Oren A Garrity GM 2021 Valid publication of the names of forty two phyla of prokaryotes Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71 10 5056 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 005056 PMID 34694987 S2CID 239887308 a b Euzeby JP Parte AC Actinobacteria List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN Archived from the original on May 6 2021 Retrieved June 7 2021 Goodfellow M 2012 Phylum XXVI Actinobacteria phyl nov In Goodfellow M Kampfer P Trujillo ME Suzuki K Ludwig W Whitman WB eds Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Vol 5 2nd ed New York NY Springer pp 33 34 Gao B Gupta RS March 2012 Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 1 66 112 doi 10 1128 MMBR 05011 11 PMC 3294427 PMID 22390973 Servin JA Herbold CW Skophammer RG Lake JA January 2008 Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria Mol Biol Evol 25 1 1 4 doi 10 1093 molbev msm249 PMID 18003601 Ghai R Rodriguez Valera F McMahon KD Toyama D Rinke R Cristina Souza de Oliveira T et al 2011 Lopez Garcia P ed Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river PLOS ONE 6 8 e23785 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 623785G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0023785 PMC 3158796 PMID 21915244 Hogan CM 2010 Bacteria In Draggan S Cleveland CJ eds Encyclopedia of Earth Washington DC National Council for Science and the Environment Archived from the original on 2011 05 11 Ningthoujam DS Sanasam S Tamreihao K Nimaichand S November 2009 Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens African Journal of Microbiology Research 3 11 737 742 Donald Lavinia Pipite Atanas Subramani Ramesh Owen Jeremy Keyzers Robert A Taufa Taitusi 2022 Streptomyces Still the Biggest Producer of New Natural Secondary Metabolites a Current Perspective Microbiology Research 13 3 418 465 doi 10 3390 microbiolres13030031 ISSN 2036 7481 a b Procopio Rudi Emerson de Lima Silva Ingrid Reis da Martins Mayra Kassawara Azevedo Joao Lucio de Araujo Janete Magali de 2012 Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 16 5 466 471 doi 10 1016 j bjid 2012 08 014 ISSN 1678 4391 PMID 22975171 Turroni F Peano C Pass DA Foroni E Severgnini M Claesson MJ Kerr C Hourihane J Murray D Fuligni F Gueimonde M Margolles A De Bellis G O Toole PW van Sinderen D Marchesi JR Ventura M 2012 05 11 Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota PLOS ONE 7 5 e36957 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 736957T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0036957 PMC 3350489 PMID 22606315 Pinzone MR Celesia BM Di Rosa M Cacopardo B Nunnari G 2012 Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases International Journal of Microbiology 2012 694629 doi 10 1155 2012 694629 PMC 3405644 PMID 22848224 Ghai R Mizuno CM Picazo A Camacho A Rodriguez Valera F 2013 Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra small marine Actinobacteria Scientific Reports 3 2471 Bibcode 2013NatSR 3E2471G doi 10 1038 srep02471 PMC 3747508 PMID 23959135 Sample I 2 May 2010 The oldest living organisms ancient survivors with a fragile future The Guardian Archived from the original on 2013 03 02 Hanson J The oldest living thing in the world It s Okay to be Smart Archived from the original on 2018 07 13 Retrieved 2018 07 13 Johnson SS Hebsgaard MB Christensen TR Mastepanov M Nielsen R Munch K et al September 2007 Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 36 14401 14405 Bibcode 2007PNAS 10414401J doi 10 1073 pnas 0706787104 PMC 1958816 PMID 17728401 Gardnerella at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Mahajan GB 2012 Antibacterial agents from actinomycetes a review Frontiers in Bioscience 4 240 53 doi 10 2741 e373 Gupte M Kulkarni P Ganguli BN January 2002 Antifungal antibiotics Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 58 1 46 57 doi 10 1007 s002530100822 PMID 11831475 S2CID 8015426 Bressan W 2003 Biological control of maize seed pathogenic fungi by use of actinomycetes Biocontrol 48 2 233 240 doi 10 1023 a 1022673226324 S2CID 29320215 Ventura M Canchaya C Tauch A Chandra G Fitzgerald GF Chater KF van Sinderen D September 2007 Genomics of Actinobacteria tracing the evolutionary history of an ancient phylum Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 71 3 495 548 doi 10 1128 MMBR 00005 07 hdl 11381 1721088 PMC 2168647 PMID 17804669 Ghai R McMahon KD Rodriguez Valera F February 2012 Breaking a paradigm cosmopolitan and abundant freshwater actinobacteria are low GC Environmental Microbiology Reports 4 1 29 35 Bibcode 2012EnvMR 4 29G doi 10 1111 j 1758 2229 2011 00274 x PMID 23757226 Hayward D van Helden PD Wiid IJ 2009 Glutamine synthetase sequence evolution in the mycobacteria and their use as molecular markers for Actinomycetota speciation BMC Evol Biol 9 48 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 48 PMC 2667176 PMID 19245690 Nouioui I Carro L Garcia Lopez M Meier Kolthoff JP Woyke T Kyrpides NC Pukall R Klenk HP Goodfellow M Markus Goker M 2018 Genome Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria Front Microbiol 9 2007 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2018 02007 PMC 6113628 PMID 30186281 The LTP Archived from the original on 14 June 2021 Retrieved 23 February 2021 LTP all tree in newick format Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2021 LTP 12 2021 Release Notes PDF Archived PDF from the original on 28 February 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2021 GTDB release 08 RS214 Genome Taxonomy Database Archived from the original on 26 October 2022 Retrieved 10 May 2023 bac120 r214 sp label Genome Taxonomy Database Archived from the original on 16 May 2023 Retrieved 10 May 2023 Taxon History Genome Taxonomy Database Archived from the original on 1 November 2021 Retrieved 10 May 2023 Schoch CL Ciufo S Domrachev M Hotton CL Kannan S Khovanskaya R et al Actinobacteria National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI taxonomy database Archived from the original on 2021 04 17 Retrieved 2021 03 20 Further reading editBaltz RH 2005 Antibiotic discovery from Actinomycetes Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall SIM News 55 186 196 Baltz RH 2007 Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes Back to the Future Microbe 2 3 125 131 Archived from the original on 2013 12 31 Pandey B Ghimire P Agrawal VP January 12 15 2004 Studies on the antibacterial activity of the Actinomycetes isolated from the Khumbu Region of Nepal PDF International Conference on the Great Himalayas Climate Health Ecology Management and Conservation Kathmandu Archived from the original PDF on 2013 08 10 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Actinomycetota Actinomycetes genome database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Actinomycetota amp oldid 1196354450, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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